Priority Mechanism Research Articles

მცირე ბიზნესის განვითარების ხელშემწყობი მექანიზმები უცხოეთის მაღალგანვითარებულ ქვეყნებში და მათი მოქმედების ეფექტი

In the conditions of the modern market economy, small business has a very big role in improving the difficult socio-economic situation of any country. It contributes to the economic stability of the country by reducing the unemployment rate in the country and stimulating economic growth. Therefore, the development of small businesses in any country should be a priority, and modern and effective mechanisms for promoting their development should be introduced. Statistical information published by different countries of the world revealed that more than half of enterprises with small business status carry out economic-entrepreneurial processes for a short period of time, and then stop functioning. Over time, worldwide, the financial stability of small businesses and the promotion of their development is increasingly a major concern. The article discusses and analyzes the foreign experience of the introduction and implementation of mechanisms and measures supporting the development of small businesses. Based on statistical information published by international organizations, special attention is paid to the tax reforms/changes implemented and their effect in order to promote the development of small businesses in highly developed foreign countries. Based on all this, appropriate conclusions and recommendations have been prepared.

ПРИОРИТЕТЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ УГЛЕРОДНОЙ НЕЙТРАЛЬНОСТИ ЭКОНОМИКИ КАЗАХСТАНА

This article explores the directions for improving the technological development of Kazakhstan in light of the implementation of the Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2060. By studying international experience and assessing the level of technological development and scientific achievements of the country within the context of global trends, the authors identify key problem areas and barriers that hinder the fulfillment of national commitments in researching technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the country's basic economic sectors. The article concludes by justifying the priority paths and mechanisms for the technological modernization of the national economy as a key driver for Kazakhstan's transition to low-carbon development. Keywords: Technological modernization, carbon neutrality, decarbonization of basic sectors, industrial-innovative development, energy efficiency, greenhouse gases.

Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Health and Efficacy of Drug Treatment for Obesity.

(1) Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis, and its activation has become a new object as both a determinant of metabolic health and a target for therapy. This study aimed to identify the relationships between the presence of BAT, parameters that characterize metabolic health (glucose, lipids, blood pressure (BP)), and the dynamics of body mass index (BMI) during weight-reducing therapy. (2) Methods: The study included 72 patients with obesity. We investigated metabolic parameters, anthropometric parameters, and BP. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) were performed. (3) Results: Before weight-reducing therapy, BAT was revealed only in 19% patients with obesity. The presence of BAT was associated with a lower risk of metabolic deviations that characterize metabolic syndrome: shorter waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.02) and lower levels of glucose (p = 0.03) and triglycerides (p = 0.03). Thereafter, patients were divided into four groups according to the type of therapy (only lifestyle modification or with Liraglutide or Reduxin or Reduxin Forte). We did not find a relationship between the presence of BAT and response to therapy: percent weight reduction was 10.4% in patients with BAT and 8.5% in patients without BAT (p = 0.78) during six months of therapy. But we noted a significant positive correlation between the volume of BAT and the effectiveness of weight loss at 3 months (r = 0.52, p = 0.016). The dynamic analysis of BAT after 6 months of therapy showed a significant increase in the volume of cold-induced metabolically active BAT, as determined by PET/CT with 18F-FDG in the Liraglutide group (p = 0.04) and an increase in the activity of BAT standardized uptake value (SUV mean and SUV max) in the Reduxin (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively) and Liraglutide groups (p = 0.02 in both settings). (4) Conclusions: The presence of brown adipose tissue is associated with a lower risk of metabolic abnormalities. In general, our study demonstrated that well-established drugs in the treatment of obesity (Liraglutide and Reduxin) have one more mechanism for implementing their effects. These drugs have the ability to increase the activity of BAT. A significant positive relationship between the total volume of BAT and the percentage of weight loss may further determine the priority mechanism of the weight-reducing effect of these medicaments.

Establishing the Main Mechanisms for the Accounting Information Governance: Delphi study with accounting experts

This study aims to identify the main mechanisms of Accounting Information Governance. The Delphi method was applied in three stages with accounting experts to evaluate a set of mechanisms for managing accounting information. As a result, a ranking of priority mechanisms is presented, which indicates a list of necessary conditions for better data and information management. Such evidence could be useful for both the practice of accounting and for the training of future professionals who need to be able to face the challenges related to the impact of new technologies and the increasing volume of data and information. In terms of Information Governance, this study adds field evidence to the remaining gaps on this subject regarding the identification of the best mechanisms for using data and information and creating value.

Optimizing Priority Queuing Systems with Server Reservation and Temporal Blocking for Cognitive Radio Networks

In the domain of cognitive radio (CR), unlicensed users have the opportunity to efficiently use available spectrum bands without interfering with licensed primary users (PUs). Our study addresses the challenge of secondary user (SU) spectrum shortage due to high arrival rates of licensed users. We propose two models aimed at improving the average total waiting time for SUs in such scenarios. These models incorporate non-acquired and preemptive priority mechanisms within the M/D/1 model of a PU delay system. Through quantitative evaluations and Monte Carlo simulations, we evaluate the performance of these models. Our findings show significant improvements in average waiting time for both PUs and SUs, especially under the priority scheme. Furthermore, we explore these models in the context of real-time systems, considering the limited buffer capacity for both user types. This further improves the average waiting time for PUs and SUs in both priority schemes. Our contribution lies in providing effective solutions to mitigate SU shortages in CR networks, providing insight into priority-based approaches and real-time system considerations.

Out of hospital cardiac arrest, first steps to know and follow in Mexico to have cardioprotected territories. A point of view of a group of experts.

Sudden cardiac death is a common occurrence. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a global public health problem suffered by ≈3.8 million people annually. Progress has been made in the knowledge of this disease, its prevention, and treatment; however, most events occur in people without a previous diagnosis of heart disease. Due to its multifactorial and complex nature, it represents a challenge in public health, so it led us to work in a consensus to achieve the implementation of cardioprotected areas in Mexico as a priority mechanism to treat these events. Public access cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation require training of non-medical personnel, who are usually the first responders in the chain of survival. They should be able to establish a basic and efficient CPR and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED) until the emergency services arrive at the scene of the incident. Some of the current problems in Mexico and alternative solutions for them are addressed in the present work.

Технологический суверенитет России: теоретико-правовые основы, механизмы достижения

Ensuring state sovereignty, and above all, technological sovereignty, is in modern conditions a mandatory component of the innovative development of industries and ensuring a balance in scientific, technical and innovative development of the national economy. Domestic science is making its contribution to the study of these issues.
 Scientific publications present significant results of research into problems of innovative development. But there are still gaps in scientific knowledge on issues of theory, legal framework, and mechanisms for regulating relations in the field of the influence of technological sovereignty on the innovative development of industries and the national economy as a whole.
 The objectives of this study were to analyze and evaluate the accumulated knowledge in the field of the theory of technological sovereignty, its legal framework and developed regulatory mechanisms. The research methodology was based on the principles of scientific knowledge of the phenomena of social life, such as the systems approach, the principle of determinism, the principle of historicism, etc.
 As the results of the study showed, it is necessary to intensify work on the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of technological sovereignty. The proposal to integrate disparate regulatory legal provisions on technological sovereignty in a single act is substantiated. The incompleteness of the formation of mechanisms for achieving technological sovereignty and their fragmentation are revealed. The author's conclusions and proposals are aimed at increasing the level of scientific, methodological and legal support for activities to achieve technological sovereignty as a priority mechanism for technological development.

Security requirements for personal computers

The relevance of the study lies in guaranteeing the safety of personal computers for consumers (users) and complying with the requirements of technical regulations in this part. The purpose of the study was to determine and analyse the factors of personal computer assortment formation under the conditions of the uncertainty of economic and social features of modern times, with a focus on aspects of safety and environmental responsibility of computer equipment, as a priority mechanism for consumers. Emphasis is placed on cyber security, the importance of protecting a personal computer from cyber attacks. Methods of systematic analysis of statistical databases were used in the study. The high rates of development of Ukraine in the field of computerisation of many areas of industry and economy during the years 1993-2023 were noted. It has been proven that as of the year 2024 there is one personal computer, a tablet, a laptop or a netbook in every household. Changes in the economy, politics, technological aspects and other external factors that can affect the personal computer market are shown. The ability of companies to adapt to changes and requirements is noted as a key source of their success. The ergonomic, anthropological, psychophysiological requirements for screen devices that guarantee the safety of consumers (users) are given. The conditions of compliance of personal computers with the requirements of technological regulations in terms of ecodesign, aimed at improving the environmental safety component in accordance with consumer requirements, are defined. It is shown that the modern market of personal computers has several key trends in the formation of assortment policy which includes: flexible configurations and individualisation; increased attention to the gaming segment; development of artificial intelligence technologies; increasing the amount of memory and speed; environmental responsibility; development of wireless technologies; high mobility; focus on high-performance workstations. It has been determined that compliance with environmental safety requirements is important for business, because companies that pay attention to environmentally responsible may have a competitive advantage. It is shown that the most common are the standards and certification systems for personal computers, which are a series of certification standards that determine the requirements for the environmental and ergonomic quality of computer equipment, in particular, monitors. The practical significance of the results lies in increasing of the competitiveness of personal computers, taking into account the safety recommendations for consumers (users) of the relevant equipment to strengthen the role of environmental aspects and cyber security requirements

Custom injury prevention priority scoring: Local ranking procedures to assess unique community needs: Local Pediatric Injury Prevention Priority Scoring

BackgroundTrauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Many traumatic injuries are preventable and trauma centers play a major role in directing population-level injury prevention strategies. Given the constraint of finite resources, calculating priorities for injury prevention at an institutional level is essential. The Injury Prevention and Priority Score (IPPS) is a widely applicable tool that is more robust than simple prevalence rankings and considers injury severity – an important factor when developing prevention strategies. We developed an adapted-IPPS methodology to define our local injury prevention priorities using our institution's patient population. MethodsThe institution-specific trauma registry was used, which includes patients presenting to a level 1 pediatric trauma center July 2018 - June 2022. Causes of injury were categorized into injury mechanisms based on external cause codes. Mechanisms of injury were ranked by frequency and severity (based on mean Injury Severity Score, ISS). An IPPS was calculated for each of the injury mechanisms, which were then ranked from highest to lowest priority injury mechanism. ResultsIn ranking injury mechanisms by IPPS, “falls” remain the top priority mechanism despite their relatively low severity, given their overwhelming frequency (n = 1993, mean ISS = 5.9). The injury mechanisms “motor vehicle” (n = 434, mean ISS = 10.9) and “pedestrian” (n = 13, mean ISS = 15), become higher priority given their injury severity, despite lower frequency. “Pedestrian” includes non-traffic incidents such as patients run over by cars in driveways or rural settings. ConclusionsComputing the IPPS for each injury mechanism, using data collected routinely for trauma registries, enables trauma centers to use local data to inform injury prevention efforts in their communities. Calculating rankings based on an injury mechanism's relative frequency and severity allows a more robust understanding of their impact. Level of EvidenceIV

Світовий досвід використання інструментарію для реалізації проєктної діяльності в публічному управлінні просторовим розвитком територій

The spatial development of territories in Ukraine, in particular in the context of the introduction of decentralization principles into the public administration system, is characterized by the identification of an additional wide range of internal and external factors and problems of functioning in various spheres of society, as well as the actuation of issues regarding the need to find and implement more effective instruments that can solve them. Domestic experience in overcoming various kinds of territorial problems is limited and insufficient, therefore, the study of the best foreign theories and practices in this regard, including the use of instruments for the implementation of project activities, as well as the analysis of opportunities for their implementation, remains relevant. In the context of the spatial development of territories, project activities can be considered as a purposeful system of actions organized by any public governance entities or established in the process of their interaction with each other, aimed both at solving a specific territorial problem and at stimulating the development of various spheres of community life, involving a wide range of mechanisms and instruments for managing spatial development based on planning, financing and implementation of a specific project in order to achieve the final result. The article provides an analysis of the global and European experiences in the use of an instrumentarium for the implementation of project activities in public management of spatial development of territories; approaches are generalized and features of the use of projects depending on the priorities of spatial development, individual characteristics and the presence of territorial problems within each country are determined; the possibilities and relevance of using positive examples of the implementation of multidirectional project activities in the process of managing the spatial development of territories in Ukraine, which is expedient in the period of their post-war recovery, are considered. Acquaintance with the global and European experiences of formation by individual countries, in accordance with national characteristics and the chosen model of development, of priority goals, objectives, mechanisms and instruments of territorial management will allow using positive achievements and, on the basis of the formed strategic directions, introducing effective instruments, in particular for the implementation of project activities, support and stimulation of the development of their own territories, taking into account the characteristics inherent in Ukraine.

Security-differentiated Water Pricing as a Mechanism for Mitigating Drought Impacts. Insights from a Case Study in the Mediterranean Basin.

Water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource due to growing multi-sector demand and the effects of climate change. During droughts, the proportional rule is the most widespread water allocation method applied in irrigation systems. However, this method fails to guarantee efficient water allocation or to provide a fair method of water allocation. This paper aims to verify whether by replacing the water allocation methods based on a proportional rule with methods based on a priority rule could improve the allocation of water resources and minimize the negative economic impacts of water shortages. The ultimate objective of this research is to design a water pricing scheme capable of guaranteeing efficient water reallocation during drought conditions. Therefore, an experiment was carried out for the largest irrigated area in southern Italy, covered by the Capitanata Reclamation and Irrigation board (CBC). A positive mathematical programming model was implemented in order to simulate the effects of the proposed mechanism. The findings show that priority mechanisms have the potential to improve overall economic efficiency in the event of water shortages. However, results also point to the need for optimal design of a differentiated water pricing scheme.

Possibilistic chance-constrained data envelopment analysis framework for failure modes and effects analysis

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is an intensively used risk analysis technique for prioritizing failure modes of products, systems, and services. Traditionally, FMEA assumes deterministic and precise values for risk factors. In engineering scenarios, the observed values of decision-makers on risk factors are, however, potentially stochastic and imprecise in nature due to the lack of adequate knowledge and experience. On the other hand, the structural correlation between risks (or failure modes) and induced factors (e.g., the loss cost and recovery time of products, systems, and services) is rarely reported in FMEA. To this end, we develop a possibilistic chance-constrained data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework to overcome the above deficiencies. In this framework, three differentiated categories of DEA approaches (namely, series, parallel, and network structure DEA) are devised to characterize such structural correlation. More specially, the Me measure is introduced to handle imprecise parameters associated with risk factors. Simultaneously, decision-makers are endowed to express flexible attitudes on these imprecise parameters. Moreover, in order to reveal the mechanism of risk priority of failure modes, the proposed framework enables decision-makers to offer optimistic and pessimistic attitudes on risk input and propagation, respectively. A case study of a production system, along with some comparisons and discussions, is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed framework. As indicated from this case study, no matter which DEA approach is conducted, the risk priority of failure modes is stable in a stochastic environment.

DETERMINANTS OF INCREASING THE INNOVATION CAPACITY OF UKRAINE

Modelling the development of innovative power is an integral tool for finding ways to ensure the country's competitiveness and post-war recovery to accelerate European integration processes using its technological uniqueness. The innovative vector of economic development is a priority mechanism for the formation of competitive positions at all levels of the world economic system. The main purpose of this paper is to use modelling to identify the key determinants of the development and increase of Ukraine's innovative power, which should be crucial for the post-war recovery of the domestic economy. Methodology. The econometric model describes the efficiency of the use of Ukraine's innovative capacity and highlights its weaknesses. It is necessary to pay special attention to them in the period of post-war reconstruction. Both a correlation matrix of these factors and a regression model of their interdependencies were developed based on the assessment of a number of determinants affecting the formation and growth of innovative power. Results. The econometric modelling made it possible to obtain statistically significant two-factor linear models in which the share of R&D costs and the number of innovative products implemented were the independent variables. The commercialisation of R&D, in particular patenting, which reflects the effectiveness of scientific activity, appears to be very important. Business shows the highest rates of technology implementation. It creates a platform for further stimulation and development of relevant innovations. Practical implications. In the context of European integration processes, it is important to highlight those factors that would become advantages for strengthening the innovative power of Ukraine and to use them as a priority in the formation of the state policy of post-war reconstruction. The intensity of research and development and the introduction of advanced innovations, the innovative activity of the society and its functionality depend on the effective innovation policy of the state, the current state of the economy, the availability of a systematised base of institutes and institutions ensuring scientific and technical activity, modernised infrastructure, specialised information and consulting centres, etc. Value/originality. It has been proved that the priority of the innovative component of the domestic state policy is an undeniable condition for the effectiveness of the development of the economic system at the present stage of turbulence in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. At the same time, the obvious advantages of innovativeness are cancelled out by the presence of high costs for the development of innovations, a decrease in the activity of commercialisation of inventions, and the imperfection of the intersectoral distribution of funds for research and development.

Optimal intelligent edge‐servers placement in the healthcare field

AbstractThe efficiency improvement of healthcare systems is a major national goal across the world. However, delivering scalable and reliable healthcare services to people, while managing costs, is a challenging problem. The most promising methods to address this issue are based on smart healthcare (s‐health) technologies. Furthermore, the combination of edge computing and s‐health can yield additional benefits in terms of delay, bandwidth, power consumption, security, and privacy. However, the strategic placement of edge‐servers is crucial to achieve further cost and latency benefits. This article is divided into two parts: an AI‐based priority mechanism to identify urgent cases, aimed at improving quality of service and quality of experience is proposed. Then, an optimal edge‐servers placement (OESP) algorithm to obtain a cost‐efficient architecture with lower delay and complete coverage is presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed priority mechanism algorithms can reduce the latency for patients depending on their number and level of urgency, prioritising those with the greatest need. In addition, the OESP algorithm successfully selects the best sites to deploy edge‐servers to achieve a cost‐efficient system, with an improvement of more than 80%. In sum, the article introduces an improved healthcare system with commendable performance, enhanced cost‐effectiveness, and lower latency.

STRATEGIES FOR ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to the study of the processes of ensuring the economic security of enterprises on the basis of a strategic approach. The concept of the economic security system of the enterprise is defined. The main problems preventing the provision of economic security of enterprises at the current stage of their development have been identified. The SWOT-analysis of the system for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise was carried out, which made it possible to determine its weaknesses and strengths, potential opportunities and threats. The concept of economic security strategy of the enterprise was formed, which should be understood as a set of priority conceptual approaches and mechanisms for ensuring it in the conditions of structural changes and systemic transformations, which form the prerequisites for building effective tools for the protection of its economic interests, increasing the efficiency of functioning and ensuring dynamic competitiveness on the market in the long period. Basic strategies for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise were proposed, including legal-force (aimed at the implementation of institutional-legal support and physical protection of the enterprise’s property), resource-functional (provides for the rational use of production-resource potential taking into account specialization and economic traditions), system-diversified (oriented to the implementation of mechanisms for adequate countermeasures against risks and threats), market-logistic (provides formation of resource reserves for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise by means of improving market relations and optimizing the logistics flows of the enterprise) and structurally-balanced (aimed at harmonizing the structural and functional components of the economic security of the enterprise with basic components of its sustainable development).

Аналіз та оцінювання тенденцій формування індикаторів стану електроенергетичного ринку України як основного базису для формування її електроенергетичної безпеки

Assessment of the current state of electricity security in Ukraine and trends in its functioning is an urgent and essential task for the national economy and security. The electricity sector is the primary sector of Ukraine's economy, which produces electricity from various sources: coal, fuel oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, hydropower, renewable energy sources, etc. However, Ukraine faces several problems in the electricity sector, such as low energy efficiency, high dependence on imported fuel and energy resources, outdated infrastructure, insufficient integration with the European energy space, etc. This threatens Ukraine's energy security and requires developing and implementing effective strategies and mechanisms to ensure it. It is necessary to use a comprehensive approach based on a systematic analysis of the internal and external environment of the electricity sector to assess the current state of Ukraine's electricity security and trends in its functioning, identifi-cation of critical factors and indicators that characterize its shape and dynamics, as well as the use of scientifically based methods and models for their quantitative and qualitative assessment. This approach will not only provide an objective assessment of the current state of Ukraine's electricity security but also identify strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to its further development and for mulate proposals for priority areas and mechanisms to improve Ukraine's electricity security in the future. The energy sector is the basis for developing national economies and is vital in ensuring their competitiveness and economic growth. From the standpoint of sustainable development of the national economy, energy security, its forms, and level are of utmost importance for society, present and future generations, and the prospects for further joint work of the world's countries in addressing global challenges of sustainability and security of human existence. For the national economy of Ukraine, energy security today forms the prerequisite for the country's recovery from the conse-quences of military operations, increasing the lost economic growth rates and protecting the country and its population from any energy shortage. Energy security is manifested in the confidence that affordable and high-quality fuels will remain necessary and available under both routine and emergency conditions of economic activity. Keywords: assessment of the electricity market, electricity supply, electricity market, electricity security, trends in the functioning of electricity security.

A pricing and transshipment hybrid strategy for perishable product in two external scenarios for supply disruption

PurposeDifferent external supply scenarios faced by the retailers will affect their choice of strategy when supply is disrupted and becomes far less than demand, urgently. This study focuses on analyzing both demand and supply side response strategies to meet customer demand and reduce the impact of the shortage during supply disruptions.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the quantity of products that the external market can provide, the external supply scenarios were divided into sufficient-type external supply and learning-type external supply. A two-echelon perishable goods supply chain was analyzed, and three kinds of contingency strategy models for downstream retailers were investigated. First, in the sufficient external supply scenario, the optimal price and transshipment quantity to maximize retailer's profits is discussed. Second, in the scenario of learning-type external supply, this study analyzes the optimal decision in three mechanisms of the hybrid strategy and their application: price priority mechanism, quantity priority mechanism and price–quantity balance mechanism. Furthermore, the influence of penalty cost and supply on the priority orders of different mechanisms was studied.FindingsResults show that comparing the two pure strategies (pricing strategy and transshipment strategy)it was noted that the hybrid strategy produces the best results in sufficient-type external supply scenario. In the learning-type external supply scenario, a numerical study has shown the existence of three areas in case of penalty cost and supplier's capacity, and each areas has different priority orders of the three mechanisms. Under the situation of learning external supply, the retailer's optimal strategy is affected by parameters such as penalty cost and supply volume.Originality/valueThe main innovation of the work lies in the following: First; the external supply situation was divided into sufficiency type and learning type, which improves the external situation faced by retailers after the outbreak of emergencies, helps retailers understand the external situation, conforms to the actual situation and has certain practical application value. Second; in the context of learning external supply, there are three coping strategies for retailers, including: Price priority mechanism, Quantity priority mechanism and Pricing and transshipment balance mechanism. This will help retailers make strategic choices, make more scientific management decisions and improve the supply chain emergency management theory. Third; the demand side response was managed through the change of external supply during supply side recovery period and supply disruption. The proposed model enables managing and analyzing supply disruption efficiently and effectively via handling uncertainty by considering all aspects of decision-making process. The proposed model can be applied in various fields such as vegetable and fruit, fresh food, etc.

FCRoute: A Fast FPGA Connection Router Using Soft Routing-Space Pruning Algorithm

Routing is one of the most time-consuming stages in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design flow. Even if various attempts have been made to reduce route time, the existing work rarely focuses on improving the underlying A*-based FPGA connection router. In this article, we present a fast FPGA connection router called FCRoute based on a novel soft routing-space pruning algorithm. Within FCRoute, a routing resource priority mechanism is applied to classify the routing resource nodes into high-priority nodes and low-priority ones. On the whole, FCRoute is composed of fast maze search and backtracking process. During the fast maze search, we explore only the high-priority nodes in the routing space. In this way, a great deal of unnecessary work can be avoided. When the fast maze search fails to find the target sink, it allows the backtracking process to explore the low-priority nodes promising to be on the best path, after which a new fast maze search is called. By avoiding the exploration of the majority of low-priority nodes, FCRoute maintains runtime efficiency while ensuring global search ability. In addition, we further accelerate FCRoute with an engineering enhancement which simplifies the cost computations of nodes. Runtime and quality of results are compared with the state-of-the-art connection router in VPR 8. Experimental results show that on average FCRoute explores less than half the number of routing resource nodes, and therefore reduces runtime by 38% while enabling the quality of results. When combined with the enhancement, FCRoute achieves an average 45% reduction on runtime without sacrificing the quality of results.

Identification of priority mechanisms for tax regulation of individual entrepreneurs by the method of laboratory experiment

One of the national goals of Russia, the implementation of which is scheduled for 2030, is to reduce the level of poverty by half - to 6.6% of the population, or by 9.5 million people. A significant source of poverty reduction is the development of individual entrepreneurial initiatives and the promotion of self-employment. This circumstance determined the purpose of this study - to identify the importance of individual fiscal factors in starting one's own business and developing entrepreneurship. As a methodological basis of the article, a laboratory experiment was used, conducted in a student environment and additionally tested on existing entrepreneurs and self-employed. The paper describes the results of a laboratory experiment, which is aimed at determining the priority mechanisms for tax regulation of individual entrepreneurs. The scientific novelty of the research is presented in two directions. 1. Improved methodological approach to the implementation of laboratory experiments in the tax area. In particular, the objectivity of the results obtained from the data of the student sample is substantiated. 2. Priority areas of tax incentives for entrepreneurial initiatives have been identified. The Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, other interested bodies of state power and administration can use the results of the study in determining ways to develop the tax policy of the Russian Federation in terms of improving the taxation of individual entrepreneurship.

Improving the Scalability of GPU Synchronization Primitives

General-purpose GPU applications increasingly use synchronization to enforce ordering between many threads accessing shared data. Accordingly, recently there has been a push to establish a common set of GPU synchronization primitives. However, the expressiveness of existing GPU synchronization primitives is limited. In particular the expensive GPU atomics often used to implement fine-grained synchronization make it challenging to implement efficient algorithms. Consequently, as GPU algorithms scale to millions or billions of threads, existing GPU synchronization primitives either scale poorly or suffer from livelock or deadlock issues because of heavy contention between threads accessing shared synchronization objects. We seek to overcome these inefficiencies by designing more efficient, scalable GPU barriers and semaphores. In particular, we show how multi-level sense reversing barriers and priority mechanisms for semaphores can be designed with the GPUs unique processing model in mind to improve performance and scalability of GPU synchronization primitives. Our results show that the proposed designs significantly improve performance compared to state-of-the-art solutions like CUDA Cooperative Groups and optimized CPU-style synchronization algorithms at medium and high contention levels, scale to an order of magnitude more threads, and avoid livelock in these situations unlike prior open source algorithms. Overall, across three modern GPUs the proposed barrier algorithm improves performance by an average of 33% over a GPU tree barrier algorithm and improves performance by an average of 34% over CUDA Cooperative Groups for five full-sized benchmarks at high contention levels; the new semaphore algorithm improves performance by an average of 83% compared to prior GPU semaphores.