Principles Of Good Administration Research Articles

Artificial intelligence on public sector in Portugal: first legal approach

This introductory and exploratory study delves into the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in the public sector in Portugal. Our focus is on the role of public policies in promoting AI use in the public sector and the importance of Public Law in regulating its impact. We highlight specific provisions on regulating the public use of AI, the principle of good administration, and the transparency and justification of administrative activity carried out through AI systems. We also consider the (judicial) control of administrative activity supported by AI systems by the administrative jurisdiction, as well as the measure of the legal admissibility of AI systems' use by the public jurisdiction. Lastly, we analyze the particularities of State liability for damages caused by (public) AI systems, with a focus on the exercise of the administrative function.

Sound Governance dan Gerakan Antikorupsi

The current rampant practice of corruption with various modus operandi has caused the Government to make efforts to prevent and eradicate it by issuing Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes through the concept of sound governance. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The type of data used in this study is qualitative data, which is categorized into two types, namely primary data and secondary data. Sources of data obtained through library research techniques which refers to sources available both online and offline. The results of the study concluded that sound governance as a preventive instrument against acts of corruption, the concept of sound governance can be used as an indicator of testing an action by government officials. Efforts to prevent acts of maladministration must be carried out using sound governance principles in an effort to eradicate corruption by government administration. The abuse of authority is an act of maladministration caused by actions that are not based on the principle of good administration in the form of the principle of prohibition of acting arbitrarily, the principle of justice, the principle of legal certainty, the principle of trust, the principle of equality, the principle of proportionality, the principle of prudence caution and considerations. Based on the eight principles of sound governance, the government apparatus will perform the duties and functions of government by always paying attention to these principles to become an effort to eradicate corrupt.

The Use of Algorithms within Administrative Procedures: National Experiences compared through the Lens of European Law

This paper aims to analyze, from a comparative perspective, the main elements of the discipline on the use of algorithms within administrative procedures developed by the national lawmakers of France, Spain and Italy. Furthermore, the article intends to verify, on the basis of the principle of good administration, the existence of a minimum core of guarantees addressed to the citizen who is the recipient of an automated decision.

MISCELÁNEA: LA BUENA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE JUSTICIA EN LA JURISDICCIÓN INTERNACIONAL PENAL: EXCEPCIONES A LA APLICACIÓN ESTRICTA DE LA NORMATIVA PROCESAL EN MATERIA DE RECURSOS

International courts and tribunals refer to the principle of good administration of justice to justify certain decisions that do not find a legal basis expressly provided neither in their statutes nor in their rules of procedure or when they interpret the procedural rules in a flexible manner. In those cases, they exercise inherent powers necessary to ensure the fulfilment of their judicial function. This principle, whose content is imprecise, has two main purposes: to safeguard the proper administration of proceedings and to guarantee the justice of the decision. In this paper we study several manifestations of this principle in the application and interpretation of the procedural provisions of revision and additional evidence in appeal. We focus on the judicial practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. These precedents can be extremely useful when litigating in the International Criminal Court as well as in other international courts.

Connected but Still Excluded? Digital Exclusion beyond Internet Access

Digital government has digitized numerous public services, automated decision-making, and improved the openness of the public administration. Nevertheless, for senior citizens, undeserved communities, individuals with low literacy and limited digital skills, the shift to governmental portals, online payments, and smartphone applications are considerable obstacles in their daily interactions with public authorities. This chapter argues that digital inequality denies vulnerable citizens their rights twice: first, their ethnicity and socioeconomic status may be conducive to a ‘negative’ ranking or score (e.g., higher risk of welfare fraud); and second, they are also excluded because they do not have adequate access to technology, are not well informed, and do not have the time and skills required to interact with digital government. This chapter explores one of the paradoxes of the digital society: connected citizens in developed countries are also affected by the digital divide and are increasingly being excluded by the generalized digitalization of public services. Drawing on a review of interdisciplinary literature, this chapter contributes to the legal literature with an account of the underlying causes of digital exclusion and a discussion of its most relevant legal implications through the lenses of fundamental rights (e.g., due process, equal treatment) and the principles of good administration. This chapter reflects on potential solutions for more inclusive digital government policies.

Forms of fettering: application forms and the exercise of discretion in the welfare state

ABSTRACT Application forms are often the compulsory interface between citizens and their social rights. Applicants for support must navigate the questions, checklists and blank spaces in often long, detailed documents to assert their social entitlements. Given their ubiquity and the central role they play in the administration of the welfare state, it is perhaps surprising that they have been neglected in favour of a focus on other documentation, principally policy and guidance. This paper argues that the non-fettering ground of review – a principle whose jurisprudence is tied to the design and use of policy – also engages application forms. Through an analysis of 271 application forms used to administer the localised Discretionary Housing Payment scheme in England, three examples of their fettering potential are provided: the imposition of exhaustive criteria; requiring the applicant to self-classify or disclose irrelevant considerations; and constraining responses through tied evidential requirements. By arguing that the non-fettering ground should not limit itself to one kind of document (policy) when administrators are so reliant on another (application forms), the paper’s broader agenda is to argue that principles of good administration should apply to all documentation used to administer social entitlement.

Forms of Fettering: Application Forms and the Exercise of Discretion in the Welfare State

Application forms are often the compulsory interface between citizens and their social rights. Applicants for support must navigate the questions, checklists and blank spaces in often long, detailed documents to assert their social entitlements. Given their ubiquity and the central role they play in the administration of the welfare state, it is perhaps surprising that they have been neglected in favour of a focus on other documentation, principally policy and guidance. This paper argues that the non-fettering ground of review – a principle whose jurisprudence is tied to the design and use of policy – also engages application forms. Through an analysis of 271 application forms used to administer the localised Discretionary Housing Payment scheme in England, three examples of their fettering potential are provided: the imposition of exhaustive criteria; requiring the applicant to self-classify or disclose irrelevant considerations; and constraining responses through tied evidential requirements. By arguing that the non-fettering ground should not limit itself to one kind of document (policy) when administrators are so reliant on another (application forms), the paper’s broader agenda is to argue that principles of good administration should apply to all documentation used to administer social entitlement.

ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛІКИ ЕСТОНІЇ "ПРО АДМІНІСТРАТИВНУ ПРОЦЕДУРУ": ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia which concern the cooperation of public administration with citizens and the protection of the citizens' rights. The comparison of the particular provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine is made. As a result of comparing the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, it is concluded that they are similar in terms of citizens' rights protection. In both Constitutions, citizens' rights are recognized and protected by the state, rights and freedoms may only be circumscribed in exceptional cases, citizens have the right to free access to the information held by public administration (access to which is not restricted). Special attention is given to Administrative Procedure Act of the Republic of Estonia, which was passed on 06 June 2001. The principles of the administrative procedure, enshrined in Administrative Procedure Act of the Republic of Estonia, are presented. They include the principle of human rights protection, the principle of legality, the principle of proportionality and separate group of principles – principles of good administration. The principles of good administration, which underlie the cooperation of public administration with citizens, are also highlighted. They include the right to be heard, the right to examine documents, the right to get explanations, the principle of accessibility and data protection, the right to representation, the principle of appeal. It is substantiated that the principles of administrative procedure, enshrined in Administrative Procedure Act of the Republic of Estonia, provide two important guarantees: 1) a guarantee for good and legal activity of public administration, 2) a guarantee for enforcement of person's rights and freedoms during issuing administrative acts or taking measures. The conclusion on the expediency for the systematization of the legislation on administrative procedure in a one normative legal act is made. On the basis of drawn conclusions, it is proposed to draft and adopt in Ukraine a unified normative legal act on administrative procedure (a law or a code), taking into consideration Estonia's experience in this matter.

Auditing Standards and the Accountability of the European Court of Auditors (ECA)

External auditors, both in the private and in the public sector, provide information to citizens and other stakeholders. The quality of this information – their auditing products – relies on ‘standards’. Audits are governed by accounting standards that largely concern ‘best practices’ designed by private accountants’ associations. This raises the question of how these standards fit into the regulatory framework in which an external public auditor operates, for example administrative law. So far, little research has been published on the role of standards setting out the principles underlying the European Court of Auditors’ (ECA) approach to audits and the procedures to be employed. By describing the structure of these standards and comparing them against the EU legal framework, we argue that the ECA, which is based on constitutional law and EU law, mainly follows the private-sector financial auditing standards. Private standards are designed outside EU law: How can auditing standards determined by the private sector be better aligned with administrative law to reflect the realities of public-sector compliance auditing in the framework of the ECA? For issues more exclusively covered by public-sector auditors, such as performance audits, public-sector auditors have developed standards and guidelines themselves. This paper aims to enhance our understanding of the institutional complementarity between global private regulation (i.e. accounting and auditing standards) and public regimes (such as general principles of good administration).

EUROPOS TARYBOS KURIAMA PRIDĖTINĖ VERTĖ ADMINISTRACINEI TEISEI: BENDRŲ EUROPINIŲ GERO ADMINISTRAVIMO NUOSTATŲ VYSTYMAS IR JŲ REIKŠMĖ EUROPOS TARYBOS VALSTYBIŲ NARIŲ NACIONALINEI TEISEI

Nepaisant to, kad Europos Taryba administracinės teisės plotmėje veikia ne vieną dešimtmetį, šios organizacijos išplėtotos bendros europinės gero administravimo nuostatos tebėra nepakankamai ištirtos. Šiuo straipsniu siekiama iš dalies užpildyti šią akademinę spragą bei įvertinti Europos Tarybos plėtojamų bendrų europinių administracinės teisės principų apimtį ir turinį, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant organizacijos skleidžiamam gero administravimo imperatyvui. Siekiant šio tikslo, straipsnyje apžvelgiami iš Europos Tarybos kylančios administracinės teisės šaltiniai ir būdai, leidžiantys šiai teisei prasiskverbti į organizacijos valstybių narių nacionalines teisės sistemas. Straipsnis baigiamas išvada, kad Europos Tarybos veikla administracinės teisės plotmėje prisideda prie jos valstybių narių nacionalinių teisinių sistemų glaudėjimo, tačiau tikslus šios organizacijos daromas poveikis turi būti įvertintas nuodugnesnių tyrimų.

Comprehension of the Principle of Good Administration in the Framework of EU Administrative Law

Comprehension of the Principle of Good Administration in the Framework of EU Administrative Law

The Role of the Hearing Officer for Ensuring Good Administration in EU Competition Proceedings

Over the past 12 years the European Ombudsman has found on several occasions instances of maladministration in competition proceedings on the part of the European Commission. These cases raise the question what the role of the Hearing Officer in competition proceedings actually is and whether ensuring good administration is part of its mission. Although the answer may seem simple, it is made complicated by the Guidance on procedures of the Hearing Officers (hereinafter ‘Guidance’), which explicitly states that the Hearing Officers “[are not] responsible for ensuring the respect of the principle of sound administration.” With regard to the foregoing, this paper will aim at clarifying to what extent the Hearing Officer is responsible for ensuring good administration in competition proceedings and which aspects of good administration it is obliged to safeguard. Therefore, the concept of good administration will be first briefly discussed and next the role of the Hearing Officer for ensuring the right and the principle of good administration will be examined in turn.

Transparência Administrativa e o Acesso à Informação

Este artigo aborda as diversas formas e amplitudes de aplicação do segredo de Estado ao longo da história, desde as suas origens na cultura política clássica, até o esvaecimento de sua intensidade, quando ganham força, então, o direito à informação e os princípios da boa administração, da publicidade, da transparência e da democracia. Nesse cenário, no Brasil, destaca-se o princípio constitucional da transparência, que transforma a noção de publicidade administrativa, deixando ela de ser apenas uma opção do administrador, para demandar um espaço público no qual o livre trânsito das ideias e das informações passa a ter potencialidade para influenciar os escopos e as estratégias de atuação do Estado, conferindo certeza a condutas estatais e segurança aos administrados. Na esteira desse princípio, surge a Lei de Acesso à Informação, com vistas a imprimir efetividade no acesso às informações administrativas, produzindo intensos efeitos práticos na relação jurídico-administrativa estabelecida entre a Administração Pública e os administrados e submetendo o poder ao controle do povo, apresentando uma identidade notória com a democracia. No entanto, alguns pontos deste diploma provocaram debates no tocante ao possível conflito entre direitos fundamentais individuais e coletivos, bem como entre os princípios constitucionais da transparência e da publicidade com os da intimidade e da privacidade, além da eventual colisão com as normas infraconstitucionais derivadas destes últimos, como o sigilo de dados financeiros, o sigilo bancário e o sigilo fiscal. Assim, pretende o presente estudo estabelecer a propriedade do alcance da Lei de Acesso à Informação diante da questão particular da divulgação da remuneração nominal dos agentes estatais.

EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS PAGRINDINIŲ TEISIŲ CHARTIJOJE ĮTVIRTINTA TEISĖ Į GERĄ ADMINISTRAVIMĄ

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos pagrindinių teisių chartijos 41 straipsnyje įtvirtintos teisės į gerą administravimą įtaka pažeistoms subjektinėms teisėms ginti Lietuvoje. Analizuojama teisės į gerą administravimą, kartu gero administravimo principo samprata tiek supranacionaliniu, tiek nacionaliniu lygmenimis, atskleidžiamas jų santykis, taip pat šios teisės (kartu ir gero administravimo principo) vaidmuo nacionaliniu lygmeniu ginant viešojo administravimo subjektų veiksmais ar neveikimu galimai pažeistas subjektines teises. Atlikto tyrimo pagrindu pateikiamos išvados, leidžiančios atsakyti į klausimą, kokią įtaką Europos Sąjungos pagrindinių teisių chartijos 41 straipsnyje įtvirtinta teisė į gerą administravimą turi viešojo administravimo subjektų veiksmais ar neveikimu pažeistų subjektinių teisių gynimui Lietuvoje.

Compliance y self-cleaning en la contratación pública

La contratación pública es una las fuentes principales de corrupción en el ámbito de las Administraciones Públicas. En los últimos años se han aprobado muchas medidas para luchar contra estas prácticas ilícitas. En el ámbito anglosajón se han ido desarrollando técnicas de carácter preventivo, como los denominados programas de “Compliance” previos a la contratación y los compromisos de self-cleaning o de autosaneamiento, con los que se trata de integrar en los comportamientos de las empresas licitadoras contratantes una cultura de respeto estricto a la ética y la legislación vigente.
 Estas técnicas, que ya se han introducido aparte de en el Reino Unido en otros países europeos como Alemania y Austria, han acabado incorporándose en parte al Derecho de la propia Unión Europea en el paquete de Directivas sobre contratación pública de 2014, especialmente en la número 24. En el párrafo 6 de su artículo 57 se da carta de naturaleza a la voluntad de rectificación de un licitador que se arrepiente de su conducta y promete firmemente, a través de pruebas fehacientes, que ha adoptado medidas adecuadas para ser considerado fiable por el poder adjudicador. Recientemente también se han introducido en Brasil por medio de la Ley provisora número 703 de 2015.
 Se trata de que las empresas por su propia iniciativa, de manera autorregulada, adopten normas y asuman compromisos de cumplimiento en relación con la normativa sobre contratación pública que permita frenar desde su origen posibles prácticas corruptas. Por otra parte, fomentar desde la Administración una cultura empresarial de cumplimiento de esta normativa encaja a la perfección con el principio de buena Administración.

Life Beyond Legality: Lessons from the EU and UK for an Australian Charter or Principle of Good Administration

This article asks whether a Charter of Good Administration (‘CGA’) is a good idea for Australia and gives some substance to proposals for a CGA which have languished in recent years. It discusses some of the issues that a CGA raises, given Australia’s existing administrative law and constitutional framework. In doing so, it observes developments in the EU of a charter ‘right to good administration’ and soft law Code of Good Administrative Behaviour administered by the European Ombudsman, and in the UK of a common law principle of good administration. It also addresses why the UK approach is unlikely to occur in Australia but suggests that recent case law on the scope of judicial review shows that a common law principle of good administration is not entirely closed to us. It argues, however, that the most likely solution is a document that contains matters of legal entitlement and aspirational norms, closest in nature to the UK Parliamentary and Health Services Ombudsman’s Principles of Good Administration.

Administrative Procedures and the Implementation of EU Law and Policies -- Contribution by the Research Network on EU Administrative Law (Reneual) Project on Administrative Procedure to the EU Commission's 'Assises De La Justice' Conference in Brussels -- 21-22 November 2013 to the Topic of EU Administrative Law

Well-designed rules of administrative procedure for implementation of EU law and policies will have beneficial effects both for effectiveness of implementation as well as for the realisation of general principles of EU law: A codification of EU administrative procedure law has the potential improve compliance with the rule of law and the principle of legality in the EU, to enhance legal certainty and further the principles of good administration, to simplify the diversity of procedures and make more transparent rights and obligations of individuals and administrations alike. This will not be without effect on increasing the legitimacy of exercise of public powers in the Union.In order to live up to this potential, EU administrative procedure law needs to overcome its fragmentation. So far, each sector-specific legislation, despite addressing common problems, differs with respect to the formulation of procedural provisions. One of the central challenges for regulating EU administrative procedures is finding solutions for the forms of intense procedural cooperation between national and European administrative actors through ‘composite procedures’ characterised by multi-jurisdictional input into decision-making. The multiplication of composite procedures across the policy fields of the EU, furthering de-central administration of a single legal space under the concept of subsidiarity, currently has the potential of diffusing responsibility and endangering the constitutionally guaranteed right to an effective remedy.The ReNEUAL draft model rules on administrative procedure have been developed and discussed together with lawyers from practice and academia and from all over Europe. They are designed to offer solutions of how to ensure modern, state of the art and tailor-made solutions to the challenges facing implementation of EU law and policies in today’s realities of integrated administration.

A “Win-Win-Win” Scenario – Reaping the Benefits of an EU Law on Administrative Procedure

A Law on Administrative Procedure (LAP) is an essential institutional feature of democratic and effective governments. It is a general law on executive law-making, setting out how laws and regulations should be made. The need for a LAP at EU-level is growing – to counter the EU's legitimacy deficit and to make the regulatory process more predictable and robust. At the same time, the EU regulatory “machine” faces new challenges and pressures, as it seeks to implement highly complex (risk management) regulation. Greater regulatory effectiveness depends on more transparency, evidence quality standards and participation. As such, an EU LAP appears to be the natural culmination of the EU Smart Regulation agenda. Since the European Parliament in 2013 called for the Commission to adopt a LAP-related legislative proposal, the debate has gained in visibility and political salience. This article makes the case for an EU LAP for the EU institutions, citizens and businesses – provided the Law enshrines the four key principles of good administration (transparency and consistency; public participation; public record; and accountability); it establishes clear and legally binding procedural standards; and it covers as a principle also rule-making and adjudication decisions by all EU institutions and bodies involved in the preparation, adoption, implementation and repeal of secondary legislation.

La buena administración como institución jurídica

El presente estudio supone una reflexión actual sobre el principio de “buena administración”. Se distingue del concepto de “buen gobierno”, que tiene un alto componente político, en la medida en que la “buena administración” se configura alrededor de un contenido jurídico, que debe ser rellenado (y así lo ha sido trabajosamente) por la jurisprudencia y las leyes. Se analizan las huellas que diferentes elementos asociados a la buena administración han ido dejando en la jurisprudencia española y comunitaria (eficiencia, eficacia, motivación, buena actuación contractual o de selección funcionarial, sometimiento al Derecho, etc.). También la correcta organización administrativa es parte no desdeñable del concepto, aunque el Derecho administrativo le ha prestado escasa atención (centrado como ha estado, desde su configuración inicial, en el estudio de las patologías, esto es, del control contencioso-administrativo). En el Tratado de Lisboa ha quedado consagrado en uno de los derechos de la Carta de Derechos fundamentales de la UE, de la que se sigue su acuñación como “derecho fundamental” en nuestro ordenamiento, con consecuencias importantes a todos los efectos. También se analiza su relación con la transparencia en la Ley 19/2013, de Transparencia administrativa. Aunque el principio de buena administración no debe tener un sesgo moralizante, al estar la Administración compuesta por funcionarios, es deseable que éstos tiendan a la virtud (Sto. Tomás de Aquino), lo que excede, paradójicamente, de lo puramente jurídico.

Life Beyond Legality: Lessons from the EU and UK for an Australian Charter or Principle of Good Administration

Life Beyond Legality: Lessons from the EU and UK for an Australian Charter or Principle of Good Administration