Probability Of Exclusion Research Articles

Improved Method for Single and Multiple GNSS Faults Exclusion based on Consensus Voting

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) provides an integrity service for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The conventional RAIM algorithm is based on the assumption of a single fault and typically uses the forward-backward method, which is based on thew-test or correlation analysis methods, to exclude the faults. It is suitable for single fault detection and exclusion, while it can lead to inefficiency, can be misleading and can even fail in the exclusion of multiple faults. To solve this problem, an improved method based on consensus voting of thew-test and correlation analysis methods is presented. To verify the performance of the improved method, tests using Global Positioning System (GPS)/BeiDou System (BDS) data have been carried out in comparison with the conventional methods in terms of false and correct faults exclusion rate and computational complexity in the case of a different number of faults. Results show that the improved method has almost the same correct exclusion rate compared to the conventional RAIM in the case of a single fault. It is worth noting that the improved method has a higher correct exclusion probability and computational efficiency as well as a lower possibility of false exclusion in the case of multiple faults.

Genetic characterization of Ladakhi donkeys using microsatellite markers

The donkeys of Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, are well adapted to the cold, arid and hypoxic conditions of this region. The genomic DNA, isolated from 25 blood samples collected from these donkeys, were amplified by PCR using FAM and HEX labeled primers and resolved for alleles on automatic DNA sequencer. Total 20 loci of the horse origin were tested and only 13 loci gave scorable results. Rest of the loci either did not amplify well (HMS3, HMS7, ASB17 and COR22) or showed less than four alleles (HMS5, HMS6, HTG4), in the studied population. At the 13 loci included in the final analysis, the PCR product size ranged from 79–85 bp at locus HTG6 to 257–275 bp at locus COR18. The observed number of alleles varied from 4 (HTG15, HTG6, HTG10 and VHL20) to 9 (HTG7 and COR71) with a mean of 5.92±1.80. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.44 (VHL209) to 0.90 (AHT5) with a mean of 0.76±0.13. The mean genetic diversity estimate (FIS) was –0.076. The cumulative exclusion probability (PE) of these loci was 0.999838 indicating their suitability for parentage testing in these donkeys. The sign test, standardized differences test, the Wilcoxon test using the allelic frequency data under two phased mutation model and sequential mutation model at the studied loci as well as normal ‘L’ shaped distribution of the allelic frequency indicated the absence of any recent genetic bottleneck in donkeys of Ladakh region. When these donkeys were compared to Spiti donkeys of Himachal Pradesh and Brown type donkeys of Andhra Pradesh on the basis of allelic frequency data at these loci, they showed Nei’s minimum genetic distances of 0.115 and 0.165, respectively, from these population.

Genetic diversity and forensic characteristics of 15 autosomal short tandem repeats in Tibet highland and Guangdong lowland Han Chinese populations

Background: Much attention has been paid to the genetic variants of microsatellites in East Asian populations; however, genetic diversity of high-altitude adaptation in Tibet Han remains largely uncharacterised.Aim: To profile DNA samples from 338 high-altitude adaptation Han Chinese individuals and 933 low-altitude living Han Chinese individuals for 15 autosomal STRs which are used for human identification purposes and to estimate the forensic parameters as well as explore the genetic relationships among 38 Chinese populations.Subjects and methods: Fifteen autosomal STR loci and amelogenin genes were amplified in 1271 individuals using the AmpFℓSTR® Sinofiler™ PCR Amplification Kit. Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were calculated. Subsequently, population comparisons among 38 groups were analysed via principal components analysis, Reynolds genetic distance, neighbour-joining tree and multidimensional scaling plots.Results: In this study, no departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are identified in either Tibet or Guangdong Han populations after Bonferroni correction. The cumulative match probabilities are 3.1108 × 10−19 in Guangdong Han and 6.2102 × 10−19 in Tibet Han, and the combined probabilities of exclusion for trios are 0.99999948 and 0.99999936, respectively. Comprehensive population comparisons based on allele frequency distribution indicate that the Tibet Han population has a genetically close relationship with the surrounding population (Tibet Tibetan) and the Guangdong Han population has genetic affinity with southern Chinese populations.Conclusion: In general, genetic polymorphisms and forensic efficiency indicated that the 15 STRs studied are informative and polymorphic in both lowland and highland Han populations.

Microsatellite panels for parentage testing of Kilis goats reared in Turkey

The aim of this study was to develop PCR-based suitable microsatellite marker panels for paternity testing and to define pedigree errors in Kilis goats. A total of 137 head of goats were used, consisting of 118 head of kids and 19 head of possible candidate sires. A total of 392 alleles were observed in 22 microsatellite markers. Allele numbers ranged between 12 (SRCRSP7) and 24 (BM1818, INRA0023, and SRCRSP15) with an average of 17.82. The mean value of the effective allele numbers was obtained as 9.44. The overall polymorphic information content value was quite high (0.88). The overall observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) values for all studied loci were 0.89 and 0.89, respectively. Paternity test panels for the Kilis goat population studied were created based on individual probability of exclusion of microsatellites in multiplex groups. Combined probability of exclusion (CPE) values for different panels ranged between 0.745 (Panel-1) and 0.9999 (Panel-22), while the combined identification probability (CPI) values were obtained in the range of 9.81 × 10$^{-3}$ (Panel-1) to 6.96 × 10$^{-21}$ (Panel-22). As a result of this study, it can be stated that panels with 0.999 CPE values can be used at the most reasonable cost and with high reliability in paternity tests to be performed in Kilis goats, which can be a reference for other populations.

Genetic polymorphisms of 23 autosomal short tandem repeat loci among ethnic Han Chinese from southern China

To study genetic polymorphisms of 23 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci among ethnic Han Chinese from southern China. The 23 autosomal STR loci among 331 unrelated healthy Han Chinese from southern China were genotyped with fluorescent multiplex amplification and capillary electrophoresis. Genetic parameters were subjected to statistical analysis. In total 265 alleles and 890 genotypes were detected for the 23 STR loci. The numbers of alleles were 5-22, allelic frequency was 0.0015-0.5483, heterozygosity was 0.5891-0.9124, power of discrimination was 0.7818-0.9831, polymorphic information content was 0.5425-0.9031, probability of exclusion for trio-paternity testing was 0.2780-0.8208, and probability of exclusion for duo-paternity testing was 0.193-0.693. The combined power of discrimination was over 0.999 999 999 999 99, the combined probability of exclusion for trio-paternity identification was 0.999 999 999 729 813, and the combined probability of exclusion for duo-paternity identification was 0.999 999 207 508 474, respectively. The 23 STR loci showed no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium after Bonferroni correction (P> 0.05). The 23 autosomal STR loci were highly polymorphic among ethnic Han Chinese from southern China, which showed a high efficiency for paternity testing, personal identification and population genetics.

Development of microsatellite markers from genomic DNA of Parashorea malaanonan (Dipterocarpaceae) using next-generation sequencing

Abstract Twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed, using Next Generation Sequencing (Illumina), from genomic DNA of Parashorea malaanonan, a species of the Dipterocarpa­ceae which is ecologically and economically important in the Philippines. Thirty adult trees from a natural population were used to assess the success of PCR amplification and the degree of polymorphism. The number of alleles per locus varied from three to 13, and observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.200 to 0.808 and from 0.301 to 0.890 respectively. Total exclusion probabilities for the first and second parents over the 20 loci were 0.99932499 and 0.99999723 respectively. The high level of polymorphism at these loci makes it possible to obtain precise estimates of genetic parameters and thus the markers will help in studies on population genetics, conservation gene­tics, and molecular ecology of P. malaanonan.

Development and characterization of novel microsatellite loci for the Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva, Psittaciformes, Aves) and cross-species amplification for other two threatened Amazona species.

Parrots are among the most threatened avian groups of the world, with illegal pet trade being a major threat to some Amazon (Amazona genus) and macaw (Ara and Anodorhynchus genera) species. Population genetic studies and effective control of commercial breeders are important actions for the conservation of these parrot species; however, few microsatellite loci are available for most Amazona species to date. In this study, 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in silico and characterized for the Blue-fronted Amazon [Amazona aestiva (Aa)]. Loci were tested in 24 Blue-fronted Amazons from wild population from central Brazil with cross-species amplified in two individuals of Amazona vinacea (Av) and Amazona pretrei (Ap) from northeastern Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, in southeastern and south of Brazil, respectively. The number of alleles per locus for Aa ranged from 5 to 24 with an average of 13.1. Twenty-four and 25 loci were successfully amplified for Av and Ap, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosities for Aa ranged from 0.27 to 1.00 and from 0.35 to 0.94, with averages of 0.75 and 0.85, respectively. Nine loci significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (likely due to null alleles) and no significant linkage disequilibrium between loci pairs was detected. The combined paternity exclusion probability was very high, and the probability of identity was extremely low. This new set of microsatellite loci will be useful for analyzing population genetic structure and making conservation and management decisions, as well as for parentage analysis and the control of commercial breeding of Aa and potentially other Amazona species.

Genetic diversity of the Italian thoroughbred horse population

For over three centuries, thoroughbred (TB) horses have been selected exclusively for traits enhancing racing performances. Officially the TB origins can be genetically traced back along the male line due to the crossbreeding among 50 English royal mares and four Arab oriental stallions in 1700s. Because of the TB population is tightly controlled, possible loss of genetic variability should be carefully evaluated for breed conservation and management programme. To this aim FTA® cards of 10032 TB foals over a 14-year new-born campaign period were collected for genetic variability evaluation using 16 microsatellite markers. Total number of allele was 118 with a mean value of 7.37 alleles per locus; Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were above the informative threshold (PIC >0.5) for all microsatellites except for HTG4 and HMS2 whereas no significant differences were showed between the mean expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) values (0.674 vs. 0.675, respectively). Hardy–Weinberg proportion exhibited no statistically significant deviation from equilibrium (p < .05) for all loci; the inbreeding coefficient mean was close to zero suggesting very low probability of autozygosity. The number of genotypes observed (Ng) was calculated for each microsatellite and the most representative was found at the HMS2 locus (LL, frequency 0.557). Parentage testing was also investigated reporting a combined probability of identity (PI) for the 16 loci of 4.1 × 10−14 while the probability of exclusion (PE) exceeded 99% in all cases. Overall data reported a reasonable level of informativeness which genuinely reflect the narrower genetic structure of the Thoroughbred population.HighlightsThoroughbred population from Italy did not show any significant evidence for close inbreeding; a moderate level of genetic diversity was found at some loci yet still adequate for parentage and identity verification.Appropriate management programme could be placed to introduce new genetic variability in the Italian Thoroughbred population.

Genotyping of 49-plex autosomal SNP panel in Iranian Turkmens ethnic group.

A total of 94 unrelated individuals from Turkmens ethnic group in Iran were typed for forty-nine of the autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SNPforID 52plex using the SNaPshot assay. Allele frequencies are presents for the 49 SNPs. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed in all but one of the 49 SNP systems and no significant linkage disequilibrium was detected for any SNP pairs. FIS and FST were estimated. A statistically significant global FST value was obtained when Turkmens ethnic group were compared with other 20 populations in Turkey, Israel, Pakistan, India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Siberia, Algeria, Somali, Uganda, Mozambique, Angola, Nigeria, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, France and Spain. All but 11 pairwise FST values were statistically significant. Multidimensional scaling plot drawn based on the pairwise FST values showed that the Turkmens ethnic grouped with populations geographically close to Iran and other Middle-Eastern populations. The cumulative values for the match probability using the 49 SNPs was 5.65 × 10-19 consistent to a combined power of discrimination of >99.99999% and the mean exclusion probability was 99.95%.

Identification of microsatellites and parentage testing development of bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

This report is aimed to identify polymorphic microsatellites from Bactrian camel transcriptome sequences and apply microsatellite multiplex systems for parentage testing. 1, 820 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from 23, 624 transcriptome sequences, representing an average density of SSR/26.57 kb. The most abundant SSR, the trinucleotide repeat motif, accounts for 30% of all SSRs. Tetra-, penta-, di-and hexanucleotide repeats account for 29%, 22%, 17% and 2% of SSRs, respectively. Based on sequence redundancy and PCR amplification, we selected 14 polymorphic microsatellites for Bactrian camel parentage testing analysis in a population of 117 unrelated camels from China and Mongolia. We identified a total of 149 alleles, with 5–23 alleles per locus (10.64 ± 5.472) and an average heterozygosity (HE) of 0.676 (range: 0.380–0.888). Based on only the genotype of the offspring, a parentage exclusion probability of 0.9999 was calculated when excluding a candidate parent from parentage of an arbitrary offspring. When excluding a candidate parent from parentage of an arbitrary offspring and based on both the genotype of the offspring and the other parent, an exclusion probability of 0.9999 was calculated. We selected 15 baby camels, 20 sires and 20 dams for parentage testing. According to the parentage assignment, the microsatellite panel assigned all 15 offspring with high confidence. This core set of 14 microsatellites represent a powerful and efficient method for determining parentage in domestic Bactrian camels.

In silico identification and characterization of novel microsatellite loci for the Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae).

The illegal trade is a major threat to many bird species, and parrots are common victims of this activity. Domestic and international pet markets are interested on different parrot species, such as the Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). This South American macaw is not globally threatened, but is under protection from over-exploitation. This study aimed to identify and characterize novel microsatellite loci for population and parentage analysis of A. ararauna. Scaffold sequences of Ara macao available in the NCBI database were used for microsatellite searches using MsatCommander software. We tested a total of 28 loci, from which 25 were polymorphic, one was monomorphic, and two did not generated amplification products. For polymorphic loci, the mean number of alleles was 8.24 (4 – 15 alleles per locus), the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.333 to 0.917, and the expected heterozygosity from 0.353 to 0.890. The paternity exclusion probability and identity probability were highly discriminatory. Thus, these novel microsatellite markers can be useful for population assignment and paternity tests, helping the authorities to manage macaws from the illegal trafficking and control commercial breeders.

Comparison between Allele Frequencies of Several Strs Loci in Najaf City of Iraq and Middle Province in Iraqi Population

The population genetic data and forensic parameters of 15-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci(D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D19S433, D2S1338, D16S539) in Najaf city of Iraq are presented. These loci were detected in a sample of 108 (67 males and 41 females) unrelated healthy individuals. We observed alleles at 15-STR loci using the AmpFlSTR1® Identifiler™ PCR Amplification Kit from Applied Biosystems, The allele frequency spectrum detected in the sample were compared to allele frequencies from three Iraq provinces (Diyala, wasit, and Anbar). Significant global differences in allele frequencies were detected. In our study can be Observed heterozygosity (HO) genotype frequencies and expected heterozygosity (HE) was detected in all 15 markers according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) the highest heterozygosity is observed for D21S1338 (0.86441) as well as the smallest heterozygosity value is obtained for TPOX (65.00%) These allele frequency databases are suitable for the purpose of identification in paternity or forensic investigations. The combined Matching Probability (CMP) using the 15 STR genetic loci in Iraqi population was estimated at 1 in 8.62157–18 and the Combined Discrimination Power (CDP) was over than 0.9999999, Combined Exclusion Probability (CEP) was 0.999994 which should be sufficient for the identification of any individual. In the end we noticed an 7 locus are non-significant when compared with Hardy-Weinberg (P > 0.05) and the locus are D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D13S317, D16S539, and TPOX.

Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism and Genetic Distance of 19 Autosomal STR Loci in Jiangsu Han Population.

To investigate the distribution of alleles in 19 autosomal short tandem repeat （STR） loci in Jiangsu Han population. Goldeneye® 20A kit was used to detect 9 025 samples. Genetic analysis was performed on typing data of 19 autosomal STR loci, and genetic distance with other 17 populations was analyzed. All the 19 autosomal STR loci were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P>0.05）, with the heterozygosity 0.616 1-0.916 3, probability of match 0.012 8-0.202 6, discrimination power 0.797 4-0.987 2, probability of paternity exclusion 0.310 8-0.828 8, and polymorphic information content 0.561 7-0.913 6. The cumulative discrimination power and cumulative probability of exclusion were 0.999 999 999 999 999 998 434 1 and 0.999 999 989, respectively. The Jiangsu Han population had close genetic distances with the Han population in Tianjin, Hunan and Jilin, and significant difference with Han population in Aletai region in Xinjiang （P<0.05）. The STR allele polymorphism data and population genetic parameters of Jiangsu Han population can provide data support for the forensic application of these STR loci in Jiangsu Han population.

Evaluation of recent changes in genetic variability in Japanese thoroughbred population based on a short tandem repeat parentage panel.

The integrity of thoroughbreds is maintained under strict regulation involving DNA parentage testing, which is robust in a population with high genetic variability. The genetic variability of the thoroughbred population is possibly fluctuating because of selective breeding that has focused on adaptations for racing performance. To monitor genetic variability within the population and the effectiveness of short tandem repeat (STR) parentage testing, we investigated allele frequencies and the exclusion probability (PE) of 16-17 loci of a parentage panel in the Japanese thoroughbred population over 15years. Expected heterozygosities (He) of 14 loci indicated a decreasing trend, and the average He of the population decreased significantly. Low genetic variability was possibly induced by a decrease in population size and a selective breeding bias. Four loci showed both a significant increase in allele frequency and a significant decrease in He; it is assumed that those loci were affected by positive selection for racing performance. There was a significant decrease in the PE because of the changes in genetic variability; however, it has remained over 0.99995. The current STR panel is still effective for parentage control, but it will be necessary to continuously monitor genetic variability, which has decreased over 15years.

Nonrecurring Items in Debt Contracts

ABSTRACTUsing a large sample of debt contracts, we study the determinants of excluding nonrecurring items from covenant calculations. We investigate this choice across firms, across items, and through time. We find that nonrecurring items are more likely to be excluded when the agency costs of debt are higher and less likely to be excluded when they predict borrowers' performance. Our evidence further suggests that the interplay between agency costs and nonrecurring items' predictive ability affects the decision to exclude these items from covenant computations. Finally, when examining the exclusion by different nonrecurring item types, we find confirmatory evidence that the probability of exclusion decreases with the predictive ability for borrowers' future performance of major nonrecurring item types. Overall, our research extends the literature on the determinants of contract design and improves understanding of the usefulness of accounting information in debt contracting.

Comparison of different paternity test panels in sheep

The aims of this study were to evaluate different paternity test panels with 17 microsatellite markers for their effectiveness in paternity analysis and to identify pedigree error rates in the Kangal Akkaraman breed of sheep. The animal material for the study consisted of 175 Kangal Akkaraman sheep, 35 rams, and their 140 offspring, raised on farms and bred using controlled mating. The panels were created according to probability of exclusion (PE) of 17 studied microsatellites. A total of 240 alleles were detected across 17 microsatellite loci. The overall mean value of the polymorphic information content (PIC) (0.78) indicated that the microsatellite panels were highly polymorphic. Probability of identity (PI) values ranged between 0.02 and 0.13. It can be said that pedigree error (2.94%) occurred at a low rate in this study. The highest combined PE values were obtained from Panel-16 (0.9999771) as expected. Panel-8 and Panel-9 met the PE value accepted in the literature (0.999). The results show that these panels are cheaper and more practical than other panels formed for Kangal Akkaraman.

Identification and adaptability of hatchery-origin Japanese flounder released into the Bohai Sea after the summer fishing moratorium

Because the artificial cultivation environment differs from the natural habitat of the Bohai Sea, it is essential to study the adaptability of hatchery-reared juveniles released into this area. Hatchery-origin Paralichthys olivaceus stocks were identified via morphological observation and genetic tags (i.e., mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites). Seven genomic microsatellite loci with a high PIC (polymorphic information content, 0.885–0.945) and a high exclusion probability (0.930–0.981) were selected and arranged into two multiplex PCRs. In total, 46.75% of the captures were assigned to our broodstocks. There were no significant differences in genetic diversity, such as Ar (allelic richness, P = .754) and He (expected heterozygosity, P = 0. 658), among the hatchery-origin stock (HS), their parents (P), the wild stock (WS) and the captured broodstocks (CB) in 2016. However, losses of Ar in the HS indicated that more attention should be given to the number of broodstocks in a reared population. The overall genetic divergence among these four groups was low (FST = 0.005), and the results of AMOVA also showed no genetic differences among them (P = .500), indicating that no pronounced genetic differentiation was found following the stock enhancement program in the Bohai Sea. There was no significant difference between HS and WS in terms of growth parameters (P > .05) and feeding ecology (P > .05). Furthermore, the stomach contents of the two groups were basically identical and consisted mainly of fish. Therefore, overall, the hatchery-origin juveniles had already adapted to the natural area after the summer fishing moratorium.

Evaluation of 17 microsatellite markers for parentage testing and individual identification of domestic yak (Bos grunniens).

BackgroundYak (Bos grunniens) is the most important domestic animal for people living at high altitudes. Yak ordinarily feed by grazing, and this behavior impacts the accuracy of the pedigree record because it is difficult to control mating in grazing yak. This study aimed to evaluate the pedigree system and individual identification in polled yak.MethodsA total of 71 microsatellite loci were selected from the literature, mostly from the studies on cattle. A total of 35 microsatellite loci generated excellent PCR results and were evaluated for the parentage testing and individual identification of 236 unrelated polled yaks. A total of 17 of these 35 microsatellite loci had polymorphic information content (PIC) values greater than 0.5, and these loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium without linkage disequilibrium.ResultsUsing multiplex PCR, capillary electrophoresis, and genotyping, very high exclusion probabilities were obtained for the combined core set of 17 loci. The exclusion probability (PE) for one candidate parent when the genotype of the other parent is not known was 0.99718116. PE for one candidate parent when the genotype of the other parent is known was 0.99997381. PE for a known candidate parent pair was 0.99999998. The combined PEI (PE for identity of two unrelated individuals) and PESI (PE for identity of two siblings) were >0.99999999 and 0.99999899, respectively. These findings indicated that the combination of 17 microsatellite markers could be useful for efficient and reliable parentage testing and individual identification in polled yak.DiscussionMany microsatellite loci have been investigated for cattle paternity testing. Nevertheless, these loci cannot be directly applied to yak identification because the two bovid species have different genomic sequences and organization. A total of 17 loci were selected from 71 microsatellite loci based on efficient amplification, unambiguous genotyping, and high PIC values for polled yaks, and were suitable for parentage analysis in polled yak populations.

Genetic Polymorphisms of 18 Autosomal STR loci in Changsha Han Population.

To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 18 autosomal short tandem repeats （STR） loci in Changsha Han population, and explore the population genetic relationships and evaluate its application value in forensic medicine. The DNA of 2 004 unrelated individuals in Changsha Han population were amplified using Goldeneye®DNA ID System BASIC, and the PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis using 3130xl genetic analyzer. The fragment sizes of alleles were analyzed subsequently by GeneMapper® ID v3.2. The frequency data and forensic genetic parameters ［observed heterozygosity （Ho）, expected heterozygosity （He）, power of discrimination （DP） and polymorphic information content （PIC）］ of 18 STR loci were statistically analyzed. Total probability of discrimination （TDP）, probability of exclusion in trio cases （PEtrio） and probability of exclusion in duo cases （PEduo） were calculated by Cervus 3.0. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium of the loci were detected by Arlequin v3.5. The results were compared with the available data of other populations from different races and regions. The power of discrimination （DP）, and the polymorphic information content （PIC） of each locus of Changsha Han population ranged from 0.783 6 to 0.987 9 and 0.549 4 to 0.914 5, respectively. The TDP, cumulative probability of exclusion in trio cases （CPEtrio） and cumulative probability of exclusion in duo cases （CPEduo） were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 865 2, 0.999 999 979 and 0.999 988 325, respectively. According to the Nei's DA genetic distance, the genetic distance between Changsha Han and Hunan Han populations was the smallest （0.014 1）, while it was the largest （0.041 8） between Changsha Han and Xinjiang Kazakh populations. The 18 STR loci shows abundant genetic polymorphisms in Changsha Han population. The study of genetic diversity among different populations has an important meaning for the research of their origins, migrations and their relationships.

Population genetic analysis of 30 insertion–deletion (INDEL) loci in a Qinghai Tibetan group using the Investigator DIPplex Kit

The Qiagen Investigator® DIPplex Kit multiplexes 30 autosomal INDELs plus amelogenin for forensic use. The aim of this study was to estimate the diversity of 30 INDEL loci in a sample of 530 Tibetan individuals from Qinghai Province, China, and to evaluate the usefulness of these loci for forensic genetics. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 14.3 to 53.4%, and combined power of discrimination, matching probability, and cumulative probability of exclusion were 0.99999999999172, 8.27999 × 10-12, and 0.9897, respectively, in the Qinghai Tibetan group. The results of pairwise genetic distance, principal component analysis, a multi-dimensional scaling plot, and a neighbour-joining tree between the Qinghai Tibetan and 49 reference populations revealed significant genetic differences between continental populations and a close genetic relationship between the Qinghai Tibetan and East Asian populations. This study indicates that the Investigator® DIPplex Kit can serve as an effective supplementary tool for forensic genetic tasks.