Private Life Research Articles

Marriage without Love, Love outside Marriage: A Woman in the Eighteenth-century Noble Family

This article refers to a set of documents revealing the relations within the noble family of the Ural industrialist A. F. Turchaninov and one of his daughters, Natalia Koltovskaya, in the eighteenth century. The author considers general problems of the private life of people of a privileged Russian class, namely, marital relations, possibilities, and conditions of dissolution of marriage, the position of women in the family and their rights, and the attitude to extramarital affairs in secular society. The article examines the reasons for the emergence and development of a provincial woman’s sense of independence and inner freedom, the origins of her rebellion against patriarchal family structures, for the right to decide for herself, and the extent to which such manifestations of “freedom” could be considered typical of Russia at that time, or whether they should be considered an exception to the general norm of behaviour. The story of N. A. Koltovskaya’s escape from her family, her relations with Emperor Paul I and Senator G. R. Derzhavin, shows the conformism of the supreme power, which manifested itself, on the one hand, in the awareness of the latter of the importance of its role in protecting the family and the moral foundations of the upper class, and, on the other hand, in the possibility of the upper class to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the situation and, if necessary, of circumventing the existing rules of law, of influencing government bodies (the Senate) in one’s own interests and, in general, in the interference of the supreme power in the family life of its subjects. The appendix to the article contains four documents: two “women’s” letters – one from the mother to Catherine II and the other from the daughter to Paul I, as well as letters from her lover (translated from French) and her husband.

TECHNICAL MEANS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS)

The article examines the judicial legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter — ECHR) on the issue of the use of technical means in criminal proceedings. The rulings of the ECHR on the issues of application of video-conferencing, wiretapping technologies, biometric systems and polygraph are analyzed. It is necessary to ensure the effective participation of the accused in the course of the trial, the possibility of presenting evidence and confidential communication with the defense lawyer when using videoconferencing. The ECHR also insists that there is sufficient legal regulation and safeguards against abuse in the use of special technical means for collecting information on private life and surveillance technologies. The polygraph has no special evidentiary value for the ECHR, but its results can be used along with other evidence. The position of the ECHR that the use of technical means and innovations in criminal proceedings is on the whole positive and contributes to the efficiency of justice is summarized. However, in this case the guarantees of a fair trial must be observed and the violation of the privacy of participants in legal proceedings is inadmissible. Measures to improve the Russian legislation are proposed, taking into account the judicial legal positions of the ECHR on the issues under consideration regarding the use of technical means in criminal proceedings, and the importance of achieving a balance between respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual and the need to use technical means for the effective investigation of crimes is emphasized.

Work, private, self – towards an integrative framework of accountability: the case of low-status expatriates in precarious employment

Felt accountability, the perceived expectation that one’s decisions and actions will be evaluated and rewarded or sanctioned, is a key driver of human behaviour and impacts work-related outcomes such as unethical behaviour and job satisfaction. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of low-status expatriates (LSEs), a vulnerable and neglected group, which is often employed under challenging working conditions in low-status occupations. In this paper, we explore how LSEs experience and manage accountabilities in their often-precarious working lives. We draw on 36 qualitative interviews with LSEs employed in Germany. The data were analysed using a directed content analysis method. Our findings highlight that while LSEs feel less accountable towards stakeholders within their organisation, they experience accountabilities from multiple stakeholders outside their organisation. We demonstrate that while LSEs consider work-related accountabilities, their key accountabilities are rooted in individuals’ private lives and can lead to higher degrees of accountability intensity. This study provides unique insights into the importance of private life accountabilities and how these intersect with accountabilities at work. We offer a revised framework of accountability that includes private life as an important dimension to enhance its applicability to LSEs.

El don de la siesta by Miguel Ángel Hernández: Private Resistance in the Age of Transparency

Agamben’s idea that the clandestine dimension of private life is the significant political element of individual life pairs with Miguel Ángel Hernández’s thesis expressed in El don de la siesta. According to him, in the era of transparency and hyper-visibility, siesta should be a subversive act. Hernández argues that siesta challenges the culture of productivity and constant exposure, offering a refuge for privacy and opening a pause in ordinary time. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing art, literature, and social criticism, the author advocates for a conscious type of siesta to reclaim time, body, and private space in an increasingly surveilled world. He sees this habit as an opportunity to redefine the relationship between public and private life, finding moments of evasion and disconnection amidst the frenetic contemporary life.

Current status of the surgical training system in Japan: results of a nationwide questionnaire survey of graduating surgical trainees.

To identify the problems trainees face during surgical training in Japan. A nationwide online questionnaire survey was conducted targeting newly certified surgical trainees. The response rate was 53.8% (758/1410). Among those respondents, 25.6% were women, 71.4% were either married or had a partner, 41.3% had children, 72.7% had performed over 200 surgeries under general anesthesia, and 54.1% had chosen, before graduating from medical school, to become a surgeon. While 88.8% were interested in learning surgical techniques, 63.8% were hesitant to become a surgeon for fear of a compromised quality of private life (QOL). Conversely, only 1.4% chose their surgical training programs based on QOL. Overall, 84.6% of the trainees were satisfied with their training and this correlated with the number of surgeries performed. Only 29.9% received non-technical skill training. The average number of night shifts per month was 5.6, and 10.6% worked over 80h per week. Harassment was reported by 41.5% of the respondents. Moreover, 33.0% had considered dropping out at some time, primarily because of their QOL (51.1%) or the harassment they had encountered (50.4%). This survey revealed that while trainees were satisfied with the overall training system, issues such as long working hours and harassment are prevalent. Working to improve these issues could make surgery more attractive for young trainees.

IV. Das Einlager. Forderungsdurchsetzung in der Frühen Neuzeit zwischen Autonomie und Heteronomie

Summary In medieval and early modern Germany, the Einlager (lat. obstagium) was a widespread practice of private debt enforcement. Parties stipulated that in case the debtor defaulted, contractually agreed on persons, usually the debtor and/or sureties along with members of their retinue, would confine themselves to given premises, usually a public house, for as long as the debt was left unpaid. During that time, all costs for boarding and lodging were to be borne by the debtor. This legal institution was meant to increase the economic pressure on the debtor and keep him from pursuing his usual private and professional life. Voluntarily agreeing to the Einlager, publicly committing to a debt as well as submitting to slander should the debtor not turn himself in all hinged on contemporary codes of honour – the debtor vouched his personal honour when he took on him the possibility of the Einlager. At the same time, the Einlager itself was perceived to leave personal honour intact. This meant that it was popular in cases in which distraint for debt proved difficult; particularly noble debtors and cities found it to be acceptable. However, increasing economic pressure on an already defaulting debtor had always been viewed sceptically. During the course of the 16th century, criticism of the Einlager grew more intensive and new facets were added to it. Prolonged stays in pubs, sometimes in excess of a year, were now deemed detrimental to public as well as private morality. More importantly, the Einlager as a means of private, autonomous debt enforcement that used personal honour as a leverage point was increasingly perceived as a challenge to early modern concepts of territorial lordship, as it ignored governmental jurisdiction. Early modern German legislation addressing the issue introduced a new argument: It criticized that those employing the Einlager made themselves judges in their own causes. Assailed on all sides, the Einlager thus quickly fell into disuse around 1600. Only in a few northern German regions it was moderated by legislation and employed well into the 19th century.

Compatibility of the DAC6 Obligation to Report Cross-Border Arrangements with Fundamental Rights: A Green Light from the Advocate General?

On 29 February 2024, Advocate General Emiliou of the Court of Justice of the European Union gave his Opinion in Belgian Association of Tax Lawyers and Others v. Premier ministre/Eerste Minister (Case C-623/22) on the compatibility of DAC6 with the principles of equality and non-discrimination, legality in criminal matters, legal certainty and the right to respect for private life. This contribution summarizes and criticizes the main elements of the Opinion, which will have major ramifications for the European tax transparency and tax cooperation regime if upheld by the Court of Justice of the European Union in its forthcoming DAC6 decision.

National peculiarities of a traumatic experience in H. Mantel’s novel “A Change of Climate”

This article examines the problem of depicting traumatic experiences in modern British literature based on H. Mantel’s novel “A Change of Climate” (1994). In the course of the trauma literature development and its research (trauma studies), new opportunities and ways of depicting a traumatic event in fiction appear, for example, the attention of writers shifts from a large-scale description of historical trauma to the private lives of certain people and individual traumas. Mantel’s work presents several traumatic events at once, but only one is actual – the loss of a child by the Eldred family during their missionary trip to South African. In addition to the “standard” devices of trauma literature (unreliable narrator, lacunae, etc.), H. Mantel also introduces a national component into the novel, which determines the specifics of the main characters’ traumatic experience. So, such concepts as family, religion, virtue, good manners and missionary work become important for the characters born and raised by English society, through the prism of these concepts they perceive reality and try to overcome their trauma. However, this trauma is not only a personal experience, but also a cultural one in a certain sense, since leaving Africa after the child’s death at the hands of aborigines shows the failure of their mission. Thus, in his novel, H. Mantel demonstrates how deeply English national character traits are rooted in people’s lives, and how they become an obstacle in overcoming a traumatic event.

The Study of Gender-Based Violence through a Narrative Approach: Evidence from the European Project IMPROVE

Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) remains largely under-reported and under-detected. The European project IMPROVE seeks to identify the needs of victims in terms of facilitating their access to support services and to assist frontline responder organisations in enhancing their competencies and capabilities to make the most of innovative solutions that enable and accelerate policy implementation. Methods: To meet these goals, IMPROVE uses narrative interviews, understood as unstructured tools that produce and analyse stories that are significant in people’s lives. These interviews provide the space for re-thinking; there is a reflection on implicit and taken-for-granted norms and insights are given into the life and thoughts of vulnerable groups, in this case, the women victim-survivors of GBV. Results: This methodological approach has led to high-quality interviews in which the women involved have felt comfortable, confident, and satisfied, as evidenced by the depth, complexity, and extension of the knowledge generated, and the commitment of the interviewees to the various activities proposed by the researchers. Conclusions: The narrative approach has allowed for a sensitive investigation into the private lives of GBV victim-survivors and, as a consequence, has contributed to the creation of new knowledge that can provide an in-depth and incisive view of the help offered by frontline responder organisations, from which improvements can be proposed.

The right to respect for private life: ukrainian approach and European Court of Human Rights practice

The right to respect for private life is one of the fundamental values in modern society. That is why it is im-portant to ensure its reliable protection. In European practice, in particular, in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (echr), clear approaches to understanding the essence and constituent elements of the right to private life have been elaborated. However, in Ukraine, despite the establishment of the right to private (personal) life at the constitutional level, the approach to its ensuring is not perfect. In Ukraine, there is no clear definition of the scope and constituent elements of the right to private life, there are ongoing discussions regar-ding the very concept of “private life”. To improve the current situation in Ukraine, it is worth taking into account the echr practice, which clearly defines the content and constituent elements of the right to private life. It is also necessary to consider the echr practice when ensuring the right to personal data protection, which is an important element of the right to respect for private life. The personal data protection in Ukraine also needs some improvements based on modern European practice in order to bring it into line with European standards.

Risk factors and service gaps affecting a sustainable work: a qualitative multi-stakeholder analysis in the context of persons with acquired brain injury living in Switzerland

IntroductionAlong with the social and economic challenges posed by an aging society, creating work conditions that allow persons to stay healthy and work into old age has become a major task of Western societies. Retaining employment after returning to work is particularly difficult for individuals with a disability, as evidenced by the high rate of premature labor market dropout. Individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) exemplify this challenge, as it often impairs cognitive, technical, and interpersonal abilities that are crucial in today’s labor market. To effectively support these individuals, vocational integration practitioners require comprehensive knowledge of risk factors for premature labor market dropout and effective strategies for sustainable work.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify perceived risk factors and related service gaps regarding sustainable work for people with ABI, as reported by affected individuals, employers, vocational integration professionals, and health professionals.MethodsSecondary data analysis. Data that was originally collected through seven focus groups and two interviews with persons with ABI, 15 interviews with employers, and 13 interviews with vocational integration and health professionals in the context of the project ‘Sustainable employment’ was re-analysed thematically.ResultsTwo major themes of risk factors were identified: (1) person-related factors (including the subthemes: post-ABI impairments; lack of understanding of post-ABI impairments; poor health management) and (2) environment-related factors (including the subthemes: challenges related to the service structure; insufficient knowledge and education about ABI; challenges at the workplace; difficulties in private life). While stakeholders noted the variety of the currently available services, they particularly pointed to the missing long-term monitoring and counseling services for persons with ABI following the initial return-to-work, reflecting a major challenge for sustainable work. An overarching gap related to the fragmentation of the service structure and the lack of case coordination along the working life.ConclusionsMultiple stakeholders emphasized the importance of empowering individuals, ensuring easy access to professional support, and providing a suitable work environment to address key risk factors and facilitate sustainable work for individuals with ABI. Continuous coaching, long-term monitoring and counseling following return-to-work, were identified as potential strategies to achieve these goals.

ASPECTS OF FRENCH IDENTITY THROUGH THE PRISM OF LANGUAGE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEXEMES PAYS-PAYSAGES-TERROIRS-VILLAGES)

The article is devoted to the designations in the language of cultural references that form and reflect the sense of identity of its bearers. Among them is the image of “your own space”, which is marked and formed with the help of special words related to both language and culture. Taking into account the works of F. Brodel, P. Nora, R.A. Budagov, L. Febvre, A. Rey, M. Ozouf, etc., the concept of “force-words” (mots-force / lieux de force), having a long history, reflecting the culture and values of the collective, possessing emotional power and historically changeable, is substantiated. On the material of dictionaries, scientific, science fiction and fiction texts, Internet sites, two poles of representations of the Frenchmen about themselves are established. The first is marked by lexemes associated with civil society (Patrie - Nation - Etat / Nation, Contract, Drapeau; République). The second one is reconstructed in the article on the basis of the lexemes Pays, Paysages, Terroirs, Villages, Langues (plural) and is associated with the values of private life, the idea of the native land, local and family memory. Using the example of these lexemes, it is revealed that the nature of force words and the direction of their development are not data once and for all: in some circumstances, the identifying function of the word develops, in others, the force word weakens and loses its emotional impact and ability to be an identity marker.

Need for recovery after work and associated risk factors in working menopausal women

ObjectivesTo explore relationships between ‘need for recovery’ (NFR), a strong predictor of burnout, and menopause symptoms and to identify work-related factors that are associated with a high NFR in Belgian menopausal women. Study design760 menopausal women took part in a cross-sectional questionnaire study. NFR, presence of menopause symptoms, job type, age category, work activity, physical workload, psychosocial and physical work environment, balance of work and private life and the opportunity to discuss menopause at work were assessed. Main outcome measuresUni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratios for the presence of a high NFR. ResultsOf menopausal women currently experiencing menopause symptoms, 53.3 % reported problems while performing their work. The overall prevalence of a high NFR in menopausal women was 41.2 %. Women who experienced problems at work had the highest prevalence of a high NFR (61.1 %), and constituted a separate risk group for having a high NFR (OR 3.31 vs. never symptoms; 95%CI 1.72–6.38). The following factors were significantly associated with a high NFR: poor balance of work and private life (OR 7.89; 95%CI 4.32–14.39), physical workload (OR 1.17; 95%CI 1.08–1.28), discomfort from cognitive demands (OR 1.17; 95%CI 1.09–1.26), organizational justice (OR 0.86; 95%CI; 0.78–0.94), and social support from colleagues (OR 0.87; 95%CI 0.79–0.96). ConclusionsMaintaining a good balance of work and private life, reducing physical workload, addressing discomfort from cognitive work demands and assuring a fair work distribution are measures that require a culture where open and easy discussion about menopause is possible.

Does Leisure Time Equal Recovery Time? A Validation Study of the Demands and Resources Single Item–Private Life Instruments

The purpose of the studies reported in this paper was to validate and establish two new single-item instruments that assess demands and resources in the context of private life: the Demands Single Item–Private Life (DSI-P) and the Resources Single Item–Private Life (RSI-P). The instruments were tested for construct validity, predictive validity, and temporal stability. Psychometric properties were tested with seven samples across three studies, the first two being cross-sectional and consisting of four (N = 675) and three (N = 375) samples, respectively. The third was a longitudinal study and included two samples (N = 85). Results revealed construct validity to be satisfactory with both the DSI-P and RSI-P being associated with a majority of convergent and divergent measures, as expected. Predictive validity also proved to be satisfactory in terms of simple regression analyses as well as moderation effects. Temporal stability of both single items was revealed to be moderate, which also corresponded with our assumptions. Results, limitations, as well as implications and the necessity for establishing the notion of demands and resources in the private life are discussed.

Правовые особенности реализации принципов уголовного процесса, обеспечивающих конфиденциальность и неприкосновенность частной жизни его участников

Elena A. Lavrushko, Applicant for the Degree of PhD (Law) of the Orenburg State University, LL.M. The article discusses the features of the implementation of the principles and norms of criminal procedure legislation regulating the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens through the protection of confidential information: personal, professional, commercial, official, etc. The relevance of the research topic is due to the contradiction between the proven mechanism for protecting confidential information in criminal proceedings in practice and the lack of norms in criminal procedure legislation specifying the form, content and tools that help protect confidential information from dissemination to third parties. The topic of the study has become most relevant recently in connection with the transition to electronic criminal proceedings, both in the Russian Federation and in many other post-Soviet states. The development of an effective mechanism for the implementation of principles establishing the inviolability of private life, the secrecy of correspondence, negotiations is important for the protection of personal data of participants in criminal proceedings.

Beyond bookshelves, how 5/6G technology will reshape libraries: Two-stage SEM and SF-AHP analysis

Technology adoption has recently gained more attention due to its significant impact on smart systems' user retention. Many procedures in education, business, and private life are anticipated to evolve and change shortly due to the use of 5/6 technology. This article specifically highlights the significance of deploying 5/6G technology in libraries to allow the development of creative, clever, and improved services backed by new digital technologies. It could start a revolution in smart libraries and change how they are run now. According to our best knowledge, this is the first attempt that enriches our understanding of 5/6G and its adoption intentions in libraries using a combined SF-AHP and PLS path modeling. As per Spherical fuzzy AHP, all variables except social influence were the most important factors predicting adoption intention for 5G- and 6G-based services from experts' point of view. The structural equation modeling (SEM) method showed that all of our conceptual model variables, including perceived performance expectancy, perceived effort expectancy, and perceived attitude towards using 5/6G, positively impacted adoption intention in the library. At the same time, perceived social influence did not affect adoption intention (5/6G). One explanation is that there is still some ambiguity about what “5/6G technologies” entail and the minimal carrying out of the technology we bring into the survey by libraries at this time. Furthermore, we did not account for variations in each librarian's function. It is conceivable that the work spent on such technologies was exaggerated or unclearly by those not directly engaged in their implementation.

The right to be forgotten in the “global village” paradigm: on the issue of implementation

The advent of the information era in the history of mankind also caused a change in the paradigm of social relations, transforming their format, according to Marshall McLuhan's apt phrase, into a "global village". In this paradigm, the right to be forgotten becomes an important means of protecting a person from uncontrolled dissemination of unwanted information about him. The article reveals the nature of the right to be forgotten and its relationship with the phenomenon of privacy, analyzes the provisions of European legislation and practice. Attention is drawn to the fact that in Ukraine, despite the existing need to have this tool for the protection of personally sensitive information, no legislative algorithm for the effective implementation of the right in question has been developed. It is noted that, from a legal and technical point of view, the implementation of the right to be forgotten is quite difficult, since the recognition of the genetic connection of the state of being forgotten with the right to the inviolability of private life in the “global village” paradigm forces the law enforcer to always seek a reasonable balance between a person's desire to limit access to a certain information and other basic human rights and freedoms (freedom of expression, the right of users to access any form of information, etc.). Given the situation of legal uncertainty, the article concludes that there are two ways to close this gap. The first of them is to speed up work on the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Personal Data”, the provisions of which would be devoted, among other things, to practical issues of implementation and protection of the right to be forgotten; the second is to develop a separate regulatory legal act, fully devoted to the analyzed law. At the same time, when working out an appropriate mechanism for the effective implementation of the right to be forgotten, one should take into account those aspects that in practice lead to paradoxical situations in their content, such as: the mismatch of traditional physical borders with the borders of the “global village”, the Streisand effect, the disproportionality of the efforts and the achieved result, the conflict of the person's past with the possibility of their further socialization in society, etc.).

Skin barrier: new therapeutic targets for chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus - a narrative review.

The current incidence of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is approximately 70%, especially in those receiving dialysis, which negatively affects their work and private lives. The CKD-aP pathogenesis remains unclear, but uremic toxin accumulation, histamine release, and opioid imbalance have been suggested to lead to CKD-aP. Current therapeutic approaches, such as opioid receptor modulators, antihistamines, and ultraviolet B irradiation, are associated with some limitations and adverse effects. The skin barrier is the first defense in preventing external injury to the body. Patients with chronic kidney disease often experience itch due to the damaged skin barrier and reduced secretion of sweat and secretion from sebaceous glands. Surprisingly, skin barrier-repairing agents repair the skin barrier and inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines, maintain skin immunity, and ameliorate the micro-inflammatory status of afferent nerve fibers. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment status of CKD-aP and explore the possibility of skin barrier repair in CKD-aP treatment.

Towards Sustainable Happiness: Examining the Impact of CSR on Employee Well-Being

Abstract The main interest of any company is to make as much profit as possible. But, in addition to economic considerations, it is also necessary to take into account the social context in which these companies operate, as well as the well-being of their employees. Now, when stress and burnout are more and more present among employees, the need for a balance between private and personal life is more and more evident. The happiness of employees is closely correlated with the efficiency they offer in solving work tasks, so it is desirable that the work environment ensures their well-being. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between organizational culture and corporate social responsibility (CSR), but also the impact of the latter component on employee happiness. Using Smart PLS on some ordinal data obtained from a questionnaire that intended to obtain answers regarding organizational culture (clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy) as well as the balance between personal and private life, adaptability to change and occupational health and safety (elements that comprise CSR) and the happiness of individuals, the positive effect generated by CSR on happiness was found.

The digital afterlife between hypersecularization and postsecularity in contemporary speculative TV seriality: Devs, Upload and Black Mirror’s ‘San Junipero’

This article explores representations of the digital afterlife in contemporary speculative TV seriality within the broader context of their attitudes towards the fate of religions and religiosity in contemporary society. Specifically, it examines the miniseries Devs, the Black Mirror episode ‘San Junipero’ and the dramedy series Upload. Set in a near future, these series present distinctive and contrasting views on the future of religion in the public sphere, as well as in private life, and on the development of secularization processes, along with the entanglements between secular, religious and moral concerns. The article highlights how texts such as those considered exemplify the current transitional phase western societies are experiencing, wherein conventional narratives of secularization and more complex deconstructions of the secular–religious divide coexist. Through the various ways in which a futuristic yet imaginable setting like the digital afterlife is envisioned and represented, these texts articulate postsecular and hypersecularized accounts of near-future societies. The digital afterlife thus emerges as a tool for exploring different world-views, forms of morality and conceptions of everyday life and the meaning of human existence.