Principle Of Centralism Research Articles

Assessing the impact of center volume on the cost-effectiveness of centralizing ERCP

Background and AimsERCP is a complex endoscopic procedure in which the center's procedure volume influences outcomes. With the increasing healthcare expenses and limited resources, promoting cost-effective care becomes essential for healthcare provision. This study performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate the hypothesis that high-volume (HV) centers perform ERCP with higher quality at lower costs than low-volume (LV) centers. MethodsA baseline case compared the current distribution of ERCPs among HV and LV centers with a hypothetical scenario in which all ERCPs are performed at HV centers. A cost-effectiveness analysis was constructed, followed by one-way and two-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) using Monte Carlo simulations. ResultsIn the baseline case, the ICER was -141,017€/year, due to the hypothetical scenario's lower costs and slightly higher QALYs. The model was most sensitive to changes in the transportation costs (109.34%), probability of significant adverse events (AEs) after successful ERCP at LV centers (42.12%), utility after ERCP with significant AEs (30.10%), and probability of significant AEs after successful ERCP at HV centers (23.53%) but only transportation cost above 3,407€ changed the study outcome. The current ERCP distribution would only be cost-effective if LV centers achieved higher success (≥ 92.4% vs. 89.3%) with much lower significant AEs (≤ 0.5% vs 6.7%). The study's main findings remained unchanged while combining all model parameters in the PSA. ConclusionsOur findings show that HV centers have high-performance rates at lower costs, raising the need to consider the principle of centralization of ERCPs into HV centers to improve the quality of care.

Class imbalance mitigation: A select-then-extract learning framework for emotion-cause pair extraction

The class imbalance problem arises in the current end-to-end models for the emotion-cause pair extraction (ECPE) task, and a large number of negative clause pairs interfere model to depict the characteristics of emotion and cause. Most existing methods adopt a window-constrained strategy to limit the relative distance between candidate clauses to a smaller range to filter negative pairs. However, those methods ignore the semantic association between distant clauses, and using an artificial window size is imperfect due to the inherent ambiguity and delicacy of emotion. Inspired by the centrality principle of discourse, in this paper we propose a select-then-extract framework for the ECPE task, where the core clauses are first selected from the original document as candidate emotion and cause clauses, and then emotions, causes and emotion-cause pairs are jointly extracted from the candidate clauses. Specifically, our model includes two main components: core clause selector and emotion-cause pairs extractor. For the Core Clause Selector, we introduce the extractive document summarization (EDS) task and present a multi-granularity semantic awareness cooperative graph model (MGCOG) to extract core clauses from documents. Compared to the previous methods, the core clause selector is more effective for alleviating the category imbalance because the global causal cues and context can be captured by learning global keywords and inter-clause relationships, which determines more efficient candidate clauses. For Emotion-Cause Pairs Extractor, we put forward a multi-task learning model to jointly extract emotions, causes and emotion-cause pairs from the selected core clauses. Here, a multi-head attention is used to further model the relationship between candidate clauses, and a co-predictor is designed for assigning scores to all possible emotion-cause pairs. We further investigate the pipeline and the joint model under the select-then-extract framework, and show that the experimental results on benchmark datasets are consistently superior to the comparative baseline models. Extensive ablation experiments also verify the effectiveness of each component.

THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN YOUTH POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of the historical experience of foreign countries in the imple-mentation of youth policy in modern Russia. The youth policy of European states has many common features with the Russian youth policy de-spite its national characteristics. This is primarily due to the specifics of youth as an object of policy. At the same time, this direction of policy is mainly imple-mented in three main areas: solving urgent problems of youth in various spheres of society, supporting the youth movement and ensuring youth participation in society. Unlike Russia, youth policy in foreign coun-tries is based on the principles of centralization and decentralization. As a result, the authors come to conclusion that we should also actively use the European experience based on the principle of subsidiarity, when questions are sent to the central level, answers to which cannot be obtained locally. After analyzing the main differ-ences in the implementation of youth policy in the Russian Federation and the EU countries the authors note that, despite some similarities in the main aspects of youth policy in the Russian Federation and the EU countries, the differences remain significant and have an impact on understanding of the essence of the state youth policy.

MANAGEMENT OF ENTRY AND OUTCOMES OF GENERAL SUB-SECTIONS OF EMPLOYMENT AND LEGAL AT THE EDUCATION OFFICE OF SOUTH SULAWESI

This research was conducted with the intention of discovering how the management of incoming and outgoing letters is handled in the General, Personnel, and Legal Subdivisions of the Office of the Education Office of the Province of South Sulawesi. This is a qualitative study, with data obtained from direct observations and interviews about the management of incoming letters and letters. The descriptive research methodology was utilized for this study's research design. Field studies by observation (observation) and interviews were used to collect data for this study (interview). The study's findings revealed that the management of incoming and outgoing letters in the General, Personnel, and Legal Subdivisions at the South Sulawesi Province Education Office, based on the results of interviews and observations, employs a combined principle, namely the principles of centralization and decentralization. In terms of archive storage, inactive archives are managed by Archivists, whereas active archives are managed by their respective subsections.

Operational management of the bus fleet maintenance and repair system

Introduction. Recently, due to the increase in the number of vehicles, including public transport, there is a need to streamline the system of maintenance and repair, taking into account the mass of incoming applications for these operations. A decrease in productivity may occur due to an unclear distribution of work by performers, inconsistency of their actions in time and irrational use of technological equipment. The purpose of the research is to develop a system for organizing maintenance and repair of rolling stock based on the principles of centralization and cooperation with other production structures. To achieve this goal, statistical methods, methods of the theory of random processes and queuing theory are used. The concentration of production occurs either due to the growth of the share of large enterprises in the total volume of production of the region / industry (transportation of passengers of the metropolis) or due to the growth of the size of the manufacturing enterprises themselves. The process of concentration can be argued from the standpoint of the principles of synergetics.Materials and methods. The article discusses the operational management of the system of maintenance and repair of the bus fleet. The division of tasks of the technical service of a motor transport enterprise into four complexes is presented. Two ways of drawing up a schedule are analyzed: calendar and by actual mileage of cars. The analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options. The advantages and disadvantages of universal and specialized posts are analyzed, indicating ways to eliminate the identified shortcomings. The positive effect of centralization of management of the specified complexes of tasks for maintenance and repair of rolling stock is substantiated.Results. A scheme for servicing applications for routine repairs with decentralized and centralized systems for managing the production of routine repairs of rolling stock is proposed. The basic principles of functioning of a centralized production management system are described. A general structural scheme of centralized specialized production is proposed. The structural composition of the pre-production complex is presented, with a description of each unit included in its system: a complete set group, an intermediate warehouse, a transport section, a washing and defect section, a tool section. The tasks of the operational management department and the information processing and analysis department, which are part of the control center of a centralized specialized production, are outlined.Discussion and conclusions. The results of the study are intended for the enterprises of passenger transport. This study is an integral part of the development of a common system of centralization and cooperation of maintenance of rolling stock.

The Suitable Concept of the Relationship of Authority between the Center and the Regions for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia According to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which consists of many provinces, regencies, and cities, always strives to realize the goals of the state as contained in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The consequences of the form of an archipelagic state make its implementation through the application of the principles of centralization, decentralization, deconcentration, and co-administration. The application of the four principles is carried out simultaneously which is adjusted proportionally.

Criminalpol Sicilia and the mafia, 1966–1981

ABSTRACT This article reconstructs events relating to the Centro di coordinamento regionale di polizia criminale (Criminalpol Sicilia) in Palermo, from its establishment in the second half of the 1960s up to the beginning of the 1980s. Created in order to unify and coordinate mafia investigations at the regional level, Criminalpol Sicilia became, over time, one of the most significant ventures in the history of the battle against the mafia. First and foremost, this was because during the 1970s it managed to operate in total synergy with the most important investigative bodies engaged in fighting the mafia, including Palermo’s Squadra Mobile (Flying Squad). Secondly, it was because it proved capable of establishing productive collaborative relationships with similar bodies in other countries, successfully intercepting the elusive flows of the drugs trade. This was possible not least because of Criminalpol Sicilia’s relocation, at an early stage of its activity, within a larger body, Italy’s National Criminalpol, becoming one of its outlying extensions. For the first time in the history of the Italian Republic, the principles of centralization and specialization were applied; subsequently, these proved to be of decisive importance in the struggle against organized crime.

CORRELATIONAL MONITORING OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN THE CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Introduction. Modern pandemic threats, military-political tensions and conflicts, foreign economic risks, trade wars, financial imbalances encourage the EU countries to group and agglomerate financial potentials in the vertical and horizontal planes. There is a need to study the paradox of what role in this agglomeration is played by the mastery of using the principles of fiscal federalism, tested by a number of both unitary states and federal republics of the European continent. The purpose of the article is to monitor the main determinants of fiscal federalism in increasing the financial potential of the member states of the European Union. Method (methodology). In the course of the research, the following methods were used: dialectical, correlational, generalization, comparison, system analysis, observation, induction and deduction. The results. The article highlights the importance and place of fiscal federalism in the architecture of the financial policy of the European Union. Pragmatic aspects of financing public services in the member states of the European Union have been studied. This made it possible to identify active recipients in the field of attracting financial resources to ensure the priority needs of economic development. It is emphasized that the functional direction of general public spending in the European Union was aimed more at social protection and health care, and to a lesser extent at environmental protection and development of the housing and communal sphere. It has been established that most of the member states of the European Union combine the principles of centralization, federalism, and decentralization (in most cases) in their fiscal doctrine, but there are also clear systems of classical fiscal federalism (Germany, Switzerland). The European approach emphasizes that a secondary effect of globalization is excessive tax optimization, because the functioning of the integrated market makes tax evasion more attractive. An assessment of the influence of key parameters of fiscal federalism on the functioning of centralized and decentralized models of financial policy was carried out. This made it possible to identify the level of influence of the determinants of fiscal federalism on the relevant model through the prism of distinct factors. It is summarized that the use of determinants of fiscal federalism in the financial policy of the European Union is able to strengthen the budgetary and tax effects, which in the final (transformed) vector will lead to a strengthening of the economy and improvement of social standards both in the member states of the union and in individual municipal entities.

Стратегические корпоративные изменения в условиях развития цифровых двойников управления компаниями

The key postulates of company management, strategic changes in business activity management are considered. Regularities of business behavior, conditions of achievement of business efficiency and limitations of functioning, tasks of macro- and micro-management, principles of centralization and decentralization of management, methods of evaluation of effectiveness of strategy of changes, organizational mechanisms of corporate system action in conditions of innovative transformations are consistently deployed. The necessity of using a digital twin of the management system for solving planning tasks and compliance with proportions and ratios at different phases of the company’s development cycle is substantiated.

PEMBERKASAN ARSIP DINAMIS AKTIF DI SUBBAGIAN PERSURATAN DAN ARSIP AKTIF PADA ARSIP NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA (ANRI)

The development of science and information technology in the current era of globalization has a big influence in all fields, especially information. This becomes very essential for an organization, both governmental and non-governmental institutions because every organization in its activities requires information to support the administrative process and implementation of management functions. Various kinds of documents and media have been created for the convenience of storing, searching, and disseminating information. Archives as an important source of information can support the process of administrative and bureaucratic activities. Filing of active archives within the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia called ANRI uses a combined principle, namely the principle of centralization used in terms of establishing policies for active archive management systems, organizing, human resources, infrastructure, and facilities, as well as electronic archive management. The principle of decentralization is used in terms of structuring and physical storage of active archives located in the central file administration office of Echelon, Echelon II, and certain echelon III

Centralism and decentralization as a principle of organization and activity of executive authorities in Russia

This article explores centralism and decentralization as a principle for the organization and activities of executive bodies in the Russian Federation. In connection with the increasing role of Russia in foreign policy and within the country, the authors substantiate the need to implement the principle of centralism and decentralization as a condition for strengthening public administration. The article identifies the main problems and shortcomings in the implementation of this principle of the formation and functioning of executive authorities in modern conditions, as well as developed proposals for their resolution.

Principle of centralization of branches of the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation: evolution and current state

This article examines the current state of legal regulation of organization and activity of the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation from perspective of the principle of centralization of its branches defined in legal science. Analysis is conducted on the existing scientific viewpoints pertaining to the principle of centralization. Emphasizes is places on the polemical nature of the approaches towards this principle. The author draws parallel with the principle of uniformity of the branches of Prosecutor's Office, as well as turns to the most remarkable historical stages of its emergence and establishment. The article explores the impact of transformations that occurred as a result of the 2020 constitutional reform upon the current state of legal regulation of the principle of centralization. Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation that stem from the major constitutional reform of 2020, as well as subsequent amendments introduced into the corresponding Federal Law “On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation” significantly affected the legal consolidation of the principles of organization and activity of the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of peculiarities and characteristics of the principle of centralization of the branches of Prosecutor's Office, and their comparison with the wording of the current legislation, the author claims evident weakening of this principle. The author stresses the need to put every effort with regards to lawmaking activity on the regulatory and departmental levels aimed at preserving this principle. .

ЦЕННОСТНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЯ ВОЕННОГО ВУЗА

A number of requirements are imposed on the activities of teachers in military schools due to certain restrictions, official relations, which are based on the principles of centralization and unity of command. The purpose of the study is to determine the value foundations and value-semantic components of professional and pedagogical activity of a military university teacher. A theoretical study made it possible to establish reasons that affect the activities nature of a military university teacher. They are associated with a change in value orientations in society and the army. The rethinking of the traditional values of military service and officers is indicated. For the successful organization of professional and pedagogical activity of military university teachers, understanding of changes in norms, values, discourse and military professional and pedagogical activity is also required. The importance of the teacher’s personality, his unique professional and human qualities, as well as those values that he himself follows and broadcasts to cadets is emphasized. The results of axiological analysis show that the values of professional and pedagogical activity of teachers of a military university are a well-established system of attitudes, informed representations, which ensures the choice of strategies for professional behavior of teachers of a military university, its stability and continuity. This system is holistic in nature and acts as a cognitively functioning system that determines the relationship between the prevailing views on the problems of military education, the requirements of military service and the teacher professional and pedagogical activity. Under the conditions of irreversible axiological changes, the work of a teacher at a military university is becoming more and more complicated. Values are manifested in the style of teachers professional and pedagogical activity, the nature of the relationship built by teachers. The values of professional pedagogical activity are formed on the basis of ethical standards, moral and ethical guidelines, attitudes that exist in the professional pedagogical community of military university teachers.

Digitalization in management of fishery integration associations

The paper represents a method for the digitalization in management by creating a Unified Management Information System, which provides an opportunity to analyze the data and expedite the decisionmaking process, to fulfill strategic objectives, maintain and enhance competitive advantages of fishery integration associations. The study proposes a concept of UMIS structure adjusted for the activity peculiarities of integration association member companies, which facilitates greater efficiency of interactions and communication between them. The designed organizational structure, concentrated on the key activities of integration association and built on the principles of centralization, which allows for a creation of a single business model of member companies, serves as a basis for the UIMS implementation.

Integration of the supply system in design

The article discusses ways to obtain positive effects when integrating the supply system into the design during the implementation and completion of the investment-construction project. The use of the principles of centralization and decentralization with the distribution of the main functions of the parent and subsidiary construction organizations is proposed. The improving mechanism for the material and technical supply system is consolidated according to principles of planning, organization, and control. The stages of a supply system integration into the building design are proposed during the implementation of the investment- construction project. The proposed mechanism allows you to plan the work of the supply system during the construction period, reduce the time frame for the implementation of the investment-construction project and obtain savings in financial resources.

Problems and Peculiarities of Budgeting the Activities in Socially Oriented Non-profit Organizations

In the digital economy, the strengthening of the role of socially oriented non-profit organisations (NPOs) in addressing issues related to the harmonization of the social and economic aspects of society development, cannot be achieved without refocusing accounting on the solution of strategic tasks. An important tool of strategic planning and accounting in order to attract and monitor the use of earmarked funds — is budgeting, which had not been adequately reflected in the accounting activities of socially oriented NPOs. The organization of budgeting system in socially oriented non-profit organizations is based on the following characteristics: the problem of selection of calculation units; a high level of uncertainty of a profitable part of the budget, which is financed by revenues from basic and associate activities; the social orientation of the non-profit organizations, which defines the enhanced responsibility for performance and requires the clarification of the concept of operations results in itself. In the socially oriented NPO, the use of the result-oriented budgeting model, in which the expenditure of trust funds is administered in accordance with the principle of centralization on the one hand, and on the other hand, the objectives are achieved on the basis of the principles of decentralization, ensures planning, execution and monitoring of budget expenditures in direct connection with the specified, and achievable results. Under this model, the mobile annual budgets with a step equal to one month’s budgeting are used. Budget performance analysis aims to assess the quality of socially oriented non-profit organizations’ performance, which have a double-sided nature: on the one hand, the Organization’s efforts are evaluated, and on the other hand, the task force is evaluated. The effect of earmarked funds’ use becomes visible in subsequent reporting periods and is determined with regard to socially oriented NPOs within the society.

Charakter ustrojowy i organizacja Państwowej Inspekcji Farmaceutycznej

Państwowa Inspekcja Farmaceutyczna została powołana w celu realizacji zadań inspekcji specjalnej w zakresie nadzoru nad rynkiem farmaceutycznym. Posiada złożoną strukturę, opartą o zasady centralizacji i dekoncentracji, na którą składają się organ centralny – Główny Inspektor Farmaceutyczny, oraz organy terenowe – wojewodowie działający przy pomocy wojewódzkich inspektorów farmaceutycznych. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie charakteru ustrojowego organów wchodzących w skład ogólnie ujętej Państwowej Inspekcji Farmaceutycznej. Istotnym jest również ustalenie treści więzi organizacyjno-funkcjonalnej łączącej podmioty realizujące zadania Inspekcji Farmaceutycznej, ponieważ ustawodawca nie nazywa tejże więzi expressis verbis. Ponadto przedstawiona została organizacja wewnętrzna Państwowej Inspekcji Farmaceutycznej. Podsumowaniem artykułu jest wskazanie obszarów wymagających rozpoczęcia prac legislacyjnych tak, aby organy Państwowej Inspekcji Farmaceutycznej w sposób rzeczywisty i prawidłowy realizowały zadania publiczne, do których zostały powołane.

СИСТЕМА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ БУДІВЕЛЬНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

The author investigates the works of domestic scientists and practitioners, who are devoted to the study of the peculiarities of interpretation of the concept of of security of and of security of enterprises of the construction industry. The specifics of the construction of the security system of the enterprise, depending on the purpose of creation and functioning in accordance with the approaches to understanding the security of the enterprise. The basic approaches to interpretation of the category economic security system of the were studied, which allowed to establish the purpose and functions of such system, to separate the objects and subjects of the specified system. Basic principles of functioning of the system of security of the enterprise are systematized (principle of legality, principle of complexity, timeliness, principle of continuity, principle of centralization (controllability) of management, principle of specialization and professionalism, principle of conspiracy and publicity, principle of mandatory differentiation of measures, principle activity, the principle of feasibility, the principle of validity), which allowed to establish the peculiarities of the functioning of this system. The main factors that negatively affect the security of the construction industry enterprises have been identified and the place of threats among these negative factors has been identified. Separate internal and external threats to the security of enterprises, including the construction industry, identify the sources of their occurrence and the consequences of their impact. The author's interpretation of the concept of economic security of construction industry is offered, which differs from the existing concepts by establishing the interdependence between the functioning of the security system of the construction industry as a whole and of individual construction enterprises.

Prokuratura II Rzeczypospolitej w świetle obowiązującego ustawodawstwa

During the interwar years, the date of the 1 January 1929 constituted an important turning point for the public prosecutor’s office. Until that moment, namely between 1918 and 1928, the legislation of the prosecutor’s office was regulated by the separate legal acts of each of the previously partitioned areas of the country. This varied legal mosaic was composed of Polish and foreign regulations, older and newer regulations, and also they contained outdated as well as more modern solutions. On the other hand, uniform legal regulations were in force between 1929 and 1939. The majority of the aforementioned regulations were included in the ordinance of the President of the Polish Republic from 1929 called Law on the system of common courts . The regulations were further developed in various bylaws, especially in the rules pertaining to the functioning of the prosecutor’s office. Despite these significant differences connected with the sources of the law, the legislation of the prosecutor’s office during the entire interwar period was practically based on the same rules. The prosecutor’s office remained in close organizational connection with the courts’ structure. Furthermore, given prosecutor’s offices were functioning by their respective courts, even going as far as taking the courts’ names. The entire prosecutor’s office had one common Public Prosecutor General in the person of the Justice Minister. And the main rules connected with the functioning of the prosecutor’s office are: the principle of centralism, hierarchical subordination, uniformity, substitution, devolution and, finally, legalism.

Centralization of the Library System in Volgograd Region (1960-1970)

In the period of 1960-ies and 1970-ies the key direction of state policy in the area of development of library system of the country was libraries centralization. In the article on the basis of archival sources and publications was disclosed the process of centralization of the network of public mass libraries in Volgograd region during that period. Volgograd Region in 1967 became the place of experiment on centralization. Based on study of the archival documents it is given the description of experiment on centralization in the Kamyshin town. There are presented the main results. On the basis of analysis of the documentary material there was revealed that the process of centralization of the library system in Volgograd region was completed by 1980. There were analyzed and described the characteristic features of centralization process in Volgograd region. Centralization influenced the structure of the library network, organization of libraries activities and ensured their availability to practically entire population of the Volgograd region. Centralization of the library system resulted in considerable qualitative changes, presented in the article. There are analyzed positive and negative features of centralization. Despite the negative results, the centralization had undeniable advantages, thanks to which the libraries could have reached the new level of development. Identified and justified the need for centralization of library network. Largely centralization had success in the system of libraries of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. Unification of libraries of the Volgograd region on the principles of centralization has enabled improvement of libraries management. There is shown the importance of state policy in the process of centralization of libraries.