Principles Of Legislation Research Articles

Обоснование морали и обоснование утилита­ризма в этике Иеремии Бентама

The paper deals with the correlation between the justification of morality and the justifi­cation of utilitarian normative ethics in the two treatises of Jeremy Bentham: An Intro­duction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation and Deontology. In the Introduction, the general requirement of morality (‘promote the good of others’) is considered justified because a) it is integrated into the structure of the principle of utility and only contingent to the concurring principles (the principle of asceticism and the principle of sympathy and antipathy), b) the two concurring principles cannot withstand rational criticism, c) the list of principles is closed. There are two additional strategies to justify morality in the treatise. Bentham claims that the advantages of having a reputation of a trustworthy person are a sufficient reason to hold burdensome obligations. At the same time, he in­sists that an agent cannot persuade other people that her moral judgments are right unless these jugments are grounded in her recognition of the equal non-instrumental value of ev­ery person. In the Deontology, Bentham expands on the second strategy – the identifica­tion of moral virtue (duty) with the correctly understood personal interest of an agent. First, he proposes such a conception of moral virtue (duty) where sacrifices and efforts made by a person of prudence, probity, and beneficence are interpreted as the result of a clash among her own interests. Then, he demonstrates that the system of sanctions (sympathetic, religious, physical, moral, political) peculiar to human societies makes ad­vantages brought by breaches of prudence, probity, and beneficence illusory.

Laws matter: a foundational approach to biodiversity conservation in Canada

This perspective essay examines the role of conservation law in contributing to biodiversity decline by exploring how current conservation laws exacerbate the challenges Canada faces. We contend that there are three intertwined foundation-setting functions of conservation law: they codify priorities and values, define and influence acceptable conservation behaviour, and drive the establishment of the institutions, programs, and governance arrangements of today’s conservation regime. We describe these functions and then assess whether conservation laws in Canada are adequately fulfilling the functions. We find that the federal conservation law regime is sub-optimal and likely incapable of halting and reversing the negative biodiversity trends. Based on this, we suggest a set of conservation legislative principles capable of catalyzing change and supporting the transition to a more sustainable conservation future.

COMPLIANCE WITH EX LEGE QUARANTINE LAW

Health protection, as referred to in article 1 section 68 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland does not only concern ensuring access to healthcare services for everyone, but also combating epidemic diseases and preventing the negative health effects of environmental degradation. One of the manifestations of a preventive form of health protection are the activities of authorized bodies aimed at ensuring food safety and hygiene. However, this does not mean consent to the lack of respect for other constitutionally guaranteed human rights and freedoms and the principles of correct legislation. The act of imposing a quarantine based on a legal act issued in violation of the above-mentioned legal rules is then ineffective.

중국의 소득불균형 해소를 위한 상속세제 도입 연구

Inheritance tax in China was first implemented during the Republic of China era. At that time, the Nanjing government proposed imposing an inheritance tax and enacted related ordinances, but it was not implemented.
 However, after the Anti-Japanese War broke out on July 1, 1940 and the national finances were in crisis, inheritance tax was officially imposed. 
 However, inheritance tax was proposed several times as one of the taxes imposed after the founding of New China, but all of them were postponed. 
 As the Chinese economy has grown rapidly since the reform and opening up and the gap between the rich and the poor has widened, personal income tax can no longer meet the need to adjust the income gap. As a policy tool to control this and as a way to narrow the income gap, the question of whether or not to impose inheritance tax has been revisited. It was once the people’s choice. However, considering the current situation of China’s economic level and the gap between the rich and the poor, the introduction of the inheritance tax is considered sufficient. 
 Inheritance tax also has a positive meaning in improving the national tax system, properly adjusting the distribution of wealth among members of society, increasing financial resources for the government and social welfare programs, and maintaining national income.
 Therefore, in order for China to introduce and actually implement the inheritance tax system, it is necessary to establish a theoretically desirable basic direction. In other words, it is very important to clearly establish the
 purpose pursued by the national policy and to establish the basic direction to achieve the purpose well. 
 On the other hand, when introducing the inheritance tax system, the tax conditions such as which inheritance tax method to choose, whether to separate or integrate with the gift tax, the determination of the minimum tax amount, and the tax rate should be tailored to the actual situation in China in consideration of the inheritance tax legislative principle, efficiency and fairness. You will have to decide. In addition, research on countries that are currently successfully operating the inheritance tax system and specific plans for detailed components to suit China’s situation should be established.
 This study focused on the implementation (proposal) of the Inheritance Tax Law, which was reviewed by the Chinese Ministry of Finance in 2010, and further research by experts is also required.

Legal nature of taxes and fees

The article analyzes the legal nature of taxes and fees. It is substantiated that the basis of the legal regulation of tax relations is the implementation of the influence of economic processes in favour of the public interests of society. It was established that each of the principles of taxation defined by the current Tax Code of Ukraine contains a two-fold component: the legal dimension (the principles of tax legislation and the regulation of tax relations are implemented exclusively in the legal sphere) and the economic dimension (it follows from the content of the principles of the current tax legislation of Ukraine and is the key as a result of tax relations). In addition, it was established that the legal dimension of taxation is expressed through the operation of the principle of justice (the levelling of the principles of equality causes tax discrimination within certain categories of taxpayers). At the same time, the economic dimension of equal taxation is expressed through a comparative approach to the economic situation of different taxpayers within the limits of setting taxes and fees on the one hand, and through the implementation of the principles of equality in a uniform tax burden on different parts of the taxation object - on the other hand. In this context, it was noted that the legal dimension is the key, because it directly affects the protection of the rights of taxpayers as a less protected component of tax relations. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study the legal nature of taxes and fees, in particular, the characteristics of the main principles of establishment and their constituent elements enshrined in the legislation of Ukraine, the importance of their existence in the tax system and the need for reform. It is concluded that the problem of legal establishment of taxes and fees in Ukraine is the insufficient amount of information in the legislation. The articles of the Tax Code of Ukraine, where the principles and elements are indicated, are incomplete, because in some provisions only definitions are given, while in others only lists are given, which creates a need for an extended interpretation of the norms.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE JURISDICTION OF CONSUMER DISPUTES

The most urgent problems of determining the jurisdiction of disputes involving consumers are considered. Legal uncertainty is revealed regarding the possibility of considering individual disputes related to consumer rights protection in courts at the location of the plaintiff. The conclusion is substantiated that the established law enforcement practice has made quite an effective attempt to solve the indicated problem of applying the norms of the current civil procedural legislation on jurisdiction. At the same time, the author expresses his opinion that such an approach seems to be extremely limited, since it does not give a full answer to the question why the sphere of inland waterway transport becomes an exception to the general rule on alternative jurisdiction of disputes involving consumers-citizens. To solve the identified problem, a proposal has been formulated to amend the current civil procedure legislation, namely: to exclude Part 3 of Article 30 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. It seems that such an approach will fully establish necessary balance between the interests of the consumer and the transport operator, and will also be more consistent with the fundamental principles of consumer protection legislation. an undoubted advantage of such a novelty will be elimination of contradictions in judicial practice in these disputes.

Digitization of Libraries, Archives, and Museums in Russia

This paper discusses the digitization of cultural heritage in Russian libraries, archives, and museums. In order to achieve the research goals, both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were adopted to analyze the current status of legislative principles related to digitization through the literature review and the circumstance of the latest projects related to digitization through the literature and website review. The results showed that these institutions seem quite successful where they provide a wide range of services for the users to access the digital collections. However, the main constraints on digitization within libraries, archives, and museums in Russia are connected with the scale of the work, dispersal of rare books throughout the country, and low level of document usage.

The First Attempts to Institutionalize Non-State Communities of Engineers and Technicians in the Russian Empire: Livland and Kherson Provinces

The purpose of the article is to identify and investigate the first attempts to institutionalize non-state communities of engineers and technicians in the Russian Empire, and to determine whether the Russian Technical Society was the first center to unify the engineering community. The period covered in this study (1850s–1860s) refers to the initial period of the emergence of scientific and technical societies in the Russian Empire, which are considered as a new type of a structural organization of science and technology. The article reveals that the first attempts to institutionalize non-state engineering and technical communities were successful in Livland and Kherson provinces. It has been confirmed that the preferred hypothesis in the matter of the Russian Technical Society does not correspond to historical reality. Two scientific and technical societies of Livland and Kherson provinces were analyzed in the article: the Society of Technicians in Riga and Odessa Society of Engineers and Architects. It was found that the mentioned societies, established in Riga and Odessa, can be considered almost the first scientific and technical societies in the Russian Empire, created even before the Russian Technical Society commenced its activities. For the first time, a detailed study of the process of their organization and activity was carried out. The article also highlights the legislative principles of the activities of the mentioned societies. A comparative analysis of their statutes was carried out, identifying the common and distinctive features. The study proved the polytechnic nature of their activity and determined its priorities. Despite the fact that the Russian Technical Society turned out to be the most powerful scientific and technical society of the Russian Empire, attention is focused on the fact that the Society of Technicians in Riga continued its activities as an independent scientific and technical association. The article highlights the inaccuracies and some false statements about the studied societies. The attempt of marine engineers in the city of Mykolaiv to establish an independent public scientific and technical society in 1864 is also discussed.

The Idea of Freedom in Islamic Thought

From the Islamic point of view, freedom is a fundamental right. And scientifically, it has been placed in a structure that reveals the originality of Islam in expressing this right. Rights that are governed by human values ​​and legislative principles. And it is the inner (inherent) freedom song to the will and authority. And external freedom, which belongs to the collective dimension of man, who known as public freedom which in this Islam originates from human dignity by God and his succession on earth. To have complete freedom to exploit the universe and to be able to conquer and exploit it according to the substitute method which is worship and sovereignty.
 The Muslim Ummah must know that political freedom, freedom of opinion and ijtihad, freedom of criticism and speech, economic freedom, and all actions are safe for him and as long as he adheres to the right and justice commanded by God. His complete servitude to the Almighty is committed to any freedom, freedom is a genuine human right, and this right will not be violated by anyone unless there is an obstacle in the way.
 For this reason, the divine religions, which are responsible for educating the population and refining morality, are the most staunch defenders of human freedom! And also, for this reason, the Holy Qur'an is full of verses that establish the freedom of the human will and deny restraint from all desires. Which is mentioned in this discussion.
 Accompanying forbidding any other duty and calling for obedience and forbidding sin, reward, punishment, reckoning, and punishment, and court and enforcing limits and punishments and other things like that, are all repeated emphases on the issue of human freedom.

Molecular hydrogen therapies and the benefits for menopausal and perimenopausal women: An aphoristic review

Women account for half of the global population, yet, when applying of the principles of legislation to women's health and gender-based research there is a void pertaining to women-specific healthcare as they age. Hydrogen therapies such as oxy-hydrogen (HHO, H2/O2) inhalation act as a novel, non-toxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, with clinical and empirical research confidently suggesting such therapies may be beneficial to human reproductive health. This aphoristic review highlights the need for medical evidence-based research into female-focused age conditioning and offers an explanation as to why HHO therapies may be effective in combatting menopausal and perimenopausal symptoms.

Legal problems of rational land using in conditions of ecologization of agrarian production

The article is devoted to the researching of the legal foundations of the rational using of agricultural lands as objects of legal protection and the main means of agricultural production, the composition of the rights and obligations of agribusiness subjects as participants in land relations in the field of land using. The principles of legislation in the field of land and agrarian relations, aimed at the ecologization of agricultural activity as a whole, are singled out. Have been identified The problems of the development of the agrarian sector, directly enshrined in the current legislation, which restrain the sustainable development of the latter. Have been clarified the rights and obligations of land users regarding rational land using. Has been proven the key role of land management as one of the main mechanisms of coordination of economic interests and preservation and reproduction of soil fertility, protection of agricultural lands from the destructive processes of water and wind erosion, which is used to adapt the process of economic activity on the land to its properties. It is argued that the purpose of land management is to ensure conditions for rational using and protection of land, improvement of agro-ecosystems and natural landscapes. In the article assumes that the greening of agricultural production is impossible without compliance with the requirements for the ecologically safe using of natural resource potential for the needs of agricultural production, that is, the greening of agricultural land using and ensuring the proper ecological state of the natural environment, the introduction of environmental protection and ecologically balanced ways of using natural resources in agriculture. It was emphasized that in order to prevent such degradation processes, which significantly worsen the quality of agricultural land, and therefore soil productivity, the state introduced a system of economic incentives aimed not only at the rationalization of using, but also at land protection. Has been proved the key role of land consolidation in the practice of rational land using. The methodology of researching legal problems of rational land using in the conditions of ecologization of agricultural production is based on the provisions of the general scientific dialectical method. In addition, to achieve the research goal were used formal-legal, formal-logical and hermeneutic scientific methods.

Freedom of lifetime maintenance (care) contract regarding its termination

The article is devoted to the definition of the features of the discovery of the freedom of the contract of lifelong support (care) regarding its termination.
 The freedom of the contract of lifelong maintenance (care) regarding its termination is manifested in the following moments: 1) termination of the contract by agreement of the parties; 2) termination of the contract at the request of one of the parties. This general principle of civil legislation is applied under the condition of validity of the contract and lack of full fulfillment of the obligation under this contract.
 The agreement of the parties to terminate the contract refers to the general basis for terminating the contract of lifelong maintenance (care). The right to terminate the contract is exercised by concluding a contract termination agreement, if the reason for their decision was a significant change in the circumstances that the parties were guided by when concluding the contract.
 The request of one of the parties to terminate the contract is a general ground for terminating the lifetime maintenance (care) contract in the following cases: 1) significant breach of the contract by the other party; 2) lack of agreement of the parties to bring the contract into line with circumstances that have changed significantly; 3) lack of agreement of the parties to terminate the contract. The peculiarity of determining the materiality of a breach of contract by the other party is that the fact of causing damage and its significance are irrelevant.
 The freedom of the contract of lifelong maintenance (care) regarding its termination on special grounds is characterized by the following: 1) the acquirer has the right to demand the termination of the contract regardless of the reason for the declaration of this demand; 2) the buyer's demand for termination of the contract due to the impossibility of his further performance of the contract due to reasons of significant importance, is important for the onset of legal consequences in his favor; 3) the alienator has the right to terminate the contract in connection with non-performance or improper performance of his duties by the acquirer.

The normative basis of the principle of gender equality legislation of Ukraine on labor and employment

The purpose of the article is to clarify the system of acts of the current legislation of Ukraine on labor and employment, which contains norms that reflect the complex essence of the principle of gender equality in the field of labor and employment. The position is substantiated, according to which the normative basis of the principle of gender equality consists of international legal acts (in force on the territory of Ukraine due to their universal mandatory nature or as a result of their ratification by the Ukrainian Parliament), as well as acts of national legislation that contain, in particular, general the idea of legal equality between men and women and/or the idea of equality between men and women in the field of work and employment. The author notes that the international legal level of the normative basis of the principle of gender equality in the field of labor and employment includes: international legal acts in the field of international legal order, human rights, relating to gender equality in the field of labor and employment; international legal acts in the field of labor and employment, which declare gender equality of people in the relevant field (conventions of the International Labor Organization). The national level of the normative basis of the principle of gender equality in the field of labor and employment is connected with separate norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities of Women and Men”. women who are pregnant, have given birth to a child, are nursing babies, are in an extremely vulnerable state (in the context of the general labor law regime). Therefore, such women are objectively less competitive in the labor market and need positive discrimination (in fact, the expansion of the non-gender approach to determining the legal status of an employee), measures for the implementation of which are provided for by the labor legislation of Ukraine, given that our state is a social and legal . Taking this into account, women who perform the social role of mother, and motherhood reduces their competitiveness in the labor market, possessing a non-gender legal status of an employee, are additionally granted the status of a female worker, which is not a violation of the principle of gender equality in the field of work and employment, but on the contrary - an important condition for its proper (socially safe) implementation.

Między jednoznacznością a zrozumiałością zakazu karnego. Uwagi o regule nullum crimen sine lege certa w perspektywie konstytucyjnej

The object of the papet is to resolve a possible collision of the directives of unambiguity and communicativeness of a criminal prohibition arising from the principle of nullum crimen sine lege certa. The principle of nullum crimen follows from the rule of law, protection of trust and is an element of the principle of decent legislation, which dictates that they should be taken into account when resolving a conflict. The author is in favour of placing greater emphasis on the clarity of the prohibition, while maintaining unambiguity. He also supports the view that the incomprehensibility of the prohibition may be the basis for excluding liability in the case of an error as to the unlawfulness of an act. The text is of a dogmatic and theoretical-legal nature. It uses the method of dogmatic analysis.

Self-Driving Cars and Some (Unintended) Regulatory Barriers in India: A Road Less Travelled?

Abstract The deployment of self-driving cars seems to be the recent focus in several parts of the world. The operation of Robotaxis, shuttles and other forms of public transport in the United States [the US], China and France are illustrative of these trends. Some other parts of the world, such as Germany and Japan, have simultaneously been gearing up to open public roads to such cars. The recent trends indicate that implementation of such modern technologies is no longer a moot point. Instead, current questions have increasingly focused on how, not whether, technological developments such as these may safely be adapted into public life. The introduction of self-driving cars has not been free of complexities. Among other things, their introduction necessitates an urgent overhaul of the regulatory environment to address the unique challenges of modern technologies. On the legislative front, the formulation of clear, coherent rules to ascertain the rights and liabilities of the various stakeholders, such as users vis-à-vis owners and manufacturers, for harm caused by such vehicles has become indispensable. On several occasions, the determination of liability for harm caused by self-driving vehicles would involve an interplay between domestic accident-liability rules and conflict-of-laws rules, especially where the damage has allegedly been caused by a car that has been manufactured overseas. In the absence of a treaty or Convention, several major jurisdictions such as Germany, France, the UK and China have developed legal principles in tandem with the introduction of self-driving cars. In contrast, India has been unmoved by these global developments. As the world progresses towards a legal discourse to revamp the regulatory framework to address the challenges of self-driving cars, India has stood firm in banning their operation. On the other hand, consumer anxieties concerning the operation of such vehicles on public roads in India have consistently risen – depicting the lack of trust in the ability of the current legislative framework to safeguard the rights and interests of the potential users and injury victims. This article attempts to identify the source of consumer concerns. It critically evaluates the predicaments that adjudicators and claimants may encounter if ordinary legal principles for motor vehicle injuries are extended to self-driving cars. The article demonstrates the uncertainties in Indian law on the subject of self-driving cars. The present legislative principles merely stipulate the mechanism to ascertain the liability for fatal or grave injuries caused by motor vehicles without concurrently prescribing the consequences of forms of damage that are not fatal or grave. Consequently, the paper recognizes the need for special rules on the regulation of self-driving cars and, accordingly, examines some workable solutions that Indian lawmakers may consider adopting if the ban on self-driving cars is eventually lifted.

THE ISSUE ON DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER TRANSPORT IN LONGTERM PLANNING PROGRAM DOCUMENTS

The ways of updating the program legal support for the development of inland water (river) transport in Ukraine have been defined in the article. The significant potential of river mobility has been stated for ecologization of transport services. At the same time, the issue on taking operational measures is quite urgent to stimulate carriage on inland waterways, construction and rejuvenation of the fleet and the associated infrastructure, subsidizing the development of logistics and ensuring the necessary depths on the rivers, creating new working places and ensuring the safety of transportation of cargo and human lives in accordance with the international standards. The advantages of inland water transport are difficult to overestimate, but it has, in particular in Ukraine, a number of problems that must be solved immediately after the cessation of active hostilities and during post-war reconstruction. The relevance of the research topic is due to the development of normative basis for inland water transport in Ukraine and the formation of best practices of its administration and gradual entry into the system of the European river communications. The aim of the article is to develop proposals to improve the norms of program documents in the sphere of inland water transport in the context of the ongoing armed conflict and to obtain the status of a partner-participant in the Three Seas Initiative and a candidate member of the European Union by Ukraine. The use of the methods of formal-legal analysis and synthesis, scientific forecasting, observation and comparison allowed the authors to develop proposals to improve the legal regulation of the development of river transport in the norms of long-term planning documents for the development of the industry. It has been noted that these documents correspond to the general principles of the European legislation and environmental policy, which is actively implemented in the transport industry of the European Union. It has been offered a greater concretization of norms on customs regime of transshipment on internal water transport and participation of Ukraine in regional (European) infrastructure projects.

Implementing Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Insights from Legislative Reform in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACTAchieving data sovereignty is a critical concern for Indigenous communities worldwide and should be considered essential for an information‐resilient society. Māori‐led initiatives in Aotearoa New Zealand have successfully raised awareness of the issues concerned and led to considerable progress being made towards implementing Māori data sovereignty principles in the public sector. The process of updating the statute requiring the collection and use of official data and statistics has provided the opportunity to embed those principles in legislation. Analysis of the submissions made on the draft Data and Statistics Bill provides a unique window on very different perspectives with regard to Indigenous data sovereignty and how it should be realised. Findings show a range of views expressed by key stakeholders, provide insight that will be relevant for Indigenous data sovereignty initiatives in other countries, and raise awareness of issues that deserve attention from the information science community.

Legal monitoring of the formation and development of positive law (theoretical-historical aspect)

The aim of the research is to identify the main stages that the current law passed in the course of its evolution. And focus attention that in the beginning of the development of humanity law existed in the form of «custom» (the customary normative system), from which in the process of its development formed a modern «current law» (positive law). Which is characterized by complex hierarchical connections and special rules of acceptance. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, science, interdisciplinary. The following general-historical methods have been used: historiographical analysis, historical-genetic, terminological analysis, comparative, typological. The scientific novelty of the basis of a wide range of published and unpublished researches of in the sphere of the principles of the formation of law we have systematized and substantiated the formula of cause-effect relationships, which ultimately made a decisive influence on modern positive law. Conclusions. The current lаw, as well as the formation of the state, has undergone a significant historical path of its formation and development from the primitive custom to the established positive law of the state. At the same time, in the early states, the customary way of legal regulation prevailed, even under persistent and ever- strengthened attempts by public authorities to influence the legal life of the contemporary society and dominate it through the judicial and administrative apparatus. The very origins and principles of the current legislation can be found in the social regulation of the primitive society, which was carried out, first of all, with the help of customs, taboos, morals, etc. At the same time, the main principles of customary law as the first form of positive law were mythological and religious principles, which also evolved and were supplemented in the process of further development of its forms. The origins of the current legislation, which reflect the historical beginning of its phased formation and development, are different in certain time and social terms. As for the current lаw, it arose in the conditions of gradual and long-term formation of socially heterogeneous society, as well as development, first of all, socio-economic relations. At the same time, the historical conditions of the emergence of the officially established modern positive law, that is, the law of law, are formed, including, and through the prism of social interests, layers close to the state apparatus. These circumstances made it possible to make such managerial decisions that would better protect their property rights and opportunities through the prism of the formation of positive law, which has a universal character for the whole society. Key words: society, state, positive law, absolute law

Exclusion from taxation of civil law transactions concerning real estate in the sphere of science and higher education

The problem addressed is important both for fiscal reasons and in the context of the implementation of the assumptions of the higher education reform in Poland. The main objective is to verify the tax regulation based on several criteria. The analysis covers issues related to the consistency of tax law provisions and the system of higher education. The assessment of tax solutions is also performed in the light of the principles of correct legislation. The research conducted allows to draw conclusions indicating significant shortcomings of this structure, which significantly blur its substantive content and possible practical overtones. In consequence, it may lead to numerous disputes with tax authorities. The authors subjected to verification the research hypothesis that the legislature was not consistent in building the entire construction of the tax exemption, which affected the quality of regulations with their interrelationships. The article uses mainly the method of dogmatic-legal analysis and systemic analysis - crowned with a synthesis, which allowed to systematise conclusions de lege lata and de lege ferenda.

한·독 입법지원제도 비교 연구

Although there are differences according to the characteristics of each country or the constitution of each country, the principle of parliamentary legislation is the most important element in most constitutionalist countries' constitutions. And legislative power is an essential and inherent power of Parliament. Nevertheless, the diversification, specialization, and diversity of legislative forms in modern society are weakening the position of the National Assembly as a legislative body. In other words, the legislative expertise of the current National Assembly has reached its limit. In the case of local councils, such a realistic problem can be said to be more serious. In this reality, we analyze and compare the legislative support systems of Korea and Germany to obtain implications. Analyzing the legislative support system of the German Bundestag and the House of Representatives and the Hessischer Landtag in comparison with the Korean National Assembly and the Gyeonggi Provincial Assembly, and comparatively examining the results, I think that it will make an academic contribution to enhancing the value of constitutionalism.…