Principles Of Policy Research Articles

Democracy out-of-the-box: analysis of compliance with constitutional principles in tax policies that use Artificial Intelligence

The Democratic State of Law emerged with the objective of improving everyone’s life, restricting the power of tyrants, who, among other arbitrary acts, unfairly taxed the people. While taxes remain crucial for the State’s upkeep, modern rules prevent individuals from enduring excessive burdens. Although new technologies leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) hold the promise of enhancing lives, the extent of this improvement raises questions. This study delves into the relationship between individuals and the State, specifically exploring the use of AI in tax-related scenarios. Conducting a comprehensive three-stage investigation, the first stage involved surveying the reasons behind State-imposed limitations on taxation. The second stage identified criteria from computer literature addressing potential AI challenges and strategies for achieving explainability. Additionally, a discussion emphasized the importance of technological models aligning with principles that underpin our society. Then, to understand how actions have been carried out in Public Administration, a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) was carried out, analyzing works from the ACM Digital Library, SBC OpenLib (SOL) and the ENAP (National School of Public Administration)’s repository (a Gray Literature repository). On the ENAP website, works relating to the Creativity and Innovation Award from the Federal Revenue of Brazil were specifically consulted. In the end, 10 works that met the inclusion criteria were selected. It was concluded that none of them has an AI explainable model, considering the interpretability criteria of models (Rules and logic, Data visualization, and Model documentation). In light of this, it is recommended that studies addressing the use of AI in Public Administration incorporate a dedicated section discussing the explainability of models.

Policy calibration and policy acceptability: assumptions, evidence, and practical implications

Policy calibration is often described as a technical phase of policymaking after the most important aspects of the proposed policy have already been decided. In this article, we show that policy calibration also has an important political dimension because the acceptability of policies depends often more on concrete aspects of policies than on general policy views. We argue that understanding policy acceptability, i.e. attitudes to proposed policies, requires understanding the link between general and specific policy attitudes. The article starts with an illustrative example, showing how acceptability might change when policy becomes calibrated. It is followed by a summary of five theoretical approaches to the link between general and specific policy attitudes. These theories are confronted with empirical evidence. This article demonstrates that although attitudes to general principles of policy design are often hard to change simply by providing individuals with new information, it is easier to increase (or decrease) the acceptability of specific policies in that manner. This paradox might be explained by the relatively loose link between individuals’ attitudes to general policy principles and their attitudes to the specific use of policy tools.

Challenges in Selecting the Right Oxygen Delivery Devices in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Developing Countries

Abstract Oxygen is a life-saving drug but it may be dangerous if not used properly. Preterm babies are more susceptible to oxygen-induced free radical damage due to their organ immaturity. When supplementing oxygen in newborns, we must evaluate the equipment’s effectiveness, acceptability, tolerance, nasal injuries, and cost-effectiveness. The two most common time-trusted equipment used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are nasal prongs and oxygen hood. The developed countries are using servo-controlled devices and are continuously monitoring the FiO2 and oxygen levels by the analyzer, but it is impractical in developing countries due to the unavailability of the equipment and financial constraints. We are lacking such sophisticated equipment which can monitor all parameters and are servo mode, especially the oxygen hood. Both equipment has got own merits and demerits, and there are no clear-cut guidelines that which one is better. The proper guidelines regarding the use, indications, methods, and monitoring of oxygen therapy in newborn babies are not clear. Many of the staff working in NICU are the ignorant about the nature of complications and side effects and the need for follow-up. This article highlights the rationale of oxygen therapy and saturation policy, methods of weaning, comparison of the efficacy, merits, and demerits, and implications of oxygen delivery devices in the care of newborns in NICU mostly in developing countries.

Agendas of Reform: Continuity and Change in Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

This article used text mining processes to map continuity and change in policy principles of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) in Australia and reflect on the underlying agendas of reform. Specifically, this research aimed to: (1) examine the substantive content of the NDIS legislative, operational and reform documentation, (2) assess changes in objects, principles and issues over time, and (3) discuss the implications of these shifting logics and agendas. To achieve this, text mining approaches were applied to ten key NDIS documents from 2011 to 2019. The findings included a low prevalence of ‘rights’-based terminology, sustained attention to Scheme ‘costs’ but limited latterly attention to ‘sustainability’, and increasing prominence of interpersonal (e.g., ‘family’, ‘community’) and decision-making terminology (e.g., ‘decision’, ‘review’). How these shifts have influenced subsequent proposed reforms is explored and ongoing dilemmas about designing policy that ensures rights and entitlements, while balancing cost, sustainability and consistency are identified.

Opportunities for Collaboration Arising from AASHTO’s CAV Policy Principles

Opportunities for Collaboration Arising from AASHTO’s CAV Policy Principles

Additional Safety Measures for Movable Bridges, A Bridge Too Far? A Calculated Approach on Proportional Safety for Movable Bridges in the Netherlands

This article explores a proportional safety approach for movable bridges, aligning with the core principles of Dutch safety policies: the use of the Dutch norm for an individual risk (IR) of one fatality per hundred thousand people exposed (denoted as IR = 10-5) and a reasonable investment maximum of € 80.000, - per gained disability adjusted life year (DALY). Based on the actual history of accidents the individual risk for people using movable bridges is around 10-7 and thus easily meets the Dutch norm. Movable bridges in the Netherlands are thus more than ‘safe enough’ and do not require extra investments in safety measures. If the municipal and provincial authorities in charge of movable bridges do decide to invest in extra safety measures, a reasonable maximum budget is € 2.2 million a year for all 1.500 movable bridges. Here it is assumed that the newly implemented safety measures verifiably lead to preventing all casualties.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ ДЛЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ДЕТЕЙ В СТАЦИОНАРНЫХ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ

The article discusses the issues of organizing a digital educational environment for teaching children undergoing long-term treatment in inpatient medical institutions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The necessary conditions for providing a digital educational environment according to the principle of state policy and legal regulation in relation to the inadmissibility of discrimination in education for health reasons are given. The research is based on the creation of a digital educational environment in medical inpatient institutions that promotes effective information and communication interaction of educational subjects for the implementation of a high-quality and full-fledged learning process for long-term ill children. As part of the implementation of the education of children who are on long-term inpatient treatment, a characteristic feature of which is the availability of a material and technical base to provide the network and the Internet, a variety of platforms with methodological support. The article explains that the digital educational environment has become a tool that will facilitate and make safer and more comfortable transitions from one form of education to another for children in difficult life situations, as well as help parents and teachers in their work, making it more effective.

SYSTEM OF STATE REGULATION OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF MANAGING STAFF OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

The article addresses the topical issue of public administration of professional training for higher medical education management personnel in Ukraine. It explores the current state and development prospects of the training system for managers of higher medical education institutions, and identifies priority areas for its improvement. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to provide the Ukrainian healthcare system with highly qualified managers capable of effectively managing higher medical education institutions in the context of dynamic changes and integration into the European and world educational and scientific space. The article defines the main approaches and mechanisms for implementing state policy in the field of healthcare and higher medical education. It identifies the directions for improving the organizational, legal, and economic mechanisms of state regulation of professional training for management personnel of higher medical institutions in Ukraine in terms of clarifying the content of the key research concepts "management personnel of higher medical education institutions" and "state administration of professional training for management personnel of higher medical education institutions". It is determined that the reforming and development of the healthcare and higher medical education sector of Ukraine in the context of integration into the European and world educational and scientific space requires the preparation of a new generation of managers - healthcare managers. It is determined that this category of managers includes vice-rectors and heads of relevant scientific, educational-methodological and educational commissions, deans and vice-deans of faculties, heads of departments and other structural units. The formation of a comprehensive mechanism of state administration of professional training for management personnel of higher medical education institutions should be carried out on the basis of such principles as scientific justification, legality, common interests and values, consistency, comprehensiveness, systematicity, subsidiarity, transparency, innovation, adequacy, efficiency, and responsibility. The article analyzes the features of the system of state administration of professional training for management personnel of higher medical education institutions in Ukraine and abroad. Based on a comparative analysis of management training systems in 6 developed countries of the world, it is proved that the system of professional training and advanced training of management personnel of higher medical education institutions should function in accordance with the current trends in the healthcare sector and the field of higher medical education, comply with the implementation of state policy principles, and be systematic. Statistical analysis of the dynamic changes in the indicators of provision with higher medical education institutions and medical institutions over the years of Ukraine's independence demonstrates the need for joint coordination and cooperation to coordinate the efficiency of the healthcare system. Thus, the article reveals the essence and features of state administration of professional training for management personnel of higher medical institutions, analyzes the regulatory framework governing this area, and identifies the main areas for improving the training system for managers of higher medical education institutions, namely: Updating the content and forms of training; Introduction of innovative teaching methods; Improvement of teachers' qualification; Strengthening the practical focus of training; Development of international cooperation.

CIVIC IDENTITY AND FAMILY MEMORY OF THE URBAN YOUTH IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC ZONE (ON SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN POMORIE)

The article represents data from sociological research held in 2021–2023 among the youth of the Arkhangelsk region (Pomorie), characterizing the state and characteristics of civic identity, its relationship to family history, which, in its turn, is treated as the basic level of historical memory. The specificity of the indicators is determined, among other, by the fact that they were obtained in the most ethnically homogeneous region of the Russia with the largest proportion of ethnic Russians in the population. Surveys of people, primarily aged 18–25 are, are presented in comparison with data from projects on similar topics implemented by leading sociological centers in Russia. Materials from Pomorie, i.e. in one of the bearing regions of the Russian Arctic zone, indicate that representatives of the post-Soviet generation in the Arkhangelsk agglomeration have a generally formed identity, based on the awareness of the legal connection with the state, as states by the novels in Russian Constitution from 2020 and the principles of current Russian nation-building policy. Another significant trend is changes in young people’s interpretation of ethnicity is performed in increasing importance of culture and language as its main criteria. Surveys also have confirmed the growing interest of young people to family history, with an average level of knowledge, as well as the presence of a personal, emotionally charged attitude towards the main events of Russian history. The presented results indicate the demand for new tools for stimulating, supporting and satisfying youth’s interest in history, which prospectively is an effective factor in the formation of a stable civic identity among a generation that in the next decade will form the majority in the political, economic, scientific and cultural elite of the Russian Federation.

Improving normative drafting techniques in the field of state regulatory policy in the context of enhancing the effectiveness of the legal regime stimulating economic activities

It is argued that the future model of legal regulation of economic relations using a complex of stimulating legal means is laid down precisely by the regulatory act. It is proven that the effectiveness of organizing and conducting regulatory activities determines the degree of effectiveness of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity. It has been established that despite the obvious purpose of both regulatory and legislative activities to achieve increased efficiency of legal regulation of certain groups of social relations, choosing a less economically costly method of legal influence is a particular feature of regulatory activities. Cases have been identified where the state, using various legal techniques, excludes from the scope of the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity” groups of social relations regulated by a system of legal norms, which is an integral element of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity. It is asserted that the legal techniques chosen by the state do not always correspond to the legal certainty, the “quality of the law”, which constitutes the essence of the rule of law principle, nullifying the purpose of legal regulation of social relations in a predictable manner. It has been established that the exclusion from the scope of the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity” of a significant range of social relations has created conditions for the preparation of most regulatory legal acts, including those defining the principles of implementation of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity, circumventing the requirements imposed on regulatory activities. The provision on the expediency of bringing the legal techniques for determining the scope of application of the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity” in line with the principles of normative drafting techniques embodied in the Law of Ukraine “On Legislative Activity” is substantiated. The provision regarding the inclusion in Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity” of the norm that exceptions from the scope of this Law are made only by amending this Law is substantiated.

Novels of legislative regulation of ethno-national policy in independent Ukraine

The article highlights certain issues of ethno-national policy implementation in independent Ukraine.
 The issue of ethno-national policy continued to be one of the most important in the state policy of each state.
 State ethno-national policy in Ukraine is a complex process that requires proper state-political and legal (legislative) regulation of inter-ethnic relations.
 The authors researched the works of scientists regarding the legal regulation of ethno-national policy in modern Ukraine, as well as national legislation in the field of ethno-national policy.
 The purpose of the study is to carry out an analysis of the legislative regulation of ethno-national policy in independent Ukraine, paying special attention to the period of 2021 - the first half of 2023.
 Despite the war in Ukraine, the legislative regulation of ethno-national policy in the state is being updated.
 Certain steps have been taken regarding the development of national legislation in the field of ethno- national policy in Ukraine, in particular through the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine during 2021-2022 of the laws of Ukraine: “On indigenous peoples of Ukraine” and “On national minorities (communities) in Ukraine”.
 The state should, at the legislative level, provide for the basic principles of ethno-national policy in Ukraine by adopting a comprehensive legislative act.
 The adopted specialized act on ethno-national policy should contribute to effective state ethno-national and ethno-cultural policy, consolidation of the Ukrainian nation in general and harmonious development of national minorities and indigenous peoples, and will become a guarantee of civil peace in Ukrainian society. Characterizing the development of the legislative regulation of ethno-nationalism in Ukraine, the need for its further improvement is traced, in particular, through the implementation of the best legislative policies on ethno-nationalism of foreign countries.
 Further investigations regarding the legislative regulation of ethno-national policy in Ukraine may refer to a comparative legal analysis of the adopted legislative acts regarding the specified research topic.

КОМПЛЕМЕНТАРНІСТЬ БІЗНЕСУ ТА ЗВО ЗАДЛЯ АДАПТАЦІЇ ВЕТЕРАНІВ ВІЙНИ У СУСПІЛЬСТВО ДОБРОБУТУ

The paper synthesizes scientific and methodological approaches to the complementarity of business and higher education institutions (HEIs). The purpose of the article is to investigate the components of business and higher education institution (HEI) complementarity regarding the adaptation of war veterans to the digital society on the principles of sustainable development. The objective of the article will be achieved through the implementation of a series of tasks. These include establishing the essence of sustainable society and its significance for social welfare, defining the essence of business and HEI complementarity, and the principles of image-building policies for HEIs and businesses. It presents the author's understanding of complementarity processes, which are based on the form of institutional interaction that achieves overall effectiveness of components through synergy. Complementarity is achieved by prioritizing societal interests over individual ones. The paper argues that complementarity should ensure social justice, the development of social and environmental programs, the provision of free education to vulnerable populations, and business accountability for social responsibility. It is substantiated that the number of war veterans in Ukraine is increasing annually. They require protection, face challenges in finding employment, and encounter societal misunderstanding. Therefore, the article addresses the important issue of war veterans' adaptation to society's welfare. The main elements of business and HEI complementarity are discussed. It is demonstrated that adherence to complementarity leads to the integration of the educational and business spheres with society, fostering harmonious interaction and symbiosis. It is noted that image-building is fundamental to achieving common goals and aligning community interests in a welfare society. The disclosure of the interaction between business and higher education institutions (HEIs) on the basis of complementarity is grounded on the perception of the interdependence between business and education in terms of war veterans' adaptation. Such a symbiosis characterizes the effectiveness of achieving tasks related to improving the adaptation of war veterans. Only a complementary approach fosters the harmonious functioning of business and HEIs, their ecological, economic, and social orientation. In other words, the complementarity of business and education reveals the integration of the educational and business spheres with society, their harmonious interaction, and symbiosis. This will contribute to the realization of sustainable development goals and shape a welfare society.

Sustainable low-income housing: Exploring housing and governance issues in the Gauteng City Region, South Africa

Amidst the global discourse on the provision of low-income housing, there has been a growth in studies to assess the governance issues related to the sustainability of housing delivery. Despite housing policy and legislative frameworks existing in developing countries, several governance issues have limited the sustainability of housing delivery mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to unpack housing delivery approaches through the lens of governance. Adopting an exploratory approach, this study seeks to understand strategic and operational approaches used by government institutions to promote collaborative strategies in the planning and delivery of housing projects. Empirical data is used to understand mechanisms, processes and systems involved in the planning and delivery of low-income housing projects, using the Gauteng City Region as an area of study. The findings reveal there is that there is a limited understanding of the concept of governance within public sector institutions. Additionally, the institutional arrangements of the three spheres of government (national, provincial and local) have an impact in the delivery processes of low-income housing projects. A shift is important in the understanding and application of governance principles in housing policy and programme implementation to realise the value of governance. This study concludes with implications for policy and academics highlighting the role of stakeholder participation, transparency, and accountability.

Government R&D Subsidies and Firms' Innovation Performance: Empirical Evidence Based on Listed Companies in the New Energy Industry

At present, China is actively changing the original energy consumption structure, reducing the use of traditional fossil energy and vigorously promoting the green development of new energy. To stimulate technological innovation and promote economic growth is the direction and principle of the current industrial policy, and to increase the investment of R&D funds and enhance the independent innovation ability is the way to accelerate the construction of China's core competitive strength, so it is necessary to scientifically assess the impact of government R&D subsidies on the innovation performance of enterprises. The government's investment of R&D funds also plays an important role in the new energy industry, which is characterized by technological innovation, government R&D funding also plays an important role in the new energy industry characterized by technological innovation. In this paper, we select the panel data of listed companies in the new energy industry from 2006 to 2020 as the research object to empirically analyze the relationship between government R&D subsidies and corporate innovation performance. Based on the results of benchmark regression in this paper, the overall results show that government R&D subsidies are conducive to the improvement of corporate innovation performance in the new energy industry. This study aims to explore the effect of government R&D subsidies on enterprise innovation performance and put forward feasible suggestions to understand the role of government subsidies in the process of enterprise R&D and innovation activities from a deeper perspective.

БЮДЖЕТНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ГОСУДАРСТВА: ПОНЯТИЕ, ФУНКЦИИ, ЦЕЛИ, ПРИНЦИПЫ

This article discusses the theoretical foundations of the state's budget policy. The concept of budget policy, its economic essence, and functions are presented. The goals and principles of the state's budget policy are also being considered.

Human rights-based approach to development in Tanzania: a myth or realisable prospect?

This article through a documentary review delves into the practical aspects impeding the realisation of a human rights-based approach to development in Tanzania and the prospects of realising the same. The article contends that Tanzania fails to convincingly implement a human rights-based approach to development due to the unenforceability of the provisions of the fundamental objectives and directive principles of state policy, limitations of the international human rights framework, the underperformance of its legal machinery, lack of awareness of human rights among development institutions, workers, and citizens, as well as a limited and incompetent international human rights framework to guarantee the realisation of a human rights-based approach to development. Against this backdrop, it is recommended that the Tanzanian state align its legislations with both the letter and spirit of human rights regimes, bolstering the capacity of the judiciary to discharge its adjudication function effectively and fostering awareness of human rights among development practitioners and citizens. We posit that ongoing legal system reforms, the expansion of legal studies opportunities, and the active participation of civil society in Tanzania hold the promise of advancing a human rights-based approach to development. Yet, we underscore the pivotal role of a resolute political will in ensuring the success of these endeavours and their effect on Tanzania's aspiration to achieve a developmental paradigm firmly rooted in human rights principles.

ჩინეთის საგარეო პოლიტიკის ევოლუციის ძირითადი ისტორიული ეტაპები

Formation and evolution of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China is examined. The historical stages of China’s foreign policy and the dynamics of its interaction with the leading international actors is analyzed. During the seventy years of the PRC’s existence, four main stages of foreign policy have been distinguished. In particular, the revolutionary diplomacy of Mao Zedong, the development-oriented diplomacy of Deng Xiaoping and his strategy of Maintaining Low Profile continued by his successors Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, and finally, Xi Jinping’s the Major Country Diplomacy. The international, domestic and historical context of each stage is presented, the analysis of the evolution of China's relations with the key international actors is provided, and the concepts and guiding principles of China's modern foreign policy is examined, as well as its main course, priorities and goals.

Human Rights as Social Service: Vernacular Rights Cultures and Overlapping Ethical Discourses at an Indian Child Rights NGO

ABSTRACT The state of India acknowledges the rights of children as a guiding national policy principle, but also outsources much rights implementation to private actors such as NGOs. This article asks what happens to the concept of ‘rights’ when their implementation is dependent on the voluntary sector. Based on ethnographic material from one NGO-dependent child rights programme, and with the conceptual framework of ‘vernacular rights cultures’, it finds that for ‘semi-governmental’ social workers, the concept of samāj sevā (social service or social work) was merged with the concept of rights to the extent that rights were conceived as things to be given and mediated by social workers, and not only claimed from the state. I argue that if we want human rights theory to reflect actual practice, we should undertake serious conceptional study of ethical discourses that mix with and influence the concept of rights on the ground.

Principles and norms of law in the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine

The article focuses attention on the fact that the principles and norms of law are one of the effective components of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the quality of legal norms as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. It has been established that due to the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the UN Charter, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - Krymchaks, Karaites, Crimean Tatars - are the people of Ukraine, its component; indigenous peoples of Ukraine have the right to carry out their cultural and social development; the right to education of children - representatives of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - is a guarantee of the realization of the right to cultural and social development of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine and the subjective rights of each child - a representative of the indigenous people of Ukraine; the right to self-determination belongs to the Ukrainian people, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine are its component, not a separate and isolated component, but a component that is inseparable from the people of Ukraine; every state of the world must respect the right of the Ukrainian people and its integral component - the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - to realize their economic, social and cultural development.
 The principles of the state's internal policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine are singled out: 1) the principle of state care; 2) the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of the state; 3) the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The analysis of the above­mentioned international act made it possible to establish the role of these principles in the formation (planning) and implementation of state policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine: the principle of state care and the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of implementation should be combined with the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples .
 The purpose of the state's activity - it consists in maximally ensuring respect, preservation and development of the identity of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. The toolkit used for this can also be identified based on the analysis of the Convention of the International Labor Organization on indigenous peoples and peoples leading a tribal way of life in independent countries: 1) correlation of the duties of the state and the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 2) stimulation of such an entity as the state by such an entity as the international community to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 3) the use of treaties by the international community to stimulate the establishment of partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine;
 4) application by the international community of forcing the state to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine in the event that the state violates the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine, or does not establish partnership forms of interaction.

From Openness to Inclusion: Toward a Democratic Approach to Migration Policy

Many theorists argue that justice in international migration requires states to maximize the openness of their borders, even when that can only be done by denying full political membership to some migrants. In contrast, this article contends that democratic ideals recommend inclusion as the guiding principle of migration policy, since full membership for all the state’s residents is the only way to preserve democratic self-rule, whereas the justice- and freedom-related goals associated with openness can be promoted via other means. I define full inclusion as involving not only formal rights, but also solidarity. Against accounts that define solidarity in terms of shared identity (i.e., a specific commonality), I argue that democratic solidarity requires intersubjective “identification” among members of the demos, oriented toward their shared future. This account suggests how migration policy might advance the practical goal of more open borders, along with other moral goals associated with calls for greater openness, without sacrificing important democratic ideals.