Principles Of Policy Research Articles

Legislative support for the public policy of national memory in Ukraine

The implementation of legislative support for public policy on national memory in Ukraine is realised through the enactment of legislative acts, including the Constitution of Ukraine and Ukrainian laws. The country's prevailing political situation and social moods have primarily shaped it. This article aims to examine the legislative framework of Ukraine (1991-2024) that facilitates the formation and implementation of public policy on national memory within the state. The study demonstrates that active legislation has occurred over the past ten years and continues to the present day. It is established that the legislative base in the sphere of national memory comprises conceptual, organisational, and regulatory acts, which delineate the scope of their functionality. Significant achievements have been made in the legislative support of public policy on national memory in Ukraine. It is evident that the issue of adopting a special law that would define the fundamental principles of national memory policy in Ukraine, ensuring comprehensive regulation of its formation and implementation, still needs to be solved. The completeness of memory policy regulation at all levels of the administrative system is defined, and problematic issues are identified. The necessity for enhancing the legislative framework supporting public policy on national memory in Ukraine is revealed.

A second life for mining waste as an amendment for soil remediation

Mining is a cornerstone of the productive system, particularly in sectors, such as renewable energy and electronic equipment production, where its significance is anticipated to grow in the coming years. Aligned with the principles of Nature-Based Solutions and Zero Waste policies, recycling mining waste as soil amendments could concurrently restore degraded areas and reduce the disposal of mining waste. In this context, we aimed to remediate a post-mining soil primarily impacted by heavy metal pollution using an alkaline waste generated in dunite exploitation, either in combination with compost or independently in field conditions. The objectives were to minimize heavy metal(loid)s mobility (As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Se), to improve soil health, and stimulate plant growth (phytoremediation, Lolium perenne L. was used). Results revealed that the combination of dunite and compost successfully reduced the concentrations of available Cu and Ni in the soil by more than four times, significantly enhanced soil properties, and promoted the harvest of a greater biomass. Additionally, Lolium perenne L. demonstrated phytostabilizing capacity for Cu and Ni in the soil treated with the amendments. In conclusion, the utilization of combined dunite-based and organic amendments proves to be a favorable strategy for restoring polluted post-mining soils.

A Study on NEP 2020: for Higher Education

The government produced a policy paper on July 29, 2020, and it covers every aspect of education, which is really amazing. The statement pledges to foster multilingualism and the power of language, transmit fundamental literacy and numeracy, and work towards India's transformation into a worldwide knowledge power.Govida (2020) According to Article 45 of Part IV of the Indian Constitution and Article 39 (f) of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), there is provision for state-funded and equitable and accessible education. The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1976 moved education from the State to the Concurrent List. The education policies by the Central government provide a broad direction and state governments are expected to follow it. But it is not mandatory, for instance Tamil Nadu does not follow the three-language formula prescribed by the first education policy in 1968. The 86th Amendment in 2002 made education an enforceable right under Article 21-A. Education is the only and most effective way to achieve social equality and fairness. Having an education system that values equality and inclusivity is not just important on its own, but it also leads to a society that is fair and inclusive. It is crucial that everyone has the opportunity to pursue their dreams, value their existence, and contribute to the well-being of the nation. The strength of the Indian education system lies in its ability to overcome the obstacles of a child's birth or background, allowing them to progress and grow. This principle reinforces this idea. The main goals of all educational efforts should be to ensure access to education, encourage participation, and reduce the impact of social class through innovative practices. Affordability, accessibility, quality, equity, and accountability are the main areas of concentration for the National Educational Policy 2020 in order to guarantee lifetime learning

Global Innovative Vision of WinWin Ukraine in the Education Sphere: Features of the Approval and Perspectives of Implementation

The article updates the issues of educational innovations, as well as the need for a global innovative vision in education to achieve the successful development of Ukraine. Considering the constant changes in the modern world and the need to adapt to them, Ukraine has prepared its global innovative vision in the field of education. The current state of innovations in education has been analyzed, weak points and problems that need to be solved have been identified; key areas of innovation are defined; and the use of modern innovative technologies in education is outlined. Considerable attention in the article is given to the Global Innovation Vision - a large-scale analytical document (almost 100 pages with details for each sector). Note that this document is an important factor in the transformation of Ukraine during the war and for post-war recovery. The key provisions of the Global Innovation Vision, the principles of state policy in the field of innovative activity are analyzed, since the implementation of innovations in higher, secondary, and primary education requires the development of specific strategies and the attraction of public and private investments in the education sector. Focused attention on supporting scientific research and innovation in the field of education and attracting international experience and partnership; to ensure the implementation of the Global Innovation Vision, the development of regulatory and legal acts on innovation activities has begun. Practical steps for the implementation of innovative activities are outlined. Three new initiatives launched by the European Commission aimed at strengthening scientific and innovative cooperation between the EU and Ukraine are considered.

Formation of Approaches to Determining the Social Effectiveness of Scientific Activity of Libraries

The problem of evaluating the effectiveness of scientific activity as applied to the humanitarian and library sphere is analyzed. Research conducted in libraries contributes to the development of libraries themselves, as well as to the study and disclosure of cultural heritage. The question of the effectiveness of the conducted research is of fundamental importance. An analysis of the evolution of approaches to the evaluation of effectiveness is presented. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the fundamental principle of scientific policy was the position “science is the direct productive force of society”, which focused on the implementation of the findings of research activities and the formation of ideas about the mandatory material form of the results. This attitude is not applicable in the social sciences and humanities. In the Soviet period, the task of practical connection of science with production for a long time established the position that any scientific result should be practically tangible and economically effective, and every research should end with a document containing certain conclusions and a list of measures, or with an act on the implementation of research results.Currently, to assess not only the performance of individual scientists and organizations, but also in the formation of public science policy, the use of scientometric methods — quantitative measurements of information characteristics of published results of scientific work — is widely used. However, the scientometric approach continues to be debated.In the last decade the theoretical problem of social effectiveness of science, which, unlike economic, is not direct and specific and difficult to measure, has been increasingly discussed. Research conducted in the field of scientific support of library development has been proven to have a pronounced impact on library work (e. g., in the form of developed concepts, strategies, programs, etc.). Research of historical and cultural character influences the formation of public and individual consciousness, value system and contributes to the solution of the most important strategic state tasks.Determining the social effectiveness of research activities of libraries is becoming increasingly important.

Пионерская литература 1920-х годов как воспитательная практика советской власти

The article analyzes the literature of the pioneer organization in order to display the basic principles of the state educational policy for children in the 1920s. The main types of pioneer literature of the 1920s are considered: organizational documentation, in particular, the Charter of the pioneer organization, periodicals, fiction, pioneer folklore (chants,songs, etc.). Thespecifics of the literary texts of the pioneer organization at the regional level are studied on the example of the Samara pioneer organization, and their main semantic components are also indicated.

STATE-CHURCH RELATIONS IN THE FIRST CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION

It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that in order to solve this problem, it is necessary to study the existing historical experience of Czechoslovakia. Regarding this, the confessional policy of the Czechoslovak state in the 20th century has a special value. Back in the interwar twentieth century (1918–1938), an attempt was made here to build such a model of the relationship between the state and religious organizations, which, on the one hand, provided for the secular nature of the state and the maximum limitation of the role of the church in public life, and on the other hand, the preservation of the main elements of the system of state -church relations that developed in Austria-Hungary. We can say that in a slightly modified form this model continued to exist in Czechoslovakia and in the second half of the 20th century. Even during the years of state atheism, the church here was not separated from the state. Thus, in the 20th century, Czechoslovakia accumulated rich experience in adapting traditional elements of the state church to new historical conditions. Based on the study of domestic and foreign sources, the article analyzes the legal regulation of state-church relations in the First Czechoslovak Republic. The study attempted to analyze the country’s relationship with the Vatican, which consisted primarily of the need to conclude a concordat agreement. The legal nature of Modus vivendi is analyzed. It was determined that the model of state-church relations in the first Czechoslovak Republic became an organic development of the model that existed in Austria-Hungary. It can be said that the process of equalizing the rights of all state-recognized denominations came to a certain logical conclusion in the first Czechoslovak Republic. At the same time, one of the fundamental principles of Austrian religious policy was preserved in the Czechoslovak Republic – the desire to limit the ties of local denominations with foreign administrative centers as much as possible.

Assessing the financial mechanism for achieving the Russian Federation national goals until 2030

Subject. This article discusses the principles of the budget policy of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the obligations of the federal budget to finance the implementation of national projects at the regional level. Methods. For the study, I used a comparative analysis. Results. Based on the analysis of organizational and financial mechanisms for achieving the national goals of the Russian Federation, the article shows that in practice, the effectiveness of the use of public funds is often assessed, but not the effectiveness of their provision. Conclusions. The assessment of the financial mechanism for achieving national goals should be guided by the ratio of Efficiency of Use of Budget Funds – Effectiveness of Project Completion.

The legal basis of social security for village officers and members of their families according to the legislation of Ukraine

The article examines the current state of the legislative system of Ukraine, which regulates the social protection of military personnel and their family members. The main principles of state policy in the field of social security of this category of persons were considered, and it was determined that the main directions of such policy are: a) establishment of a unified system of social and legal protection; b) guaranteeing favorable conditions in the economic, social, and political spheres to military personnel and members of their families; c) development of effective and accessible mechanisms for the realization of their rights to social protection by this category of persons. Social security of persons who defend the state is an extremely important direction of state policy, which is of primary importance not only during the war, but also after its end. Today, there is no more important task than protecting and ensuring the rights of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations that defend the territorial integrity and sovereignty of our state. It is noted that today in Ukraine there is a system of normative legal acts of various legal force that regulate issues of social and legal protection of military personnel, their constitutional rights and freedoms, and guarantees regarding their implementation. At the same time, despite the fact that the legislation in this field is constantly developing and improving, many problematic issues require an effective mechanism for their resolution. The types of social guarantees of servicemen and their family members and the peculiarities of their provision during the period of martial law in the country are considered. A conclusion was made about the irregularity of the norms that determine specific types of social protection of servicemen and their family members, as a significant number of normative legal acts do not always indicate the provision of integral and comprehensive social protection. And also, the absence of a single legislative act that would determine mutually agreed standards and principles of building the entire structure of social security for servicemen and their family members. There were opinions that the existing system of social protection needs radical reorganization and adaptation to modern conditions. In particular, it is necessary to create a clear system of guarantees of social (material) support of servicemen and their family members, to ensure their observance and implementation by the state. A decent level of social security acts as a stimulus for citizens to military service.

UKRAINE’S MONETARY POLICY UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The relevance of the research is due to the change in the monetary policy regime of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), which consists in the transition from inflation targeting with a floating exchange rate to a fixed exchange rate as the nominal anchor of monetary policy under martial law. Such a plan to change the monetary policy regime was carefully calculated and outlined in the NBU's Monetary Policy Guidelines for the Duration of Martial Law. The timeliness and effectiveness of the NBU's monetary policy decisions enabled it to mitigate the impact of the military shock on the macro-financial stability of the national economy. The purpose of the article is to consider the theoretical and practical aspects of the NBU's monetary policy under martial law. Methodology. The study uses a systematic method of cognition to determine the sequence of application of monetary policy instruments to smooth out monetary shocks of the wartime period; an abstract-logical method to understand the future monetary policy strategy based on the abandonment of the fixed exchange rate regime and a gradual return to inflation targeting; and a statistical method to analyse the dynamics of monetary indicators of the national economy. Results. The paper presents the main principles of the NBU's monetary policy under martial law. The first shock from the war led to changes in the conduct of monetary policy and a shift to unconventional instruments of its regulation. The gradual adaptation of the economy to the new conditions determined the NBU's further steps to ease monetary policy and move to greater exchange rate flexibility. Practical implications. The practical significance of the research results is to assess the conditions for the transition from the key policy rate-based inflation targeting regime as the main monetary policy instrument to the use of foreign exchange interventions as the main operation in the foreign exchange market under martial law. Value / Originality. The originality of the article is due to the need to identify the prerequisites for the transition to a new monetary policy strategy in a wartime economy. Conclusions. The NBU's timely response to the negative phenomena associated with deteriorating inflation expectations, multiple exchange rates and pressure on international reserves helped prevent the development of a currency and financial crisis in Ukraine. Despite the active hostilities, the NBU is trying to find options that will allow it to conduct an effective monetary policy in the face of a full-scale invasion and unprecedented internal and external shocks. Internationally, Ukraine has exceeded expectations and the NBU has shown a high degree of responsibility, professionalism and creativity in the conduct of monetary policy. Increased confidence in the central bank is a valuable resource in times of martial law.

Different interpretations of sufficiency in climate-protection strategies: a typology based on 40 pioneering municipalities in Germany

Sufficiency is a crucial strategy for achieving climate targets by reducing energy and resource consumption in absolute terms through changed practices. While most climate-protection concepts focus almost exclusively on the technological strategies of efficiency and consistency (e.g., renewable energies), sufficiency is being increasingly considered in public policy as a social-organizational strategy, especially at the municipal level. However, given the diverse facets of this theoretical concept, the interpretations of the character of sufficiency vary widely. Using examples from the 40 German Masterplan municipalities, our qualitative study examines these different interpretations of sufficiency in municipal climate-protection concepts. In this study we analyze the general meaning and relevance of sufficiency in the concepts mentioned, work out the central dimensions of sufficiency and use them to distinguish between the different concepts, and present a typology, which allows the basic distinction between four municipal sufficiency types: technophiles, privatizers, vision builders, and frameworkers. The results show that sufficiency is gaining importance for municipal climate protection and can contribute to alternative future visions. However, sufficiency remains mostly subordinated to technological solutions and is hardly woven into the specific sectoral strategies and concrete measures. Furthermore, the transformative trajectories are limited through depoliticized understandings of sufficiency in many cases. We therefore argue for a more political, cross-sectoral, and transformative interpretation of sufficiency as a guiding principle in public climate policy that links tangible framework conditions for sufficiency practices with visions for alternative futures.

Surrogacy and the significance of gestation: Implications for law and policy.

Gestational surrogacy is ethically complex, generating very different responses in law and policy worldwide. This paper argues that contemporary surrogacy law and policy, across many jurisdictions, fail to give sufficient attention to the significance of the relationship between the child and the gestational surrogate. This failure risks repeating the mistakes of historical, discreditedapproaches to adoption and donor-assisted conception. This paper argues that proper recognition of the significance of gestation must be an organising principle in surrogacy law and policy. The paper begins by pointing to examples of surrogacy law and practice where the role of the gestator is unacceptably minimised, most notably the framing of the surrogate as a mere 'carrier'.It goes on to examine the nature of gestation, including consideration of contemporary scholarship on the metaphysics of pregnancyand emerging work in epigenetics, and argues that current evidence supports the view that the gestational relationship must be taken more seriously than it currently is. The paper then draws analogies with parenthood in donor-assisted conception and adoption to argue that approaches to parental status in novel family formations that fail to promote transparency and seek to deny the truth of familial relationships are doomed to fail. The paper concludes by suggesting some implications for law and policy that flow from placing sufficient emphasis on the gestational role. The overarching thesis of this paper is that gestational surrogacy is ethically permissible when these fundamental requirements are adhered to, and that surrogacy law should proceed on this basis.

Institutionalizing foresight in science, technology, and innovation in sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractMotivationForesight is increasingly being institutionalized and used in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy processes around the world. Foresight is a toolbox to help decision‐makers generate intelligence about future scientific and technological advances and to frame long‐term STI policy goals and rationales. Foresight can be used to inform policy to steer research and innovation (R&I) towards attaining sustainable development goals. Yet, foresight is not institutionalized and used in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) at a time when many governments are formulating new STI policies and some of their science granting councils (SGCs) are setting R&I priorities.PurposeThis exploratory study is about challenges and opportunities of institutionalizing STI foresight in SSA. It identifies ways of institutionalizing and using STI foresight.Methods and approachA literature review, bibliometric analysis, interviews, an online survey, and focus group discussions were conducted to identify challenges to, and lessons for, institutionalizing STI foresight in SSA. The literature identified good practices for institutionalizing STI foresight in selected developed countries, to draw lessons for SSA.FindingsWhile academic research on STI foresight and related topics is increasing, there is very limited foresight practice in STI policy processes in SSA. This is mainly owing to low awareness of STI foresight, weak technical capacity, and generally a lack of foresight culture in STI policy‐making in the region.Policy implicationsBuilding capacity within governments and establishing a community of practice in STI foresight may help improve the quality and effectiveness of STI policy in SSA. It may enable institutions such as science granting councils (SGCs) to make informed funding decisions, targeting scarce resources at priority research and innovation. Overall, building STI foresight literacy and skills, as well as establishing designated offices for STI foresight, supported by the knowledge to select and adapt foresight tools, will result in improved STI policy‐making in SSA.

What Have we Learnt so Far About The Extended Producer Responsibility – Results of Bibliographic Review

Nowadays, the environmental impact of the manufacturing sector, particularly in terms of waste management, is receiving increased attention. In this context, extended producer responsibility (EPR) has become an essential environmental policy instrument for all European Union (EU) Member States. This policy principle has also garnered interest from other countries around the world, which recognize its importance. The EU has acknowledged the effectiveness of this instrument and seeks to enhance the sustainability and waste management practices within its manufacturing sector. The operational principles of EPR are regulated at the EU level collectively, while also allowing for individual definition by each Member State. It's important to note that these principles encompass measures primarily aimed at promoting waste prevention, reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery.The aim of this paper is to provide an in-depth insight into the operational principles of the EPR in the EU Member States, its application to different product groups and identify the existing challenges related to assessing the effectiveness of the EPR system via bibliographic review of scientific papers published in “Web of Science” indexed journals.

Szabálysértési "kontra" közigazgatási bírság

Aim: The legislator places the sanctioning of unlawful conduct in the various areas of law on the basis of principles of legal policy, expediency and effectiveness, but at its own discretion. The law on misdemeanours has traditionally covered conduct which is less dangerous to society and which does not rise to the level of a criminal offence. However, there are movements between the different areas of law. Some conduct is transferred from the area of misdemeanour law to administrative fines. It is not uncommon for certain offences to remain within the scope of the law on offences, while other offences in the same situation are transferred to administrative law. Can this phenomenon be linked to the system of sanctions in the two areas of law? What sanctions can be found in each area of law and how effective are they in sanctioning specific offences? The answers to these questions may provide a direction for the further development of the law of misdemeanours and may confirm the thesis already formulated in the literature that the gradually declining administrative protection function of the law of misdemeanours is being taken over by sectoral legislation and that the law of misdemeanours is increasingly becoming a shadow image of criminal law. Methodology: In order to answer the questions, the author compared and analysed the provisions of the Act on Administrative Offences and the Act on Sanctions for Administrative Offences, as well as the related literature. Findings: In order to understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to take into account the legal policy rationale and the questions of economy and efficiency. Value: The analysis has shown the similarities and differences between the various sanctions and has indicated which sanctions may be an adequate solution for specific behaviours. The findings of the study will be incorporated into the doctoral thesis on „The criminal power of public administration”.

Stosunki niderlandzko-rosyjskie w kontekście inwazji na Ukrainę

The Kingdom of the Netherlands is the only Western state, a member of the European Union, which has tense relations with Russia comparable to Polish-Russian ones after 2010. They have collapsed because of air disasters on the Russian controlled territories. Although the way they were played by politicians of both countries in a different manner, the final results were similar – close to zero. In the years 2011–2014, bilateral relations were going well, and their climax was reached during the winter Olympics in Sochi. The annexation of Crimea in 2014 worsened them. The Netherlands joined the sanctions announced against Russia. The collapse of the relations of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with Russia took place at the end of May 2018. It was the result of the shooting down of the Malaysia Airlines passenger aircraft (code: MH-17) over the Donetsk region on its route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur route. It caused the death of 298 people on the board. The international investigation team found Russia guilty of this barbarian act. As a result of the trial, the Dutch courts ruled the fault of three people and sentenced them to life imprisonment.Diplomatic relations of the Netherlands with Ukraine were established in 1992. Since the Russian invasion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the policy of supporting Ukrainians in the fight against the invader has been consistent. The Dutch government favors a hard approach to Russia. The Netherlands participates in the economic sanctions of the European Union towards this country. The Dutch government offers Ukraine significant humanitarian, military and financial assistance. In 2024 it will reach an amount of around 2 billion Euro. The resignation of the government of Prime Minister Mark Rutte in September 2023 will not change the principles of foreign policy of the state, regardless of the composition of a new cabinet, almost all parties still want to continue the support of Ukraine.

Policy Instrument Preferences and Optimization Strategies: Based Text Analysis of Provincial-Level Education Digitalization Policy from China

In the context of world education digitalization, the Chinese government has formulated China’s education digitalization strategy. The education digitalization policy tools of provincial governments are an important factor affecting the effectiveness of education digitalization policies. In this study, a text quantification and content analysis is conducted on educational digital policy documents released by eight provinces of China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in China. This is based on a two-dimensional analysis framework of “instruments-value” using instrument types and policy principles, and NVivo software. The research outcomes reveal the following: (1) The distribution of educational digital policy instrument types is uneven, with an excess of supply-side instruments and a noticeable shortage of demand-side instruments. (2) Different policy instruments exhibit varying degrees of preference in implementing policy principles. There is a stronger emphasis on technology application and balanced development, while the emphasis on service principles promoting diverse participation is relatively weaker. (3) The policy instruments that facilitate interaction between policymakers and educational entities require further strengthening. In light of these findings, local governments in China should strengthen the use of demand-side policy instruments to achieve comprehensiveness and sustainability in educational digitalization. Policymakers should pay more attention to the demands of educational entities to shift educational digitalization from being technology driven to being demand driven. Furthermore, policy instrument selection should adhere to the value of serving and supporting individuals and reinforce the concept of multi-participation in their development, ultimately improving the precision and coordination of policies, and achieving a harmonious integration of technological and value aspects of policy instruments.

Peculiarities of state-church relations in the First Czechoslovak Republic

It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that in order to solve this problem, it is necessary to study the existing historical experience of Czechoslovakia. Regarding this, the confessional policy of the Czechoslovak state in the 20th century has a special value. Back in the interwar twentieth century (1918–1938), an attempt was made here to build such a model of the relationship between the state and religious organizations, which, on the one hand, provided for the secular nature of the state and the maximum limitation of the role of the church in public life, and on the other hand, the preservation of the main elements of the system of state-church relations that developed in Austria-Hungary. We can say that in a slightly modified form this model continued to exist in Czechoslovakia and in the second half of the 20th century. Even during the years of state atheism, the church here was not separated from the state. Thus, in the 20th century, Czechoslovakia accumulated rich experience in adapting traditional elements of the state church to new historical conditions. Based on the study of domestic and foreign sources, the article analyzes the legal regulation of state-church relations in the First Czechoslovak Republic. The study attempted to analyze the country’s relationship with the Vatican, which consisted primarily of the need to conclude a concordat agreement. The legal nature of Modus vivendi is analyzed. It was determined that the model of state-church relations in the first Czechoslovak Republic became an organic development of the model that existed in Austria-Hungary. It can be said that the process of equalizing the rights of all state-recognized denominations came to a certain logical conclusion in the first Czechoslovak Republic. At the same time, one of the fundamental principles of Austrian religious policy was preserved in the Czechoslovak Republic — the desire to limit the ties of local denominations with foreign administrative centers as much as possible.

Reassessing Cohesion Policy Through the Lens of the New EU Industrial Policy

AbstractThe research note explores the role of cohesion policy in the emerging EU industrial agenda with the view to anchor it in the new industrial policy paradigm. The first part discusses the historical evolution of EU industrial policy and presents the main features of the conceptual perspective loosely referred to as ‘new industrial policy’. Then, the note investigates the main tensions between cohesion policy's rationales and instruments and the new industrial policy perspective, for instance in relation to the use of experimentation and directionality, and outlines pathways to address them through different lines of research. In conclusion, the note discusses positive avenues to tackle the identity crisis facing cohesion policy thanks to the new industrial policy perspective.

CONTINUITY IN POLITICAL AUTHORITY OF THE PRC: FEATURES OF THE FIRST GENERATION FOREIGN POLICY

The issue of succession to political power in the People's Republic of China is a frequently discussed topic in academic research. The fifth generation of Chinese power, the Xi Jinping administration, without opposing the political views of previous generations, continues its political course adhering to the basic foreign policy principles since the time of Mao Zedong. Therefore, the issue of continuity of China's foreign policy concepts is of particular interest. The main goal of the work is to consider the conceptual foundations of the foreign policy of the first generation of Chinese power and its evolution of development associated with changes in international relations of that time. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that foreign policy concepts formed during the time of Mao Zedong create optimal conditions for rationalizing the foreign policy of today's China. Objectives include assessing certain historical events in Chinese foreign policy and diplomacy and determining how they influenced the subsequent development of Chinese foreign policy. The research topic was considered based on the theory of political realism using methods of historical-comparative, structural, content analysis, and systematization methods. These methods helped to consider the problem and systematize the research results comprehensively. The results of the study provide an opportunity to deeply understand the issues of succession of Chinese political power and China's current foreign policy positions in a historical context. In addition, the results of the study can be widely used in research in the field of international relations, political science, Chinese studies, and history.