Private Ones Research Articles

INNER AND OUTER SPACES AND THE CREATION OF IDENTITY IN VIRGINIA WOOLF’S “JACOB’S ROOM”, “MRS. DALLOWAY” AND “THE YEARS”

Space plays an important part in all of Virginia Woolf’s writings, whether we are speaking about her novelistic output or her essays. Space becomes an interstitial realm between modernity and tradition. Solitude, privacy, become the key ingredients of successful artistic creation, with creativity being described as a privilege of the solitary, of those capable, and allowed, to function outside the pressure of larger social groups or even outside the close family circle. Space is never just space in Woolf’s novels – instead it becomes an engine that drives creativity, identity, and one could almost argue that space becomes a deeply political reality in all of her writings. Nowhere is this more evident than in her urban novels, where the cityscape takes on various roles and functions. Space in her fiction is both external and internal, with the two being in constant interaction. Whether we are speaking about the distinction between male and female spaces, spaces meant for creation and spaces meant for work, shared or individual spaces, real or imaginary borders, movement across such borders, mental and internal spaces, space always fulfils important narrative and metaphorical functions in Woolf’s texts. In the present paper we will try to relate Virginia Woolf’s creation of urban landscapes to several theories regarding the creation of space identity from the field of architecture, urban design and renewal, and political studies. Thereby we will attempt to prove that the creation of space equals the creation of identity across the wide spectrum of meaning of the term. Public and private spaces become antithetic, with the public realm mirroring the established cultural and social stereotypes, whereas private spaces are associated with artistic creativity and individual freedom. Public spaces, being the spaces of established social norms, are usually “male” spaces, whereas private ones are perceived as predominantly “female”. Because of this “male”, “traditional” component, urban public spaces are described in distinctive ways which will be analyzed in the novels “Jacob’s Room”, “Mrs. Dalloway”, and “The Years”.

What happened to health labour markets during COVID-19? Insights from the analysis of cross-sectional survey data on the perceptions of medical doctors in Brazil

ObjectivesTo examine physicians’ perceptions of changing employment opportunities in Brazil, and gain an insight into labour markets in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) during the pandemic.Study designDescriptive and inferential analysis of a...

Public Catering in Buryatia in the 1920s and Early 1930s

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of public catering in the complicated political and socio-economic conditions of the first decade of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR. Based on different archival sources the author reconstructs the following parameters of the public catering system: the existing republican network of enterprises, turnover, personnel, forms and methods of work organization; describes the problems of the new sphere (facilities and equipment, personnel) and the level of customer services culture. Newspaper articles cover the everyday activities of canteens and the relations between the actors in the catering sector. In the 1920s, enterprises of various forms of ownership, including private ones, operated in the Republic, and steps were taken to organize a catering system similar to the one that existed in the country as a whole. In the process of creating the industry, the consumer co-operative society took an active part. The political and economic decisions of the state in the early 1930s determined the place and role of catering in social reproduction, focusing on meeting the needs of workers in the industrial and agrarian sectors of the economy, students of the national education system. During this period, the structure of the industry was formed, which included state and cooperative components, there was a significant expansion of the network of enterprises, there was a process of streamlining their activities.

Формирование образа пространственного положения с учетом ускорений при тренажерной подготовке пилотов

The article discusses objective assessment of the readiness and reliability of forecasting the success of the pilots’ activities at a real object, which is caused by the inevitable difference between the simulated conditions and the real ones. Expanding the range and detailing various partial assessments that characterise the pilot’s activity and forming integral assessments based on private ones are most often analysed by the performance characteristics for pilots’ tasks and a set of physiological parameters. The full and adequate reality of the control modes and tasks brings the pilot closer to the spectrum of standard and especially non-standard, not-foreseen situations that are possible for objects of this class. For the pilots’ activity and their preparedness, the characteristic moments are simulator model limitations, strict requirements for the adaptation period on a real object, a variety of non-standard situations in a real flight, that is, precisely those moments that exacerbate the problem of assessing preparedness and the problem of forming pilots’ ability to quickly restructure activities in a changed environment

Awareness and willingness to pay for green roofs in Mediterranean areas

Green roofs have been extensively investigated in recent years, showing that their implementation in urban areas provides multiple benefits (e.g., pluvial flood mitigation, urban heat island reduction, energy saving, increase of biodiversity, CO2 sequestration) and supports sustainable urban development. Although green roof benefits have been widely recognized, the perception that the community has of these nature-based solutions and the willingness to pay for their installation in urban areas is still not clear nor quantified. Societal perception and willingness to pay for green roofs are fundamental for urban planners and decision makers, since they represent the community participation in the sustainable development of urban areas. In this work, we aim to analyze how citizens perceive green roofs and how willing they are to pay for the installation and maintenance of these nature-based solutions. We used an online survey to investigate the perception and the knowledge of green roofs as a potential solution to common environmental issues (i.e., urban flood, increase of temperature, energy consumption, air pollution and lack of green spaces), and the interest and willingness to pay for green roof installation on both public and private roofs. Based on the answers of 389 respondents living in Sardinia (Italy), our analysis revealed that most citizens are aware of what green roofs are, and they are aware that, although these nature-based solutions can not completely solve environmental issues, they can greatly contribute to the mitigation of these phenomena. Results also show a higher interest in the installation of green roofs on public buildings than on private ones, due to the high installation costs. Moreover, for private roofs, the possibility to install photovoltaic panels instead of GRs is generally preferred. Most of the respondents are willing to spend less than 100 € per year for the maintenance of green roofs on public buildings and to invest less than 5000 € for the installation on their own house.

Capital misallocation in Chinese industrial firms

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of volatility in profitability shock, capital price distortion and adjustment costs on capital misallocation among Chinese industrial firms. We estimate a dynamic model pertaining firms' investment decision, incorporating institutional differences between state and private firms, so the model can reproduce salient features observed from Chinese firms. Our analysis shows: (i) capital price distortion is more severe among state firms than private ones; (ii) adjusting capital is more costly for state than private firms; (iii) volatility in profitability shock is a major source that causes capital misallocation for both types of firms.

Stronger Impact of COVID-19 in Nursing Homes of a French Region During the Second Pandemic Wave.

Quantify the effects of characteristics of nursing homes and their surroundings on the spread of COVID-19 outbreaks and assess the changes in resident protection between the first 2 waves (March 1 to July 31 and August 1 to December 31, 2020). An observational study was carried out on data on COVID-19 outbreaks extracted from a database that monitored the spread of the virus in nursing homes. The study concerned all 937 nursing homes with >10 beds in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France. The rate of nursing homes with at least 1 outbreak and the cumulative number of deaths were modeled for each wave. During the second (vs the first wave), the proportion of nursing homes that reported at least 1 outbreak was higher (70% vs 56%) and the cumulative number of deaths more than twofold (3348 vs 1590). The outbreak rate was significantly lower in public hospital-associated nursing homes than in private for-profit ones. During the second wave, it was lower in public and private not-for-profit nursing homes than in private for-profit ones. During the first wave, the probability of outbreak and the mean number of deaths increased with the number of beds (P < .001). During the second wave, the probability of outbreak remained stable in >80-bed institutions and, under proportionality assumption, the mean number of deaths was less than expected in >100-bed institutions. The outbreak rate and the cumulative number of deaths increased significantly with the increase in the incidence of hospitalization for COVID-19 in the surrounding populations. The outbreak in the nursing homes was stronger during the second than the first wave despite better preparedness and higher availabilities of tests and protective equipment. Solutions for insufficient staffing, inadequate rooming, and suboptimal functioning should be found before future epidemics.

Reforming the institute of notary institute in the modern conditions of European integration

The scientific article is devoted to the process of reforming and improving the notary institution in accordance with international standards. Consideration of ways to reform the notary as a complex problem should ensure the success of such reform and stable functioning of the system. Taking into account the needs of civil circulation, we can talk about the relevance of the topic raised in the article, its scientific and applied nature and unconditional connection with notarial practice. &#x0D; The notary reform is primarily a benefit for people, because the implementation of the planned will save time and money of citizens and businesses, ensure the availability of notarial actions, overcome corruption in the field of justice, create reliable protection against fraud, significantly save the state budget, and finally move to the standards of the European Union. &#x0D; Today, significant economic and political changes are taking place in Ukraine, which significantly affect the process of notary reform.&#x0D; The implementation of the reform involves three strategic steps. Firstly, the introduction of an electronic notary system. This project is designed to improve the quality of notarial actions by reducing the time to perform the action and protecting the notarial document from forgery.&#x0D; In particular, the large-scale digitization of notarial activity involves: the rejection of keeping paper books of notary activities; reducing the number of documents that a person must submit to perform a notarial act; automation of a number of processes in the activity of notaries; effective information interaction between state information resources; maintaining a notarial archive in electronic form.&#x0D; A full technical and economic analysis of E-notary has already been prepared. It is planned that the first stage of the «pilot» with the notary's electronic workplace will be launched by the end of 2020.&#x0D; The next step is the transition to a single notary. This will make it possible to consolidate the unified status of a notary in Ukraine, abandoning the system of dividing notaries into public and private ones, as was done in many European states. The transition to a single notary office will involve the gradual termination of the activities of state notary offices, and therefore will allow a significant reduction of state expenses for their maintenance, which will contribute to the saving of budget funds. A concept of measures has been developed that will guarantee the availability of basic notarial actions for socially vulnerable sections of the population. The number of actions that notaries can perform will also be significantly expanded. The notary will have the right to register marriages, divorces, provide evidence, etc.&#x0D; And the third step is self-regulation of the notary profession. An important aspect in the implementation of the transition to a unified notary is the transfer of a number of powers to the body of professional self-government of notaries, in particular: to exercise control over the organization of notary activities, record keeping, compliance with the rules of the Code of Professional Ethics of Notaries, to organize an increase in the professional level of notaries, as well as to create conditions for an even territorial distribution of workers places of notaries, so that citizens from the most remote corners of our country have access to notarial acts. Certain steps in the direction of self-regulation have already been taken. We have changed the composition of the Higher Qualification Commission of the Notary. Now, its composition includes only 3 representatives of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and 11 private notaries, that is, control over the decisions of the HCPC has already been transferred to the notary community. The implementation of the reform will make it possible to lay a solid foundation for the formation and development of a Latin-type notary in Ukraine, which is a world standard in the field of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens.&#x0D; Reforming is a long process that depends not only on the aspirations of the Ministry of Justice and notaries, but also on the political and socio-economic situation in the country.

Negotiated windfalls: Mapping how public actors pursue and share land-value capture in Nanterre-la-Folie, France

This article seeks to broaden the scope of discussions pertaining to land-value capture (LVC). Scholars have now accumulated considerable documentation and analyses on how public authorities can (and whether they should) capture land-value increases that stem from actions other than the landowner’s. Little attention has been paid, however, to how public actors might compete for, and share the fruit of LVC. Using the case study of Nanterre-la-Folie, a district located in the vicinity of a new train station within the Grand Paris metropolitan area, we draw attention to the interplay of a variety of public actors (transit operators, local governments, national government) as they negotiate their share of transit-related LVC. In doing so, we show that the largely agreed-upon narrative of LVC as public actors versus private ones leaves important aspects of planning in a blind spot. By drawing attention to public actors’ competition for transit-related LVC, we inform academic debates on metropolitan governance and highlight implications for the unfolding and outcomes of real-estate projects.

State of forest fund and planning in forestry

State of forest fund and planning in forestry

Discourse in Old Norse Literature

Discourse in Old Norse Literature

The Role of Manager on Employee’s Satisfaction in an Organization: A Case of Mount Meru University and Arusha Institute of Accountancy

The aim of this article was centered on the roles of managers on employee’s job satisfaction in an organization. In this study, cross section research design was used because participants are many and was unable to study all of them, but some was selected using random sampling techniques. It refers to the process of getting an understanding of a topic without including the entire population. The data was collected, collated and analyzed using questionnaires and SPSS from Institute of Accountancy Arusha and Mount Meru University. &#x0D; According to the study employees are not satisfied with treatment they receive from managers, not happy with the present fringe benefit they receive, not happy even with their future fringe benefit and income they are likely to receive. The findings indicated that, employees are not satisfied with the recognition they get from managers, the issues concerning workshops and training opportunities, employees are not satisfied with the organization and opportunities available for them. This can be supported by Delery and Shaw (2001) that, there is general three agreement that "(1) human capital can be a source of competitive advantage, (2) that HRM practices have the most direct influence on the human capital of a firm, and (3) that the complex nature of HRM systems of practice can enhance the inimitability of the system, when discussing the theory of Strategic HRM and Resource Based Theory. Recommendations have been made to encourage managers to play their role in ensuring employees job satisfaction in higher learning institutions. Future studies of teacher’s job satisfaction should be conducted among collages both public and private ones. The research did not exhaust all the job satisfaction aspects or factors that the previous researchers and theorists identified.

Comment on “Higher Education in the United States: Laissez‐Faire, Differentiation, and Research”

Comment on “Higher Education in the United States: Laissez‐Faire, Differentiation, and Research”

Practical Utopia: The Many Lives of Dartington Hall by Anna Neima

It would be hard to imagine a more interdisciplinary enterprise than this study of Dartington Hall, particularly considering this study’s wide range of sources. Founded in 1926, Dartington was a spiritual center, a school, and a center for the arts. Its fascinating story has broader implications for religious thought, education, and many artistic activities, particularly the interplay between private and public ones. It still exists as the Dartington Trust but in a truncated form. In a sense, the rest of the world, England in this particular case, has caught up with it.The great country house in Devon, famous for its Hall, was acquired by Dorothy and Leonard Elmhirst. She was an extremely wealthy American and he the son of a Yorkshire parson, deeply influenced by Rabindranath Tagore after having spent time in India. Her money made everything possible. Devon was a conservative county, but now the closest town, Totnes, is well known for being a center for the counterculture. Dartington and its culture faded in the 1980s. Yet in many ways, it accomplished its mission.The original impetus seems to have an effort to attain a higher level of spirituality. Neima in her excessive use of footnotes provides a running bibliography with extensive references to her academic sources. This study is extremely rich in context but not as rich in content. The Elmhirsts were religious questers, but Neima offers comparatively little information about their quest and the extent to which it was successful. In their attempt to live better lives in some sort of religious context, they established what became a well-known progressive boarding school, to a degree notorious for its nude bathing and, probably largely unjustly, for underage sexual activity.Dartington Hall had a raft of distinguished alumni, including Michael Young, subsequently Lord Young of Dartington, who wrote a biography of the Elmhirsts, founded the consumer publication Which?, and drafted the Labour Party manifesto that played a crucial role in winning Labour the 1945 election. More detail would have been welcome about the school’s curriculum, its difference from more traditional education, and its graduates. It certainly offered a more rural experience than did most other boarding schools.Neima tells us much more about the arts at Dartington Hall. The Hall played a crucial role in advancing the performing arts—theater, music, and dance. It had an important progressive influence on the course of the arts on the national level and was surprisingly successful in erasing the barriers between popular and elite art. In the theater, the dominant figure was Michael Chekhov. It was also highly influential in other areas, ranging from architecture—with connections to such exiled figures as Walter Gropius—to pottery, boasting Bernard Leach, perhaps the best known potter of the time.To its credit, particularly during World War II and immediately afterward, Dartington Hall’s artistic activities provided an important model of what the state should do on a much wider scale in subsidizing the arts, as it did regarding the establishment of the Arts Council right after the war. It also supported greater coordination between national and local interests. In effect, the private philanthropy of the Elmhirsts, sometimes seen as paternalistic, was eventually replaced by local and national authorities. Given that a few of Dartington’s enterprises were businesses, it faced continual pressure not to lose money.The school, to some observers the best-known aspect of the enterprise, closed in 1987. The Dartington Trust, however, still undertakes creative activities in Devon. Neima might have supplied more detail about how Dartington Hall’s myriad operations actually functioned in its heyday. Nevertheless, she has provided an important and illuminating study of an institution founded almost a century ago that has had a significant and highly commendable impact on English life.

Fiscal incentives for improved forest management and deforestation-free agricultural commodities in Central and West Africa

Until recently, little or no use was made of fiscal instruments for forest protection in developing countries. The rise of independent third-party certification systems since the 1990s opens new perspectives for using taxation as an incentive. In the forestry sector, certification has developed significantly in Central Africa but reached a plateau in the last ten years, apparently due to the reorientation of timber export flows towards Asian markets that do not demand certified products. Fiscal incentives, through tax cuts for responsible producers, could compensate for the absence of price premiums but would diminish public revenues. The principle of the "bonus-malus" (feebates) seems promising to the extent that it does not reduce government budgetary revenues (budget neutrality). Bonus-malus schemes can also promote certified "zero deforestation" or "grown in agroforestry" agricultural production, especially cocoa, a significant driver of deforestation in Africa. Governments can select one or several certification schemes, private or public ones, and target fiscal incentives related to these certified products. The peculiarity of a bonus-malus system is that the revenues generated by the malus are expected to decrease progressively (with the adoption of certification), requiring a reduction of the bonus rates in order to respect budget neutrality. Adopting such a scheme would create winners and losers, therefore, complementary policy measures targeting small-scale producers are desirable.

¿Qué determina la elección público-privada en la sanidad española?

Introduction and objectivesThe aim of the study was to analyze, which individual characteristics (sociodemographic, attitudinal and political factors) mediates in the choice in Spain in 2022, of a private versus public health care alternative for family doctor, doctor specialist, hospital admissions and emergencies. MethodsUsing the health barometers of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), we carried out four logistic regressions (then, average marginal effects [AMEs]) whose dependent variables are the preference for a private choice of family doctor versus a public one, the preference for a private choice of doctor specialist versus a public one; the preference for a private choice of hospital admission versus a public one and the preference for a private choice of emergency admission versus a public one. The dependent variables are binary (1=private; 0=public). The sample consisted of more than 4,500 individuals older than 18years old distributed representatively throughout Spain. ResultsThe probability of choosing private rather than public is correlated with the age of the individual: those over 50years are less likely to opt for a private alternative (P<.01), as well as by ideology and satisfaction with the way that the national health system (NHS) works. Patients with a conservative ideology are more likely to choose private options (P<.01) and individuals with greater satisfaction with the NHS are less likely to choose private ones (P<.01). ConclusionsSatisfaction with the NHS and patient ideology are the most relevant factors for private versus public choice.

Obstetric Violence among Pregnant Jordanian Women: An Observational Study between the Private and Public Hospitals in Jordan

Obstetric Violence (OV) is a public health matter that affects women and their children with an incidence rate between 18.3-75.1% globally. The delivery institution of public and private sectors represents a potential factor contributing to OV. This study aimed to assess OV existence among sample of pregnant Jordanian women and its risk factors domains between public and private hospitals. This is a case-control study including 259 recently delivered mothers from Al-Karak Public and Educational Hospital and The Islamic Private Hospital. A designated questionnaire including demographic variables and OV domains was used for data collection. A significant difference was seen between patients delivering in the public sector compared to patients delivering the private sector in education level, occupation, monthly income, delivery supervision and overall satisfaction. Patients delivering in the private sector showed a significantly less physical abuse by the medical staff compared to patients delivering in the public sector, and patients delivering in a private room also showed a significantly less OV and risk of physical abuse compared to patients delivering in shared room. In public settings, medications information was lesser versus the private ones, additionally, there is significant association between performing episiotomy, physical abuse by staff and the delivery in shared rooms in private settings. This study showed that OV was less susceptible during childbirth in private settings compared to public settings. Educational status, low monthly income, occupation are risk factors for OV; also, features of disrespect and abuse like obtaining consent for episiotomy performance, delivery provision updates, care perception based on payment ability and medication information were reported.

The relationship between hospital ownership, in-hospital mortality, and medical expenses: an analysis of three common conditions in China

BackgroundPrivate hospitals expanded rapidly in China since 2009 following its national health reform encouraging private investment in the hospital sector. Despite long-standing debates over the performance of different types of hospitals, empirical evidence under the context of developing countries remains scant. We investigated the disparities in health care quality and medical expenses among public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit hospitals.MethodsA total of 64,171 inpatients (51,933 for pneumonia (PNA), 9,022 for heart failure (HF) and 3,216 for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)) who were admitted to 528 secondary hospitals in Sichuan province, China, during the fourth quarters of 2016, 2017, and 2018 were selected for this study. Multilevel logistic regressions and multilevel linear regressions were utilized to assess the relationship between hospital ownership types and in-hospital mortality, as well as medical expenses for PNA, HF, and AMI, after adjusting for relevant hospital and patient characteristics, respectively.ResultsThe private not-for-profit (adjusted OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.08, 2.64) and for-profit (adjusted OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.06, 2.62) hospitals showed higher in-hospital mortality than the public ones for PNA, but not for AMI and HF. No significant differences were found in medical expenses across hospital ownership types for AMI, but the private not-for-profit was associated with 9% higher medical expenses for treating HF, while private not-for-profit and for-profit hospitals were associated with 10% and 11% higher medical expenses for treating PNA than the public hospitals. No differences were found between the private not-for-profit and private for-profit hospitals both in in-hospital mortality and medical expenses across the three conditions.ConclusionThe public hospitals had at least equal or even higher healthcare quality and lower medical expenses than the private ones in China, while private not-for-profit and for-profit hospitals had similar performances in these aspects. Our results added evidences on hospitals’ performances among different ownership types under China’s context, which has great potential to inform the optimization of healthcare systems implemented among developing countries confronted with similar challenges.

Invited Commentary: Reimagining Professionalism in Surgical Education.

Bethesda, MD Disclosure Information: Nothing to disclose. Disclaimer: The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author/speaker and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of Defense, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or any other agency of the US Government.

Kardynał Josef Beran – dobry pasterz i patriota

This study focuses on the personality of Josef Cardinal Beran (1888–1969) in the context of the modern history of the 20th century. The introductory chapters focus on his youth and intellectual maturing during his studies in Rome and his subsequent activities in the spiritual service during the first republic period. The following part depicts Beran’s Nazi imprisonment, his life in the Dachau concentration camp and his return to his homeland. In the turbulent times after the World War II, he was elected an archbishop and went down in history as a major advocate of the autonomy of the church and democratic ideas. The communist regime sentenced him to home imprisonment and he was interned in different parts of the country due to his moral attitude between 1951 and 1965. He spent fourteen years completely isolated from his nation and the church, and under permanent surveillance of the State Security. Towards the end of his life, the communist regime allowed him to depart for the nomination for cardinal in Rome, but without the possibility of returning. The next part of the study deals concisely with Cardinal Beran’s life in forced exile and commemorates his work done behind the iron curtain for his homeland and the church as well as for Czechoslovak exiles scattered all over the world. The study draws on comprehensive research in archives home and abroad – state, private, and church ones; detailed analysis of world and home press; and written memoirs and witnesses’ memories.