Principles Of Interdependence Research Articles

Balancing Shareability and Positive Interdependence to Support Collaborative Problem-Solving on Interactive Tabletops

To support collaboration, researchers from different fields have proposed the design principles of shareability (engaging users in shared interactions around the same content) and positive interdependence (distributing roles and information to make users dependent on each other). While, on its own, each principle was shown to successfully support collaboration in different contexts, these principles are also partially conflicting, and their combination creates several design challenges. This paper describes how shareability and positive interdependency were jointly implemented in an interactive tabletop-mediated environment called Orbitia, with the aim of inducing collaboration between three adult participants. We present the design details and rationale behind the proposed application. Furthermore, we describe the results of an empirical evaluation focusing on joint problem-solving efficiency, collaboration styles, participation equity, and perceived collaboration effectiveness.

Digital currency: features of regulation in the Russian Federation

The subject of research, relevance. The development of digital technologies has an impact on almost all areas of society, including the financial sphere. This is the reason for a serious controversy to develop recently and to continue both at the international and national levels in terms of approaches to their legal regulation. This discussion affects both public law and private law. The emergence of such a phenomenon as digital currencies raises the question of their legalization for legislators of various states. The answer to such a question cannot be found without studying the legal consequences of making such a decision for both individuals and the financial system of the state. The purpose. The article puts forward and substantiates a hypothesis that the choice of legal methods for regulating virtual assets is a matter of legal policy, and not just matter of research in the field of defining virtual assets as objects of law or type of property. As a result, when choosing methods of legal regulation of virtual (digital) assets, not only the impact of these legal entities on legal economic turnover (including such issues as the possibility of using excess generated electricity or taxation issues) should be assessed, but also the risk of stimulating illegal "economic" turnover (turnover of things and services in the Darknet, limited turnover of things, for example, drugs), as well as the impact on the financial system. The methodological basis. Various scientific methods of cognition were used to write the article, including system-structural, formal-logical, comparative-legal and dialectical. The research is based on the principles of interdependence and interconnectedness of social processes. The main results, scope of application. The article examines the main approaches to the regulation of digital currencies, studies the phenomenon of digital currency itself, assesses the circumstances that aroused massive interest and enthusiasm for cryptocurrencies. An analysis of current positive legal material is presented, in particular, the approach to the regulation of digital currency contained in the Russian Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 259- FZ "On digital financial assets, digital currency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation". The main differences between digital currencies and such a legal phenomenon as digital rights (including utilitarian digital rights and digital financial assets) are noted. It is noted that in most Russian scientific works in the field of law devoted to digital currencies, attention is paid to the definition of digital currency as an object of civil rights, the foreign experience of attempts of legal regulation of cryptocurrency is considered, emphasis is placed on the positive aspects of the legalization of cryptocurrency for individuals, the risks of legalization of cryptocurrency for individuals, as well as the tasks of regulators in the digital economy are investigated. In addition, some scientific works are devoted to issues related to the digitalization of the economy and digital security. However, little attention is paid to the consequences of the legalization of digital currencies for the monetary system of the state and the potential risks for the stability of monetary systems. Conclusions. Interest in digital currencies may decrease in following situations. Firstly, if the services provided by payment systems are more efficient, reliable, affordable and cheap for the consumer. Secondly, during the implementation of the central bank digital currency project (in Russian case - the digital ruble), since digital currencies issued by central banks have the advantages of private digital currencies, but are devoid of their disadvantages.

Влияние культурных и образовательных традиций на практики формирования критического мышления

We consider the cultural and philosophical aspects of critical thinking and scientific approaches to them in the classical and postclassical philosophy of education. We characterize the specific features of thinking and requirements for it within the framework of the traditional and new models of educational values. We note that in the culturological value context an important place is occupied not by individual models as an intrinsic value, but by the presence of continuity, the implementation of the principles of complementarity and interdependence of “traditional” and “modern”. We analyze the concepts of “culture of thinking” and “culture of education”. We pro-vide definitions and levels of critical thinking in their relation to universal human cultural values, taking into account the awareness of the multipolarity of world. We propose an approach to solv-ing problematic issues related to the formation of critical thinking, in accordance not only with his-torically established philosophical doctrines about thinking, but also with cultural and educational traditions. As an example of the traditions influence of culture of thinking on the critical thinking formation, such educational practice as “Philosophy for Children” is given. We substantiate the choice of programs and methods of philosophizing with children based on cultural reality and spi-ritual problems (intellectual, political, ethical, etc.), characteristic of a particular state. We con-clude that there is a close relationship between cultural and educational traditions and key aspects of the critical thinking formation.

Systemness Taps the Power of Interdependence in Healthcare.

While the term systemness has been used in the healthcare sector for decades, its definition varies from organization to organization. Still, the goals are consistent: to improve patient experience, lower costs, reduce risk, and provide insights into a wide range of care and management issues. Most health systems face similar challenges, such as margin enhancement, quality improvement, increased access, and fending off disruptive competition. Systemness is a way to address these challenges while improving the overall interdependence of the organization. Although embraced by and advantageous to healthcare organizations, systemness efforts often fail. The obstacles are surmountable when organizations thoroughly analyze the achievable scale of systemness, community resources, and current mindset regarding the good of the whole. Leaders must play a vital role in promoting systemness by providing education and a routine review of day-to-day organizational activities. Sometimes, systemness requires a change in leadership or an updating of leadership skills.Organizations must recognize and assess their culture as it relates to principles of independence versus interdependence, and refocus clinical standardization through best-practice protocols and policies as COVID-19 affects the already-fractured healthcare sector. Fortunately, current and developing artificial intelligence, wearables, at-home testing, and improved technologies promise to provide a needed break for a contracting physician field and fatigued front line, and they present an opportunity for those organizations poised to meet the systemness challenge.

Health Resilience Requires Rigorous Human Rights Assessment

Compliance with human rights is an important element of health resilience, generating popular legitimacy and trust, legality and legal certainty, and favourable effects for the economy. Crucially, it will save lives when societies will be confronted with new pandemics.Comprehensive, structured and evidence-based assessment of national responses to pandemics for their conformity with human rights is possible. It requires a rigorous methodology. We have developed a model for COVID-19 that can be verified and then adapted to future pandemics by defining those elements of the model that are constant and those that will need to be modified for a new epidemic.A piloting exercise in respect of 17 countries and their performance during the second half of 2020 allows for a set of comparative observations. Most importantly, the pilot study supports the conclusion that strong human rights performance in respect of any category of human rights entails and requires general compliance across all categories of human rights. This conclusion reflects the principle of interdependence and indivisibility of all human rights.A global study of the human rights compatibility of national strategies against COVID-19 in the course of 2021 should be conducted, with a clear objective to produce a generalizable model that can be adapted to future pandemics, through a modular structure that allows for adaptation to the biological and epidemiological specificities of each pathogen and pandemic. Such a model could become a self-assessment tool in addressing national strategies. Importantly, it would generate interaction between different epistemic communities such as epidemiologists, economists, sociologists and psychologists, lawyers and other experts on regulation, and human rights experts. Collaboration between national experts or functionaries in various fields would mainstream well-informed human rights considerations into national strategic decision-making on health emergencies. This would significantly improve health resilience.

Analysis on the Development of German Renewable Energy by Interdependency Theory

In the face of climate change, it is urgent to transform the energy system. Germany has played an important role in the development of renewable energy. Hence, it is necessary to figure out why Germany makes structural change in its energy sector in order to have a better understand on the current situation and the future development of renewable energy. Adopting the theory of interdependence, this paper analyzes the motivation of Germany’s energy transition. It demonstrates that Germany on the one hand endeavors to reduce its energy dependence on other countries and increase other countries’ dependence on it in the field of renewable energy, on the other hand. Thereby Germany would get more advantage in international negotiation and competition. This paper reveals the principle of interdependence in energy transition, which provides a new perspective to discuss the politics of climate change.

La promoción horizontal en educación básica: un derecho poliédrico y un tema pendiente en Nayarit

En el presente artículo se sostiene la hipótesis de que el derecho a la promoción horizontal docente para la asignación de horas adicionales en educación básica es un derecho poliédrico que debe ser entendido y aplicado con estrecha interdependencia a los derechos sociales de antigüedad y preferencia en materia laboral. Lo que, de acuerdo con los cánones del constitucionalismo del presente siglo, obliga a interpretarlo, accionarlo y aplicarlo por todas las autoridades educativas, atendiendo a los principios constitucionales de progresividad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y pro persona en atención a derechos adquiridos y en favor de la calidad educativa.

Взаимосвязь и взаимовлияние категорийного аппарата развития транспортных систем и экономического роста

Objective: To establish a connection between the development of the transport system and the economic growth category, with subsequent defining of the principles of interdependence and mutual influence. Methods: Complex methods of system analysis and economic and mathematical modeling methods have been used. Results: The scientific background has been analyzed as regards the development of transport systems and subsequent economic growth. Based on the corresponding principles of interdependence and mutual influence of the development of transport systems and the economic growth category, possible connections between the components compared have been modeled. Economic and mathematical models of economic growth are proposed, which characterize state investments in the transport industry with its subsequent development, and investments with subsequent economic growth of the country. Practical importance: The practical value of the study involves using its main results for assessing the effectiveness of development projects implemented in the transport industry. The proposed models can be used for critical analysis, diagnostics and subsequent assessment of transport systems functioning

Transgression of Concepts of Natural Knowledge in Social Process

Introduction. The problem of the search for the ways of understanding of the picture of the world and, as a consequence, the development of an approach to the social management is relevant for all times of the existence of mankind. A human is basically a biological phenomenon, therefore, the natural order should be regarded as the basis of the social order. Having in mind this formulation of the question, it becomes necessary to analyze modern concepts of natural science in understanding not only ontological vision of human society, but also developing new ways of its understanding. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological approach was based on the concepts of natural science including the theories of evolutionism, quantum mechanics and synergetics. Using the model transfer of these theories to the idea of social development, the author proposes the methodology based on the principle of interdependence of the theories analyzed in the article. Results. An analysis within the framework of the described theories has shown that according to the evolutionary model, progress is assumed to be taken for granted. Linear scenarios are useful only at the stage of forecasting and provoke a passivity of existence, which leads to deadlocks in development. In the synergetic model, society is represented as a complex open system characterized by opposite trends: destruction, manifesting itself as entropy, and creation, or negentropy. Progress depends on changes that help to survive. If the synergistic picture of the world appears in the form of an order that is formed from chaos, then in a quantum one – society is chaos in the originally existing order. Consequently, the presence of a goal-oriented vector compels a person to move towards the restoration of the system, in particular society, to its initial or even higher level of organization. Discussion and Conclusion. A progressive evolutionary model is manifested in the form of successful adaptation, synergetic combines the idea of evolutionism with the idea of multivariance of the historical process. The quantum approach continues the idea of multivariance, but unlike classical synergetics, it assumes a goal-oriented nature of development. In fact, these approaches do not express contradiction, but the disclosure of the multidimensional development of being, therefore, it is necessary to take into account their interdependence, which allows a more productive cognition of reality in order to manage it.

Legal obligation as the legal value

The article describes some aspects of understanding legal values and legal obligations in modern legal science.To achieve the goal of the study, the author envisaged the performing such tasks as: clarifying the understanding of legal valuesand legal obligations used by legal science; proving the possibility of recognizing a legal obligation as a legal value; formulation of theconcept of legal obligation as a legal value.The author traces the interrelation between legal values and the legal order, emphasizing that without legal values, the rule of lawis ineffective, in turn, – legal values outside the legal order have no practical content.Based on this, the author proposes his own definition of the concept of legal values as ideal legal entities and principles that determinea person’s perception of the importance of law, assessment of phenomena occurring in society through law, form a certain modelof legal person’s behavior and are designed to ensure legal order and discipline in society.Given this understanding of legal values, as well as the position of modern legal science on the essence of legal obligation, theauthor defines the concept of legal obligation as a legal value: this is a legal prescription which is formulated by the state as necessaryto ensure law and order model of individual behavior, established in order to maintain the proper functioning of society as a collectivewhole and to ensure the interests of all its members, and fulfilled on the basis of the perception of certain behavior as fair and sociallyappropriate. The author’s approach to the justification of a legal obligation as a legal value is proposed due to the following factors: theperson’s perception of the relevant behavior as necessary, fair, socially acceptable, which expresses a socially significant benchmark;the formulation by the state through the legal norm the socially significant behavior; realization through such behavior the human socialnature as a part of the collective whole; the implementation of the principle of interdependence and complementarity of the rights andobligations of the individual.

Theoretical aspects of a systematic approach to the implementation of state investment policy in agriculture

The article outlines the principles of a systematic approach to the implementation of political goals and constructs a scheme of structural and functional system of implementation of state investment policy in the agricultural sector. The effectiveness of the implementation of state investment policy for agricultural development depends on many factors, including the principles of its implementation, the reality of the outlined goals and mechanisms for achieving them. A systematic approach to solving this problem can have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is determined that the main task of the state investment policy of agricultural development is its purposeful impact on the set of factors characteristic of the agricultural sector, which directly or indirectly determine the quality of the agricultural investment market, efficiency of agricultural production, environmental friendliness of rural areas, social standards food security of the country, supply of raw materials to processing enterprises, etc. From the study we conclude that the state investment policy of agricultural development is a large, complex, dynamic, managing, purposeful system that sets clear goals for the agricultural sector and indicates ways to implement them. As a management system, it can be defined as a sphere of regulated actions that affects the development of investment processes in agriculture, directing them towards the accumulation of investment resources and encouraging participants in investment processes to invest in the development of the agricultural economy. The constructed scheme of the structural and functional system of implementation of the regional investment policy of agricultural development corresponds to the principle of interaction, hierarchy and the principle of interdependence of the system and the environment. It makes it possible to assess the amount of investment potential in the agricultural sector and the effectiveness of its implementation in the investment product. Structural and functional system of realization of goals of state investment policy of agricultural development and principles of realization of investment policy give the chance to activate investment processes and to carry out purposeful transformations of investment resource potentials into investment product — growth of economy of branch, quality of living standards of rural population. security of the country.

Developing a fail-safe culture in a cyber environment using MySQL replication technique

Purpose The dependence on the use of information systems for nearly every activity and functions in the internet is increasingly high. This form of interconnectedness has bolstered national economies, enhanced how governments interact with their citizens and how ordinary people connect with friends and family. However, this dependence has equally resulted to a high rise in vulnerability, threat and risk associated with more use of information and communication technology. Cyber-attacks that have the potential to disrupt or damage information system infrastructure are getting more complex with some level of sophistication. Traditional protection of information system infrastructure is no longer sufficient; systems have proven to be immune to failure or incidents. This paper aims to ensure that there is a continuous availability of services through a fail-safe proof. Design/methodology/approach MYSQL replication technique was used to develop a model based on three-tier layers using the principle of network interdependency and the replication techniques. Tier 1 depicts a Telecom organization serving as service provider that provides internet service to Tier 2 organization – a Bank; Tier 3 is the financial App that can be used by bank staff and customers. The fail-safe mode integrated mechanism enables Tier 3 to continue to render its services in the event of an attack on Tier 1 such as DDoS without disruption. Findings This technique succeeded in mitigating the loss of data if cyber incident occurred or reception of uninterrupted services is countered, which give rise to future master-to-master architecture. Research limitations/implications The study conducted is limited to the design and development of a fail-safe system for interdependent networks or systems using MYSQL replication technique. Originality/value In an interdependent environment such as the cyberspace, the sectors are interdependent for optimal results. The originality of the work ensures that there is availability of services which is sustained and that data integrity is assured using the fail-safe technique based on MySQL replication method.

ДЖЕРЕЛА СУВЕРЕНІТЕТУ ДЕРЖАВИ ТА ІДЕЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of external and internal sources of state sovereignty. It is found that sovereignty cannot be established without external sources, and the sovereignty of the state is to establish external relations with other states as political monads, i. e. coexisting political substances. At the same time, the sovereignty of the state is closely interconnected with the idea of national identity: the justification of sovereignty is the integration of all cultural groups of the country around the idea of national identity, which is the subject of protection of state sovereignty. The national idea acts as the main source of legitimation of the state’s sovereignty, and the national identity acts as a mechanism for combining the national idea and the state’s sovereignty. In today’s globalized society, national identity appears not as an opponent of internationalism, but as a prerequisite for building international relations in recognition of the sovereignty of states that have their own national idea. The global state appears not as a replacement for the nation-state, but only as a principle of interdependence and expression of the need for cooperation between modern nation-states. Global civil society creates a need for the principle of multilateralism in the interaction between modern states, i. e. the need for their constructive interaction based on mutual respect for the idea of national identity and its derivatives — national interests, national values and so on. The strategic provision of internal sources of state sovereignty, especially a clear link between national identity and the integrated national idea, makes possible and appropriate to turn to external sources of state sovereignty.

"Zelenanie sa" katolíckej sociálnej náuky: Humánna ekológia

In recent years, the term ecology has become a shibboleth within the Catholic Social Doctrine (CSD). In magisterial jargon, it describes a broader understanding of ecological issues, as well as a specific approach to environmental protection. In the paper, the meanings of this term from the perspectives of the last three popes (St. John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis) are elucidated. The CSD is committed to such an approach to the environment which is based on the principles of ecological interdependence between terrestrial nature and human societies. Moreover, the CSD strongly emphasizes not only the vertical relationship between nature and humans, or human communities amongst themselves but also the horizontal relationship of the individual towards her/his Creator, i.e. God. Such an anthropocentrism is then rather weak when compared to one that completely subordinates nature to the total autonomy of man.

АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Introduction. The article highlights the problems and prospects of globalization of international economic relations, identifies the importance of globalization for the sectors of the world economy structure, determines the impact of globalization on different groups of countries, examines the state and actual tasks of the globalization process of the international economy in conditions of innovation and integration, to positive and negative effects. One of the main problems of globalization is the potential global instability due to the national economies interdependence of the countries at the global level. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact form of economic globalization on the competitiveness factors modification; the globalization conditions justification of national and world economic relations. Results. The study of the problem and perspectives in the context of the globalization concept disclosure of the world economy made it possible to define this process as a transformational internationalization of the world economy into a global system of international scale on the principles of openness, universality and interdependence. The essential features that lead to the globalization development of the world economy are at the present stage: the formation of the world information space, scientific and technological progress; economic integration; a new system of labor international division; the implementation of universal liberal-democratic values. Conclusions. Given the uneven distribution of the globalization benefits, of course, the negative effects of globalization processes in a particular country will significantly depend of the place, that this country occupies in the world economy. In this regard, three groups of threats, dangers, and potential problems have been identified, that arise at the present stage of development of economic activity internationalization, depending on which countries they may reach. Keywords: globalization, integration, international economy, competition, world economy, economic development, national economy, socio-economic relations.

Політико-правове забезпечення збалансованого регіонального розвитку: український та світовий досвід

Збалансований регіональний розвиток є системним підходом до управління регіоном, що враховує його багатовимірність та багатоаспектність при одночасному визнанні здатності до самовідновлення та динамічної адаптації до змін, а не лише збереження регіону в певному «ідеальному» сталому стані. При цьому політико-правове забезпечення є базисом формування збалансованого регіонального розвитку.
 Метою статті є компаративний аналіз українського та світового досвіду політико-правового забезпечення збалансованого регіонального розвитку.
 Наукова новизна. У статті вперше проаналізовано нормативно-правове забезпечення збалансованого регіонального розвитку в Україні. Автор навів та порівняв основні аспекти збалансованого розвитку регіону, відображені в законодавстві України. Встановлено, що в країні склалася вкрай нераціональна система управління регіональним розвитком, яка потребує зміни свідомості та підходів до управління. Значна увага приділена нормативно-правовому забезпеченню реалізації концепції збалансованого регіонального розвитку в Євросоюзі. Також досліджено інструментарій досягнення збалансованого регіонального розвитку країнами Великої сімки.
 Висновки. Кожний регіон є унікальним зі своїми специфічними передумовами та пріоритетами розвитку, тому в основу стратегії збалансованого розвитку мають бути покладені принципи регіональної індивідуальності, взаємозалежності і взаємозумовленості екологічної, соціальної та економічної сфер на територіальному рівні. Одночасно, національну та регіональні стратегії бажано розробляти з урахуванням світових стандартів. Проведене дослідження дозволило сформулювати основні детермінанти, що визначають сутність збалансованого регіонального розвитку, а саме: самодостатність, партнерство, відкритість, довготривалість, гнучкість і відповідальність.

Visualizing Inclusive Leadership: Using Arts-based Research to Develop an Aligned University Culture

Values of exclusive leadership characterize the administration of the neoliberal university, but are incongruous with values of inclusive leadership often enacted in the work of teaching, learning, and research. This article explores how an action research project to advance inclusive leadership at Royal Roads University adapted a visual data elicitation method and used metaphor analysis to reveal opportunities to align espoused, communicated, and enacted values. Images evoke metaphors (Mumby & Spitzack, 1983; Vakkayil, 2008) that enable researchers engaged in their own organizational development to elicit creative possibilities that are “covered up by the familiarity of everyday experience” (Koch & Deetz, 1981, p. 13). By eliciting desired qualities associated with inclusive leadership (Rayner, 2009), we have been able to make visible and model inclusive messages, structures, behaviours, strategies, and actions as the building blocks of a culture built on the value of inclusivity and collaboration, and the principles of diversity and interdependence. One key insight of the research is that arts-based action research effectively equips academic and administrative leaders to transcend deficit-based problem solving and the reductionism associated with neoliberal university management and to approach organizational development with the creative energy that arts-based research inspires.

Human rights\u2019 interdependence and indivisibility: a glance over the human rights to water and sanitation

BackgroundIn 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drawn up. The content of this document was further reflected two treaties, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. To try to maintain the interrelationship between the rights contained in each document, the idea that all rights are interdependent and indivisible was stressed. Based on this vision, this study aimed to explore the extent to which the violation of the human rights to water and sanitation interferes with the guarantee of other rights, addressing the principles of interdependence and indivisibility.MethodsFor that, 24 homeless, in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were interviewed. Individual and group interviews were carried out in addition to participant observation. The content analysis was used in order to analyze the data collected.ResultsThe research found that violation of the rights to water and sanitation promotes violation of other rights, such as health and education rights, strengthening the view of rights’ interdependence and indivisibility.ConclusionIt is important to affirm that the protection of human rights must be consolidated at an operational and normative level, aligned to concepts of indivisibility and interdependence as it has been proposed for approximately seven decades.

Musical environment and musical life

Relevance of the study concerns the frequent usage of the notions “musical environment” and “musical life” as synonyms. There isn’t also a common opinion in contemporary musicology about hierarchy, interrelationship and correlation of these phenomena: some of them think that “musical life” is the broadest notion by its meaning, other prefer “musical environment”.Main objective of the study is to find out correlation between “musical life” and “musical environment”, how they are formed and influence each other, by means of understanding the essence of the notions “musical environment” and “musical life”.Methodological basis of the study is system-structural approach. Also the following methods are used: analysis of scientific literature which helps to make a close study of the object of investigation using different fields of scientific knowledge; systematization and generalization used in order to find out connections and determination of studied phenomena; comparison – establishes likeness and difference between interpreting phenomena; logical – directed to realization of the studied material as a system with all the complicacy and diversity of structural-functional connections and dependences forming it.The study clarified that the term «environment» had two main meanings: they are existence conditions whereby musical environment is a condition for music to exist, and surrounding which determines musical environment as sound surrounding of individual. Musical environment, as any other environment, doesn’t exist without an object upon it influences and simultaneously it changes under the influence of the object activity. At the macro level musical environment includes the entire musical and sound atmosphere. At the micro level – it is a direct musical surrounding of a person wherever he is “here and now”. Musical environment is formed in conjunction with two basic factors: time factor which presupposes a certain historical period, and spatial factor connected with a country, region, established system of national values and traditions. Being generated in the context of musical activity musical environment includes all: varieties of music art; forms of music playing; existing music styles and genres; music compositions which are urgently used and which are in record formats, printed; and also authors of music product (composers), its “implementers” – performers, consumers (audience) and the whole set of institutions and organizations which promote keeping and spreading music product. The notion “musical environment” is versatile in the nomenclature of music art as it covers all the components of sound music space creation process and perception of this space. Due to a complex many-leveled structure organized according to the principle of correlation, interconnection and interdependency of the elements musical environment can be referred to systemic phenomena.Activity is found to be a distinctive feature of life. Musical life as activity consisting in creating artistic values is a way of art existence.Conclusions: On the basis of objective laws of universal character the following fact can be established: musical life is conditioned by the existence of musical environment as a set of conditions ensuring musical activity. Change of these conditions invariably leads to changes in the processes of creativity. At the same time, life is an open system permanently correlating and interacting with environment. That is why environment influences musical life as well as musical life affects forming of musical environment.

An Analysis of the Major Theories of Federalism

This article discusses federalism and deferent theories related to it. Federalism as a theory, as a concept and as an organizational structure refers to the distribution of powers between the two levels of the government. It stands for unity, cooperation, and interdependence between the central government and the component units. Being dynamic in nature, it adopts changes according to the prevailing conditions of the country. An attempt has been made to elucidate federalism from two broad perspectives of the classical approach and Modern approach. The classical approach restricts federalism to cooperation and independence with quasi federalism, coupled with the element of encroachment from the federal government. This approach is merely based upon the doctrine of legal formalism or formalism fallacy. The modern approach focuses on two cardinal principles of cooperation and interdependence. The modern theory is a broad term and encompasses many forms of federalism within its ambit.