Private Newspapers Research Articles

"Ad hoc policy decisions" in the news: Media framing analysis of a pesticide import ban in Sri Lanka.

Modern agriculture relies on pesticides to maximise outputs. While many highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs) are banned in places like the European Union due to concerns about harm to the environment and human health, their use continues in many low- and middle-income counties (LMICs). Pesticide suicide is a public health problem unique to countries where HHPs are used, and Sri Lanka has successfully implemented several HHP bans as part of a suicide prevention strategy. On 27 April 2021, the Sri Lankan government announced an imminent import ban of all fertilizers and pesticides which was later revoked in November 2021. The aim of this article was to explore the media framing of the import ban as it pertained to pesticides. Guided by Entman's typology of frame functions, we analysed newspaper articles from nine Sri Lankan newspapers (N = 102) between 20 April to 31 October 2021. Overall, most framings were supportive of the ban, captured by framings that articulated the ban through a health, environment, and organic farming narrative. Framings that foregrounded farmer or industry livelihoods and the pesticide market were primarily adopted to express opposition to the ban. The presence of frames opposing the ban within media articles increased over time during the study period. There was a greater proportion of opposing frames in private newspapers compared to government (78% vs 22%). Many of the articles analysed described the widespread impact of the ban, but only 11% of articles represented the voices of policy end users. This study adds understanding to the ways communication via outlets like mainstream newspapers may shape public support or opposition to pesticide bans in a LMIC. Mass media is an under-recognised factor in policy implementation and this study may inform planning to implement pesticide bans in other countries.

Problems with Reviving and Developing the Kryashen Media in Modern Times

This article considers the revival of the Kryashen media between 1992 and 2002. There was an increase in the Tatar media’s attention to the Kryashen problems during that period, along with the overall advance of the Kryashen periodicals. The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed the rise in national self-awareness among the Kryashen population and the emergence of the Kryashen social movement. Here, the efforts of various public organizations, figures, leaders, and activists of the Kryashen movement to promote the cultural and educational development of the Kryashens through the revival of their printed media are analyzed. Their role in establishing and publishing the «Kryashen Suze» (‘Word of the Kryashens’), one of the first private newspapers in the Russian media space, is highlighted. It is also shown that the endeavors of the Kryashen movement activists to expand their reach to the republican media were successful: they started and broadcasted programs on the national radio and television channels and created online platforms about the Kryashens.

Данилов В. ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ПАЛЕСТИНО-ІЗРАЇЛЬСЬКОГО КОНФЛІКТУ У СВІТОВИХ ЗМІ

The article attempts to identify the peculiarities of the coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the world media. The research was based on publications from the websites of three media outlets - «The Washington Post», «The Guardian» and «Al Jazeera». The author talks about the difficulties that journalists may face when covering armed conflicts. Firstly, it is the threats to the physical and mental health of the journalist. Secondly, it is the difficulty of abstracting from one's own preferences in the conflict. Thirdly, it is difficulty in determining the status of the parties to the conflict. The author notes that in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict there are difficulties in determining the status of Hamas, since not all countries in the world consider the group to be terrorists. The article examines the views on the conflict of two high-quality private newspapers - «The Washington Post» and «The Guardian». The intrigue of the position of quality publications is that they are located in the United States and Europe, i.e., they should hypothetically support Israel against the collective Arab world. In fact, both media outlets have maintained a high level of quality and have covered the conflict in a balanced manner. Moreover, the newspapers' coverage is somewhat critical of the Jewish state. While «The Washington Post's» criticism is more of a guess, the Guardian's journalists express it quite frankly and emotionally. When expressing its attitude, an American newspaper must take into account the views of the powerful Jewish diaspora in the United States. As for the Guardian, the newspaper criticizes Israel from the liberal anti-war position of the British and European elite. The state-owned Qatari television company Al Jazeera has long been criticized for its bias and rather open communication with individuals whose activities are considered terrorist by some parts of the world. The intrigue with the Qatari media's coverage of the conflict is whether they will at least try to pretend to be objective to a global audience. In practice, the Arab media's website is falling into outright anti-Israeli and anti-American propaganda. It uses a selection of «correct» sources of information, mockery and manipulation of facts. The author of the article assumes that media workers are well aware of their target audience, which is quite effectively influenced by such publications.

Survival Ignored? Ethiopian Media’s Framing of the Terror Attack against Ethiopian Christians in Libya

Abstract The paper explores whether Ethiopian media report on the religious reasons behind the terrorist attack against 30 Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church (eotc) followers in Libya in 2015. A framing analysis of newspaper articles reporting on the event reveal that the religious identity of the victims, and the religious justification for the massacre, have been suppressed, and it has been presented as a common, criminal offence, and political act. The government is found to be the dominant framing force creating and shifting public opinion in the reports, while the eotc’s influence is found to be restricted. The state newspaper Addis Zemen shows favoritism towards the government in its framing of the event. The private newspapers are critical of this favoritism. It is found that journalists’ perceiving that secularism means writing articles and news reports that are free of religion, and anti-eotc rhetoric that has been voiced by consecutive governments since the 1970s appear to be contributing factors to this framing negligence.

Bulgarin and “Severnaia Pchela”S Place in 19th Century Russian Journalism

Faddei Venediktovich Bulgarin is known in Russian literature as establisher of different journals and newspapers, besides being the writer of different novels, stories, and essays. Among the journals and newspapers established by him, the most prominent one was the newspaper “Severnaia pchela” (The Northern Bee). “Severnaia pchela”, which was the first private newspaper in Russia, succeeded to appeal to wide audience thanks to its wide content. Besides economic, political, cultural news and literary critiques, in this newspaper, there were advertisements, which were accepted as a novelty in Russian journalism of that period. While it was the first private newspaper, “Sevrnaia pchela” obtained political and pro-government character after the Decembrist revolt and started to be published under the control of the Third Section. Besides, the newspaper entered into arguments with outstanding litterateurs of its period. Hence, the newspaper started to lose its audience and reputation in the course of time. In this study, “Severnaia pchela”s content and its communication with literary communities are examined. In this respect, it is aimed to determine Bulgarin’s and his newspaper’s place in 19th century Russian literature and journalism.

Commercial Advertising in Tomsk Province Periodicals (1881-1895)

The article attempts to review and systematize the informational content of commercial advertisements on the pages of periodicals of the Tomsk province (18811895). The publication analyzes advertising publications in the context of product promotion on the local market; identifies the main classes of advertised goods and groups of services; highlights common and distinctive features in advertising of public and private newspapers. Periodicals at the end of the nineteenth century became an effective channel of direct communication between an entrepreneur and a potential buyer. The authors conclude that advertisements are important as a historical source on the history of regional entrepreneurship and trade. Advertising was directly related to the sale of products and informed readers about the range of products, current prices, new arrivals, sales and discounts. Advertisements on the pages of state and private periodicals indicate that Siberian and metropolitan entrepreneurs offered the population of Tomsk province a diverse range of goods and services. The advertised products reflected not only the economic and socio-cultural specifics of the region, but also system-wide changes characteristic of the all-Russian level.

«Новгородский листок» (1881–1882): в поисках актуальной региональной идентичности

The article is devoted to the history of the first private universal newspaper “Novgorod Leaflet” (1881–1882), which was the only edition of this kind in the 19th century Novgorod province. Several petitions for the publication of a private newspaper in Novgorod in the second half of the 19th century were rejected by the Main Directorate for Press Affairs. Yakov Eliashevich, a teacher at the Novgorod gymnasium, was the only one of the petitioners who received the right to publish this popular type of newspaper. The article analyzes the activity of this edition as a way of expressing an actual regional identity, which was especially important for a territory with a vivid medieval history, but with an ordinary provincial way of life in modern times. The identified personalities of the authors of the publications of the “Novgorod Leaflet” show that it involved representatives of the Novgorod intelligentsia not only from the provincial center, but also from the districts of the province. The topics of the newspaper reflected the professional interests of its employees, and the rubrication was characteristic of a universal newspaper. The authors study the documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive, disclosing the conditions of the appearance and functioning of the first private newspaper of Novgorod, the peculiarities connected with its censorship, and the reasons for its closure. The history of this newspaper is an example of the opposition of the local intelligentsia and the government. The former needed the newspaper as a means of forming a modern Novgorod identity and discussing topical issues and problems, while the latter were interested in preserving the most positive image of the province in the eyes of the capital.

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ РЕКЛАМЫ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ В ПОСЛЕДНЕЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XIX ВЕКА (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ГАЗЕТЫ «ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГСКАЯ НЕДЕЛЯ»)

The article deals with the formation and development of newspaper advertising in the Perm province in the last quarter of the 19th century. The advertisements placed in the first private newspaper of the region called “Yekaterinburgskaya Nedelya” (“Ekaterinburg Week”, 1879–1896) are analyzed. The main functions of advertising, its content, features and significance are shown. Newspaper advertising, which makes it possible to present the maximum amount of various information in the minimum number of text units, was a kind of “cut” of the daily life of a provincial society. Advertising products demonstrate the relations between material and spiritual needs, range of interests, leisure and work activities of the inhabitants of the Russian provinces. A significant place in the newspaper was given to private announcements that did not have a pronounced nature of advertising, but were such in essence. They were called upon to help the population of the province in solving a number of everyday problems. Newspaper advertising successfully fulfilled its main task – it stimulated the sale of goods, sales growth, thereby activating the development of market relations in the region. This testified to the natural process of commercialization of the press, including the provincial one. A certain imprint on the advertising products of the first private newspaper of the Perm province was imposed by the mining specificity of the region. Being a barometer of the social life of the region, “Ekaterinburg Week” reflected on its pages the changes that took place in the process of the formation of the advertising business in the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th century.

The Editorial Profession: The Rise of Private Newspaper Press in Late Imperial Russia

Abstract In the course of the nineteenth century, Russia’s press culture underwent a dramatic cultural, technological, and political transformation. However, the question of professionalization of the press during the same period remains relatively underexplored. This article examines the extent and the limitations of editorial professionalization in nineteenth-century Russia by focusing on an emergent generation of private newspaper editors such as M.N. Katkov, A.A. Kraevskii, I.S. Aksakov, and A.S. Suvorin during the 1860s and 1870s. The article explores the emergence of a private opinion press during the 1860s with substantial autonomy in the commercial management of their newspapers, but a censorship-restricted autonomy in the management of their content. It then examines the elements of an emerging professional ethos and solidarity in the editorial profession. Drawing on a wealth of correspondence, editorials, and diaries, this work reveals the delicate world of personal relationships which allowed editors to balance both the strictures of political censorship and the account books of their commercial enterprises. This paper argues that a limited professional autonomy and considerable competition among influential editors – i.e press lords – constrained the professionalization of the journalism in pre-Revolutionary Russia.

The Origins and Early Stages of the Formation of National Media in Korea

The study examined the origin of Korean print media. Korean media in general; and particularly the Enlightenment Period of Korean history are poorly represented in Russian academic research. Despite the large number of studies, most of the works of Korean scholars devoted to this period describe individual facts or events of that time which lacks holistic perception of the era. In the current study the author has filled this gap by referring to the description of general trends in the functioning of Korean media from 1883 to 1910. At the same time, we also analyzed the origin of the newspapers and their role in the society considering the political situation at the time. The objects of the study were state owned newspapers (Hansungsunbo, Hansungjubo) and private newspapers (Dokripsinmun, Jeguksinmun, Hwangseongshinmun, and Taehan Mail Shinbo). Newspaper content, tone, main readership, and circulation were described and classified. The primary journalistic figures of the time are also highlighted. The main functions of the newspaper were to inform the population about the transition to a new form of government in the country and to promote independence of Korea. Additionally, newspapers helped the government to explain policy to the general public but also criticized it in cases of discrepancies with state policy. This positive influence of newspapers on society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries sets the benchmark towards which modern media should strive.

Public relations and dissent: Anti-racism digital advocacy Portuguese case study

Social media platforms are being used to shift the balance of power, functioning as tools of resistance for activist publics on social justice issues. This article uses a postmodern approach to public relations with the purpose of clarifying the role of dissensus in social media contexts, connecting it to the principles of the ethics of care that promote dialogue but not necessarily with the aim of achieving consensus. Scholars and practitioners can claim a broader role for public relations in society by considering and analyzing conflicting perspectives in digital communication as a way to engage with activist struggles in social justice and human rights causes. By applying critical discourse analysis (CDA) to a case study that articulates interdisciplinary concepts, this research analyzes the first national weekly Portuguese newspaper Expresso support for the anti-racist cause through its promotion of a manifesto and a Facebook post against racist intimidation. In a contemporary society characterized by fragmentation, taking a public stance on important social and political issues, as in the case analyzed, demands moving beyond consensus-driven communication. The data confirm that social media platforms are not necessarily dialogic spaces and that conflicting communicative perspectives may be a useful way to analyze social change in public relations theory and practice. By taking a public stand against racist intimidation, assuming the possible alienation of specific publics –and “Facebook bullying”– this private newspaper also demonstrated the practical application of the assumptions of the ethics of care.

ELECTION RESULTS IN THE IRAQI PRESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR AL-SABAH NEWSPAPER, AL-ZAMAN AND AL-SABAH NEWSPAPER

The press is the fourth authority, due to its active role in disseminating knowledge, awareness and enlightenment of all events that are going on around it, whether at the local or regional level. Therefore, it represents the profession of a person who collects news and opinions to publish them in a newspaper that includes topics of multiple interest, due to the wide variety of newspapers and their wide spread. After 2003, since that period, general newspapers addressed to the public, independent newspapers, and private newspapers affiliated with a particular party or current appeared, and each type has its own policy for dealing with daily events and facts. This study aims to know the results of the elections in the Iraqi press - a comparative analytical study between the governmental Al-Sabah newspaper and Al-Zaman and Al-Sabah Al-Jadeed independent as a model. In 2021, using the analytical descriptive approach, the comparative causal studies approach, and the content analysis method, to analyze the main categories of election results and then categorize them into sub-categories in statistical tables explained by the data in order to compare them among other categories, conclusions and recommendations. Therefore, this research is divided into three sections: where the first topic dealt with the methodological framework, including the research problem, its importance, objectives, limits, sample, methodology and analytical units, while the second topic talked about the concept of journalism in language, terminology and law, in addition to its factors, tasks, importance, characteristics, forms, types, ownership and functions of the third topic. Finally, it dealt with the practical side of the election results in the Iraqi newspapers, categorizing the analysis of each newspaper separately, its main and sub-categories, using statistical tables based on counting operations, calculating frequencies, percentages, and ranking, explaining its results and data, deducing the existence of a significant correlation with statistical significance among the categories of election results in the three newspapers.

Literary Works in the Ural Newspaper (1897–1908): Editorial Policy and Genre-Thematic Features

The purpose of this article is to define the artistic and extraliterary features of the literary section of one of the first and most significant private newspapers of Ural Region at the turn of the twentieth century. The conclusions of the article are based on the genre attribution of works published in the newspaper (a poetic legend, feuilleton, soldier’s tale), the correlation of these works with the sociocultural and geographical contexts, and the peculiarities of the authors’ biographies. The article notes an attempt to correlate heterogeneous phenomena in the literary section made by the editorial board of the newspaper. It is important because of the peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at that time and the awareness of the geographical position of the Urals as a “middle” region. In the newspaper, there are themes, plots, genres of works of Western European literature and the East, the fate of authors, actively moving to the east (Siberia, the Far East) and to the west, newspaper, and literary texts proper. The editorial policy for Ural was formed along the lines of the coexistence of different esthetic and political views. This was due to the extraliterary peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at the turn of the century and the need to attract the attention of readers by any means to provide financial success. In the study, the author applies the genre and motif analysis of literary works. The conclusions are based on a wide literary and illustrative material of the Ural newspaper and other newspapers of Ural Region, the memoirs of contemporaries, and archival materials. The characteristic features of literary critical materials published in the Ural newspaper confirm the features of the editorial policy indicated: an appeal to contemporary authors and authors of the past and to works whose authors had different aesthetic views. As a result, the author of the article concludes about the medial position of the literary department of the Ural newspaper, uniting literary works that are diametrically opposed in sociocultural, aesthetic, and geographical terms.

THE ACTIVITIES OF CITY SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES OF THE PERM PROVINCE IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE XIX CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NEWSPAPER «YEKATERINBURGSKAYA NEDELYA»)

The article analyzes the reflection of the activities of the city governments of the Perm province in the local media in the last quarter of the 19th century. Yekaterinburgskaya Nedelya (1879-1896), the first private newspaper published in the region, is considered as an information source. It is concluded that its correspondents regularly introduced readers to the ups and downs of elections to city dumas, their composition, dates of meetings and issues discussed at them. The materials of the newspaper give a detailed idea of the main activities of the city self-government bodies, their close connection with the zemstvos and the provincial administration. The publication often printed the notes with a critical assessment of the activities of the city self-government bodies of the province. Yekaterinburgskaya Nedelya was a social institution that contributed to the formation of the beginnings of civil society in the Russian provinces in the last quarter of the 19th century.

Agathokakological Aspect of Alcohol Advertising in Newspapers

Nepal has a perennial history with the culture of alcohol and it is mostly seen as a form of social capital. Alcohol usage has been inextricable with local cultures, i.e., festivals. The current study aims to investigate aspects of alcohol advertising in newspapers using content analysis. The study focuses on unraveling the ideologies of liquor advertisers in boosting alcohol promotion mostly among the youth. Ostensibly, the boosterism of alcohol advertisements has been concomitant in an attempt to establish it as a mass culture. Consumerism remains the central theme of global contemporary societies and the fundamentals of capitalism are characterized by oligopolistic standards. Facets of such attempt to create a culture revolving around alcohol by injecting messages through advertisements to specific age groups. Forty random private newspapers and twenty state newspapers are taken into consideration and simplified into a coding form to test the two hypotheses. Variables such as themes of advertisement, age, published days, messages espoused, alcohol types, and types of advertisements have been independently tested for correlation. The research has highlighted that advertisers tend to promote alcohol as a form of reinforcing different cultures with the sales of alcohol. Also, there have been frequent reported attempts to magnify use of alcohol during weekends for tranquility from rigid bureaucratic norms. Waves of global cultures have also been associated with alcohol promotion as means of celebration Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 8, Issue-3: 408-415.

المعالجة الصحفية للمشروعات التنموية في مصر

المعالجة الصحفية للمشروعات التنموية في مصر

1930년대 전반기 신문연재소설 연구의 전제와 방향 - 민간신문의 ‘지향’과 ‘연재소설 지배’를 중심으로

이 논문에서는 1930년대 전반기 민간신문의 연재소설을 그 ‘매체’인 신문과 관련지어 연구하는 데에 필요한 전제 두 가지를 제시하였고 , 그 전제들 아래 1930년대 전반기 민간신문의 연재소설을 어떻게 연구해야 할지에 대해 제안했다.<BR> 1930년대 전반기 민간신문의 연재소설을 그 ‘매체’인 신문과 관련지어 연구하는데에 필요한 첫 번째 전제로서 ‘1930년대 전반기 민간신문의 지향(志向)’을 파악했다. 1920년대 초중반부터 정치적 논조가 약해지기 시작한 민간신문들은 1930년대 전반기 일제가 대륙 침략 전쟁을 준비하며 탄압을 강화하자 정론성(政論性)을 거의 상실하고 문화사업에 치중하는 한편 상업주의를 본격화해 나갔다. 두 번째 전제로서 ‘1930년대 전반기 민간신문과 연재소설의 관계’를 파악했다. 당시 민간신문은 문화사업에 치중하고 상업주의를 본격화해 나가며 연재소설을 수단으로 이용했는데, 그 과정에서 필요에 따라 연재소설의 역할 · 독자 · 내용과 형식 · 작법 또는 기교를 규정하고 작가를 선택하기도 했다. 당시 민간신문과 연재소설의 그런 관계는 ‘신문의 연재소설 지배’라는 말로 함축할 수 있다.<BR> ‘신문의 연재소설 지배’ 양상은 구체적으로 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1930년대 전반기 민간신문은 연재소설을 문화사업의 선전 수단으로 이용하며 그 역할뿐만 아니라 내용과 형식까지도 규정했다. 이광수의「이순신」과「흙」, 심훈의「상록수」가 『동아일보』에 연재된 경위를 통해 그 사실을 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 1930년대 전반기 민간신문은 상업주의를 본격화해 나가는 과정에서 연재소설을 지배했다. 먼저, 민간신문은 신문 판매 수익 즉 신문 구독자 수를 늘리기 위해 연재소설을 이용하며 그 역할, 독자, 작법 또는 기교를 규정했다. 1933년『조선일보』에서 연쇄적으로 시행한 ‘상금 천원 연재소설 현상공모’, ‘신문소설 연구 특집’, ‘통속생(通俗生)의「신문소설강좌」 연재’는 그 사실을 입증하는 중요한 사례이다. 둘째, 신문의 연재소설 지배는 광고를 통해서도 이루어졌다. 중요한 것은 당시 민간신문이 연재소설을 이용해 신문 구독자 수를 늘리는 것보다 일본 광고를 수주하는 것을 우선했다는 사실이다. 그 사실은 『동아일보』와 장혁주의 관계에 대한 김동인의 증언에서 확인된다. 그 증언에 의하면, 당시 민간신문들은 총독부 기관지『매일신보』에 작품을 발표한 작가들을 배척하고 연재소설을 흥미 위주로 써 줄 것을 작가들에게 요구했는데 동아일보는 일본 광고주들의 환심을 사기 위해 일본에서 등단했을 뿐만 아니라 흥미 위주의 기교를 잘 구사하지 못하는 장혁주에게 계속 소설을 연재하게 했다.<BR> 1930년대 전반기 ‘민간신문의 지향과 연재소설 지배’를 전제로 하여 당시의 신문연재소설을 다음과 같이 연구할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 신문이 추진한 문화사업의 종류 · 내용 · 주체와 대상, 신문이 그 문화사업을 보도 · 선전한 방식 등이 연재소설에 어떻게 반영되었는지 연구할 필요가 있다. 당시 신문연재소설들의 계몽성은 작가 개인의 계몽의식의 소산일 수도 있지만 신문의 문화사업과 관련된 것일 가능성도 크다. 둘째, 연재소설과 함께 실린 광고들을 근거로 연재소설의 독자를 추정하고 연재소설에 독자 흥미 요소가 얼마나, 어떻게 내장되어 있는지 연구할 필요가 있다. 1930년대 전반기에 민간신문들은 소설을 연재함에 있어서 일본 광고주를 의식하는 한편, 광고되는 상품들의 소비자이거나 소비자가 될 가능성이 있는 독자들을 대상으로 연재소설이 창작되기를 바랐을 가능성이 충분하기 때문이다. 셋째, 당시 작가들이 신문의 정치적·상업적 필요에 맞춰 신문연재소설을 쓰면서도 문학성 또는 예술성을 어떻게 살리려 했는지 연구할 필요가 있다.

The first private newspaper of the Taurida Governorate– "Crimean Leaflet"

This article examines the establishment of private periodical press of the Taurida Governorate in the late XIX century. The object of this research is the first private newspaper &amp;ndash; &amp;ldquo;Crimean Leaflet&amp;rdquo;. The author explores the socioeconomic processes and censorship conditions, which affected the emergence of the Crimean private periodicals. An overview is given to the historiography and sources used in this work. The first part of the article studies the sociopolitical and cultural-historical prerequisites for the emergence of mass media in the governorate. The second part examines the process of opening and operation of the newspaper, its outline, biography of the publisher, as well as composition of the editorial board. The third part reveals the subject matter of the published materials and the peculiarities of interaction of the newspaper with the provincial administration and censorship authorities. The author also analyzes the reasons why the newspaper was shut down. In conclusion, the author reviews the role of the newspaper in formation of private provincial press, and its impact upon public relations in the Taurida Governorate. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unstudied archival materials, as the historiography virtually had no records on the newspaper and the personality of the publisher. This work contributes to studying the development of private press in the Taurida Governorate, as well as reveals certain details of state policy with regards to provincial press in the late XIX century.

Some Aspects of the Editorial activity of I. I. Evfimovsky-Mirovitsky in Public and Private Publications of the City of Orenburg in the Late XIX — Early XX Centuries

The article examines the activities of I. I. Evfimovsky-Mirovitsky-editor-publisher, journalist, owner of a private printing house, public figure of the city of Orenburg in the late XIX-early XX centuries. Editor of three publications — “Orenburg diocesan Vedomosti”, “Circular on the Orenburg educational district”, “Orenburg leaf” — Ivan Ivanovich published a private newspaper for more than 30 years, and did much for the development of private printing in Orenburg and the province.

The Importance of Lifelong Learning During and After COVID 19 Global Pandemic

The importance of lifelong Learning during the outbreak of COVID 19, which originated from the Wahun in China, proved that it was important for people to continually learn. The pandemic changed the way how people conduct their lives because they have to keep themselves safe from getting infected by the fatal virus. It is important to note that the people who attach value on learning often continually inform themselves about the dangers that are imposed in their lives, such as in the event that a pandemic besiege their milieus in the manner that COVID 19 did. It is important to note that in Botswana the information about the pandemic and what the people needed to do to avoid getting infected was promulgated through various mediums, such as national television broadcasts, national and private radio stations and both government and private newspapers. It proved that the culture of learning is highly important when pandemics are experienced, because people who learn on a continuous basis often get important information timely about their lives, than those who are illiterate and attach little to no value on learning. The zeal to learn is highly beneficial as it makes the people to gather important information about their lives, which include learning about emerging infections such as COVID 19 and the impact that is normally occasioned by the outbreaks. The crucial point that is raised through this paper calls for governments, private sector and parastatals to expend resources for lifelong learning programmes, with much emphasis in the training of adults who are often not readily catered for, when having missed on the opportunities that are availed for the younger population in formal education. Lifelong learning programmes should be made to characterise communities at all costs through government and private sector spending, so that people can take learning as an investment that can save their lives, such as in the event that there is an outbreak. COVID 19 requires people to stay informed and the culture of learning to characterise their existence. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-36-17 Publication date: December 31 st 2020