Principal Stages Research Articles

Stochastic modeling of Dalbulus maidis, vector of maize diseases

We developed a simple linear stochastic model for Dalbulus maidis dependent exclusively on temperature, whose parameters were determined from published field and laboratory studies performed at different temperatures. This model takes into account the principal stages and events of the life cycle of this pest, which is vector of maize diseases. We implemented the effect of distributed delays or Linear Chain Trick (LCT) considering a fixed number of sub-stages for egg and nymph stages of Dalbulus maidis in order to accurately represent what is observed in nature. A sensitivity analysis allows us to observe that the speed of the dynamics is sensitive to changes in the development rates, but not to the longevity of each stage or the fecundity, which almost exclusively affect insect abundance. We used our model to study its predictive and explanatory capacity considering a published experiment as a case study. Although the simulation results show a behavior qualitatively equivalent to that observed in the experimental results it is not possible to explain accurately the magnitude, nor the times in which the maximum abundances of second-generation nymphs and adults are reached. Therefore, we evaluated three possible scenarios for the insect that allow us to glimpse some of the advantages of having a computational model in order to find out what processes, taken into account in the model, may explain the differences observed between published experimental results and model results. The three proposed scenarios, based on variations in the parameterized rates of the model, can satisfactorily explain the experimental observations. We observed that in order to better simulate the experimental results it is not necessary to modify fecundity or mortality rates. However, it is necessary to accelerate the average development rates of our model by 20 to 40 %, compatible with extreme values of the rates close to the upper edges of the confidence bands of our parameterization rate curves, according to insects with faster development rates already reported in literature.

A Robust and Explainable Structure-Based Algorithm for Detecting the Organ Boundary From Ultrasound Multi-Datasets.

Detecting the organ boundary in an ultrasound image is challenging because of the poor contrast of ultrasound images and the existence of imaging artifacts. In this study, we developed a coarse-to-refinement architecture for multi-organ ultrasound segmentation. First, we integrated the principal curve-based projection stage into an improved neutrosophic mean shift-based algorithm to acquire the data sequence, for which we utilized a limited amount of prior seed point information as the approximate initialization. Second, a distribution-based evolution technique was designed to aid in the identification of a suitable learning network. Then, utilizing the data sequence as the input of the learning network, we achieved the optimal learning network after learning network training. Finally, a scaled exponential linear unit-based interpretable mathematical model of the organ boundary was expressed via the parameters of a fraction-based learning network. The experimental outcomes indicated that our algorithm 1) achieved more satisfactory segmentation outcomes than state-of-the-art algorithms, with a Dice score coefficient value of 96.68 ± 2.2%, a Jaccard index value of 95.65 ± 2.16%, and an accuracy of 96.54 ± 1.82% and 2) discovered missing or blurry areas.

Phenological variations in relation to climatic variables of moist temperate forest tree species of western Himalaya, India

Phenology, an important ecological attribute, deals with the development of vegetative and reproductive parts of trees called “phenophases”, which are important determinants of primary productivity and sensitive to climate change. The present study recorded various phenophases of major tree species (i.e., Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, and Myrica esculenta) as per the two-digit numerical system of Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. A total of 72 individual trees, twenty-four from each species, distributed between 1400 and 1980 m. a.s.l elevations were tagged and measured fortnightly for two consecutive years (2019–2021) in the moist temperate forest of Western Himalaya and compared with earlier existing records. Various phenophases were correlated with climatic factors along with duration and thermal time for each phenological growth stage. We found 24 growth stages for Q. leucotrichophora and M. esculenta and 28 for R. arboreum distributed across seven principal growth stages (e.g. bud development, 0; leaf development, 1; shoot development, 3; inflorescence development, 5; flower development, 6; fruit development, 7; and fruit maturation, 8) of trees as per BBCH scale. Maximum growing degree was 748.87 and 627.95 days recorded for R. arboreum and M. esculenta during leaf development, and 796.17 days for Q. leucotrichophora during fruit development. Flower emergence was observed pre, during, and post-emergence of new leaves for R. arboreum, M. esculenta, and Q. leucotrichophora, respectively, which varied at spatial scale with previous findings. Longevity of fruit development to ripening took 17, 4, and 2 months, respectively in Q. leucotrichophora, R. arboreum and M. esculenta. Duration of leaf initiation and flowering was positively correlated with climatic variables, whereas, the reverse was observed for fruiting in the studied tree species. The study concludes that the variations in phenophases of the three species were strongly influenced by climatic variations, especially minimum temperature. The result of the present study would be important in enabling us to formulate efficient forest management strategies by understanding the short-term adaptation of the climate-sensitive important tree species in the western Himalaya.

Phenological growth stages of sacred Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G. Don (Rudraksha) using the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie scale

AbstractA standard extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale is developed for an important tree species, that is, Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G. Don (Synonym: Elaeocarpus serratus L.) commonly known as Rudraksha. We propose a detailed description of phenological stages and climatic parameters delineating Rudraksha's major key physiological changes. Phenological factors will aid in developing measures for protecting this endangered ethnobotanical significant tree species. This manuscript proposes a monograph consisting of eight Principal Growth Stages out of 10 BBCH stages with different plant growth stages and their descriptors with specific codes. This study is the first of its kind for Rudraksha, and it will help researchers and biologists gain further insights into this sacred tree and related studies about the behaviour of this plant in changing climatic conditions.

Fuzzy clustering for the within-season estimation of cotton phenology.

Crop phenology is crucial information for crop yield estimation and agricultural management. Traditionally, phenology has been observed from the ground; however Earth observation, weather and soil data have been used to capture the physiological growth of crops. In this work, we propose a new approach for the within-season phenology estimation for cotton at the field level. For this, we exploit a variety of Earth observation vegetation indices (derived from Sentinel-2) and numerical simulations of atmospheric and soil parameters. Our method is unsupervised to address the ever-present problem of sparse and scarce ground truth data that makes most supervised alternatives impractical in real-world scenarios. We applied fuzzy c-means clustering to identify the principal phenological stages of cotton and then used the cluster membership weights to further predict the transitional phases between adjacent stages. In order to evaluate our models, we collected 1,285 crop growth ground observations in Orchomenos, Greece. We introduced a new collection protocol, assigning up to two phenology labels that represent the primary and secondary growth stage in the field and thus indicate when stages are transitioning. Our model was tested against a baseline model that allowed to isolate the random agreement and evaluate its true competence. The results showed that our model considerably outperforms the baseline one, which is promising considering the unsupervised nature of the approach. The limitations and the relevant future work are thoroughly discussed. The ground observations are formatted in an ready-to-use dataset and will be available at https://github.com/Agri-Hub/cotton-phenology-dataset upon publication.

Anomaly detection in internet of medical things with artificial intillegence

Internet of things (IoT) becomes the most popular term in the recent advances in Healthcare devices. The healthcare data in the IoT process and structure is very sensitive and critical in terms of healthy and technical considerations. Outlier detection approaches are considered as principal tool or stage of any IoT system and are mainly categorized in statistical and probabilistic, clustering and classification-based outlier detection. Recently, fuzzy logic (FL) system is used in ensemble and cascade systems with other ML-based tools to enhance outlier detection performance but its limitation involves the false detection of outliers. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy logic system that uses the anomaly score of each point using local outlier factor (LOF), connectivity-based outlier factor (COF) and generalized LOF to eliminate the confusion in classifying points as outliers or inliers. Regarding human activity recognition (HAR) dataset, the FL achieved a value of 98.2 %. Compared to the performance of LOF, COF, and GLOF individually, the accuracy increased slightly, but the increase in precision and recall indicates an increase in correctly classified data and that neither true nor abnormal data is classified wrongly. The results show the increase in precision and recall which indicates an increase in correctly classified data. Thus, it can be confirmed that fuzzy logic with input of scores achieved the desired goal in terms of mitigating cases of false detection of anomalous data. By comparing the proposed ensemble of fuzzy logic and different types of local density scores in this study, the outcomes of fuzzy logic presents a new way of elaborating or fusing the different tools of the same purpose to enhance detection performance

Hybrid Feature Extraction and Selection Techniques for Drugs Classifier System Based on Machine Learning

Nowadays, there are thousands of approved drugs that can be used for treating people who have medical problems. Therefore, drug warnings and precautions are denoted to recognize a discrete set of adverse effects and other implied protection uncertainties that are useful for patient control. Methods/analysis/findings: In this study, the intended framework is divided into two principal stages: data retrieval and data processing. Firstly, in the data collection stage, drug reports, drug interactions, malfunctions, number of deaths, and other factors had been obtained from various references, including RxNorm and Drug Bank using web service. Secondly, in the data processing phase, different data mining algorithms used to classify drugs into suitable drugs and non-suitable drugs. Application/improvements: According to the experimental results, we found that the decision tree has more accuracy (97.9%) than other state-of-art methods.

Nutrient Changes in Berries of “Anab-e-Shahi” and “Perllete” Varieties of Grapes with Advancing Phenology in the Growing Season

Understanding how nutrients accumulate and change throughout the developmental stages according to the BBCH scale can be a very effective technique for developing fertilization programmes for high-quality, marketable grape production. Accordingly, the macro- and micronutrient concentrations at different growth stages were analyzed for two commercial grape cultivars, viz., “Anab-e-Shahi” and “Perlette”, by using an extended BBCH scale. The results show nitrogen content was reduced during the sampling period (D1 to D6) from 1.76 percent to 1.09 percent. Potassium concentration in developing berries kept on increasing from 0.15%, at principal growth stage 7 with BBCH code 73 (D1), to 0.26% at principal growth stage 8 code 89 (D6). The lowest phosphorus content of 253.88 ppm and the highest of 338.43 ppm were found in growth stages D1 and D6, respectively. The berry Ca however showed an increase first and thereafter decreased to 225.18 ppm at harvest. Mg content also recorded a similar trend from stages D1 to D6 of the BBCH scale and decreased to 116.08 ppm at D6. B and Cu concentrations increased from D1 to D6, and Mn and Zn increased first and decreased thereafter until harvest. No specific trend was recorded in Fe concentration. The concentration of nutrients in berries at different developmental stages can be used as the standard reference for growing berries using proper fertilization.

Granite Pluton at the Panasqueira Tungsten Deposit, Portugal: Genetic Implications as Revealed from New Geochemical Data

Core samples recovered from exploration boreholes and granite/greisen outcrops at the Panasqueira world-class tungsten deposit in central Portugal were subjected to chemical analyses and petrographic studies. We present a geochemical dataset and the trace element compositions of quartz and micas from a large part of the unexposed Panasqueira granitic pluton. Our data suggest that the hidden granite body is more complicated than previously believed. It consists of a flat cupola of porphyritic granite with only traces of mineralization at Rio and a steep stock of greisenized leucogranite surrounded by a swarm of flat quartz–muscovite veins rich in wolframite between Barroca Grande and Panasqueira. The contents of W (Sn, Nb, Ta) in muscovite markedly drop at a transition from the unmineralized greisen body to quartz veins. The W deposit was formed in three principal stages: (1) intrusion of porphyritic two-mica granite accompanied with local near-contact greisenization and uncommon quartz–wolframite veinlets; (2) intrusion of a more strongly fractionated leucogranite and formation of the cupola and apophyses; (3) circulation of hydrothermal fluids from deeper parts of the granite body into the cupola, greisenization, hydraulic fracturing and opening of flat structures in and outside the cupola and formation of ore veins.

Auction Market Dynamics and Chili Supply Chain Performance in Yogyakarta

This study delves into the supply chain intricacies of chili in Yogyakarta, a major determinant in recent inflation trends. Utilizing a quantitative approach, data were garnered from 53 key stakeholders encompassing farmers, traders, and auction market managers. The chili supply chain was delineated into four principal stages: farmers, assembly points, auction markets, and traders, underpinning three core flows - product, monetary transactions, and information dissemination. Noteworthy findings highlight an exemplary performance of the chili supply chain, marked by high responsiveness, agility, and commendable asset management efficiency. Interestingly, an intertwined price dynamic was observed: the Yogyakarta auction market's chili prices mirror those of the Jakarta market, and vice versa. The implications of these insights can be pivotal for devising strategies to ensure price stability and bolstering food security, emphasizing the potential role of auction markets as integral mechanisms in stabilizing commodity prices.

Identification of Phenological Growth Stages of Four Morus Species Based on the Extended BBCH-Scale and Its Application in Fruit Development with Morphological Profiles and Color Characteristics

Mulberry (Morus L.; Moraceae; Rosales) is an economically important tree with a long history in China and valued for its rich nutrient, flavor content, medicinal value and useful ecological functions. Morus species are widely distributed in Asia, Europe, North and South America and Africa and exhibit obvious differences in morphological characteristics and phenological stages due to being distributed in diverse climate zones. The morphological description of the phenological stages of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) has been established in Mediterranean climates and this study extended the BBCH scale for application in different Morus species, especially for mulberry trees grown in subtropical monsoon climates. In this study, we used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie) scale to describe in detail the phenological growth stages for Morus species in Wuhan, China (a subtropical monsoon climate). Based on this general scale, eight principal stages, i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development stage, inflorescence emergence stage, flowering stage, fruit development stage, fruit maturation stage, senescence and beginning of dormancy stage, were described. We provide photographic images of some primary and secondary developmental stages to better define and standardize morphological characteristics and phenological descriptions of these mulberries (Morus spp.). In addition, because the color of mulberry fruit varies from white, purple, black, or pink to red at maturity, with mostly monosexual flowers, we have also presented detailed descriptions of morphological traits of flower sexuality and fruit color among these four species. In addition, two late phenological germplasms (late bud sprouting associated with late blooming and late fruit ripening) were screened out according to the BBCH scale. Overall, this study will contribute to advance the field of mulberry breeding and implementation of agronomic practices and facilitate convenient communication between mulberry cultivators and researchers in different areas.

Phenological Growth Stages According to the BBCH Scale Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.

Phenology is a key trait of plants of all species, as it determines their season and duration of growth and reproduction, as well as their ability to capture variable resources. Understanding the phenology of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. a rare but promising fruit and medicinal plant of Ukraine, namely the codification of the stages of seasonal development, according to the international BBCH scale, is important for the evaluation of breeding material and the development of new varieties, improving the technological qualities of fruits. In the climatic conditions of Ukraine (M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv), the studied genotypes of E. multiflora go through a full cycle of development. Plants begin the growing season with the development of leaves and shoots. According to the international BBCH scale, they clearly distinguish eight of the ten main stages of seasonal development, in particular: the development of buds (Principal growth stage 0), leaves (Principal growth stage 1), shoots (Principal growth stage 3), inflorescence emergence (Principal growth stage 5), flowering (Principal growth stage 6), fruit development (Principal growth stage 7), fruit ripening (Principal growth stage 8) and senescence and the onset of dormancy (Principal growth stage 9). The proposed BBCH scale for characterizing the phenological stages of E. multiflora plants can be used to guide the growers as to when to carry out orchard management practices such as canopy training and pruning, nutrient and water application, pest and disease control and post-harvest processing. Correct identification of phenological stages is of great importance for the characterization and management of E. multiflora. Thus, this study will ensure the dissemination of knowledge about E. multiflora cultivars among growers and researchers.

Phenological growth stages of Magnolia ×soulangeana according to the extended BBCH scale

AbstractMagnolia × soulangeana, one of the most famous ornamental trees of Magnoliaceae, is widely cultivated around the world. However, its phenological characteristics at life‐cycle scale have never been detailedly reported so far. In this article, the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie) scale was applied to divide the growth and development cycle of M. × soulangeana in both juvenile phase and adult phase, and describe the characteristics of phenological development stage, so as to provide theoretical guidance for its cultivation measures implementation. Based on the BBCH phenological scale, the processes of germination (0), leaf development (1), main stem elongation (3) and dormancy (9) were observed in the juvenile phase. Likewise, the morphological changes of organs in adult phase were abundant, and eight principal growth stages were described: vegetative bud development (0), leaf development (1), shoot development (3), reproductive development (5), flowering (6), fruit development (7), maturity of fruit (8) and dormancy (9). Our newly developed scale provides a unified standard for describing and identifying the phenological period of M. × soulangeana. In addition, it is of great significance to understand the phenological characteristics of M. × soulangeana for its breeding and cultivation management.

Thermal decomposition kinetics of Prosopis juliflora charcoal briquette using thermogravimetric analysis.

In the current study, the energy potential of Prosopis juliflora charcoal briquette sample was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates 10 °C/min, 15 °C/min, and 20 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. The thermogravimetric study showed that the thermal devolatilization of the briquette sample occurred in four principal stages. The major degradation of the sample occurred in the fourth stage indicating that the significant mass loss occurred due to the fixed carbon that was abundant in the briquette sample. The activation energy was determined by employing five different model-free methods. The average activation energy attained for the briquette sample by Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, Tang method, Starink method, and Friedman method was 83.55 kJ/mol, 91.60 kJ/mol, 79.91 kJ/mol, 80.06 kJ/mol, and 96.74 kJ/mol, respectively. The frequency factor obtained in the study ranged between 1.42 × 103 and 6.23 × 107 min-1. The contracting sphere model was found to be closely related to the reaction model obtained for charcoal briquettes. The lower activation energy and frequency factor indicated rapid thermal degradation of the charcoal briquettes. The estimated thermodynamic parameters indicated that the thermal degradation process was endothermic in nature.

Fractal Impedance Element Synthesis Based on Multilayer Resistance-Capacitance Environment with C-R-Nc Layer Structure

The idea of fractural calculus appeared almost at the same time as the development of conventional differential calculus began. However, modern scientists became familiar with it only from pioneering works of B. Mandelbrot on fractal geometry of nature in 1980s. Since then, numerous scientific works were published on various aspects of fractural calculus and its application in science and engineering, and the interest to this area remains high. However, for physical implementation of fractural integration operators two-terminal elements with fractional power and frequency law (the fractural impedance elements - FIE) are required. Commercial FIE that could be produced industrially have not been developed so far. The greatest potential, in this case, have FIE built on the basis of multilayer resistance-capacitance element with distributed parameters (RC-distributed elements). One of the baseline designs of such FIEs with R-C-NR layer structure was manufactured as a prototype model. However, when manufacturing and testing of this element, flaws that may prevent its application were detected. The article suggests making FIE based on RC-distributed elements with dual C-R-NC layer structure where, as it is assumed, it is possible to avoid flaws found in FIE with R-C-NR layer structure. However, to solve this problem it is necessary to develop an algorithm and a program of structure synthesis of new type FIE enabling production elements with parameters not worse than those of the existing FIE with R-C-NR layer structure. For this purpose, an algorithm of frequency characteristic analysis of equivalent circuit FIE based on RC-distributed parameters having C-R-NC layer structure and being the component of synthesis algorithm, was developed. Principal stages of synthesis algorithm based on search optimization genetic algorithm were formulated. Ways of information coding of internal structure and parameter C-R-NC FIE were defined. Method of function calculation of individual fitness within population of object representation and ways of genetic operators (selection, crossing-over and mutation) realization in the process of genetic algorithm performance was described. Thereupon the synthesis program was developed and the results of its operation are given in the article. Synthesis result validity was verified by means of circuit simulation software OrCAD by application of Pspice-based C-R-NC-line model. The obtained FIE equivalent circuits integral C-R-NC structures, taking into account chosen materials and layer parameters, were designed. Comparative analysis results of synthesis program operation of C-R-NC FIE and R-C-NR FIE for synthesis FIE with the same requirements to frequency impedance FIE characteristics are given, showing that synthesizing C-R-NC FIE; the FIE with phase uniformity phase-frequency impedance characteristics from - 45° to about - 80° without galvanic coupling between poles and synthesizing R-C-NR FIE, the FIE with phase uniformity of phase-frequency impedance from -10° to about -45° with galvanic coupling between the pole are more likely to be realized.

Phenological growth stage of tropical shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) planted from seed in lowland area based on the BBCH scale

AbstractShallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) is an important Allium plant commonly grown in tropical countries, including Indonesia, and it is used as spice for daily cooking, medicine, cosmetics and dietary supplements. Since shallot is predominantly propagated vegetatively by bulbs, it augments pathogen accumulation which influences low seed bulb management as well as productivity. Hence, utilisation of seeds/True Seed Shallot (TSS) emerges an alternative propagation material. However, no information is available on the growth stages of shallot plants from TSS. The phenological growth stages of tropical shallot planted in lowland areas using seeds in accordance with the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt nd CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale are first described here. Five introduced TSS cultivars, that is, Tuk Tuk, Lokananta, Sanren, Maserati, Tropix and four landraces TSS cultivars, that is, Bima, Biru Lancor, Pancasona and Trisula, were used as planting materials to develop an extended numerical BBCH scale for the identification of different phenological growth stages of shallot from seed. The study was conducted in lowland areas under tropical conditions of Indonesia. Based on BBCH scale, phenology of tropical shallot from seed in lowland area exhibited five of the 10 principal stages (0–9): germination (stage 0), leaf development (stage 1), formation of lateral shoot/tiller of pseudostem (stage 2), development of bulb (harvestable vegetative part) (stage 4), and senescence (stage 9). The codification of the different growth stages is essential in determination of the correct timing for better crop management, particularly for transplanting, fertilisation, control of weeds, disease and pest, plant growth regulators application and harvest time. As an implication, these BBCH scales could be used in plant breeding activities to shorten the TSS life cycle.

Products of molten corium-metal interaction in chernobyl accident: Composition and leaching of radionuclides

During initial stages of severe nuclear accident at Chernobyl NPP on 26 April 1986 interaction between U-oxide fuel and Zr-cladding has occurred and a corium melt (Zr–U–O) formed in localized part(s) of reactor core. In this paper, we describe the properties of unique set of samples formed during interaction of the corium melt with steel in the core that was expelled from the reactor shaft into reactor premises and subsequently oxidized. These samples primarily consist of Fe–Cr oxides with inclusions of U- and Zr-based oxides. Uranium is heavily oxidized, forming U4O9 and U3O8. Nb/Zr ratio of the inclusions and presence of substantial Ni in the oxide matrix permitted us to identify precursor materials of the studied samples. The studied material was formed in two principal stages: interaction of liquefied fuel with Zr from walls of technological channels and/or guide rod, and subsequent reaction with steel parts located in a very well-defined part of the core – the bottom part of the guide rod and/or graphite/guide rod socket on the reactor base plate. The differences in texture between the samples are ascribed to a cooling regime and substrate on which the ejected melts were cooled. Submicron particles of fission products (Pd, Ru, Tc, etc.), very rare for Chernobyl samples, are scattered within the Fe–Cr oxide matrix. Their preservation was the result of highly oxidative conditions. Leaching of 137Cs and Am in hot aqueous fresh and saline solutions was studied. High leach rates of these nuclides is ascribed to highly oxidized state of U-containing phases. Results of the current study are compared with experiments on molten corium – vessel steel interaction and provide new details on progression of the Chernobyl NPP core destruction shortly before and during the explosion.

“Tried and Trusted Patriots” for the CIA: Latvian Case Study of the KGB Operativnaia Igra Theory

In 1952–1957, Soviet counterintelligence launched operation METEOR in Latvia, reacquired by the USSR during World War II. Based on a wide net of double agents in the local anti-Soviet resistance, that clandestine enterprise aimed at convincing Washington to halt its intelligence and influence activities on Latvian soil. The Russian, Latvian, and Western sources have expressed varied, at times polarly opposed, assessments of METEOR’s actual effectiveness. This article uses newly acquired relevant American and Soviet sources to create a balanced picture of the U.S.–Soviet clandestine encounter in Latvia in the 1950s. Especially highlighted is the implementation on Latvian soil of the Soviet theory of strategic counterintelligence and deception operations based on double agents. Encouraged by its ability to recover METEOR’s principal stages—successful evolvement, efficacy’s zenith, and subsequent decline—the article proposes future theoretical inquiry into the paradoxical logic of intelligence and counterintelligence victorious operations and particularly into the notion of those operations’ “culmination points.”

Effect of Harvesting Time on the Chemical Composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis Blades

In the present study, the fluctuations in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars content of cardoon blades collected at sixteen harvest dates (samples B1–B16, corresponding to principal growth stages (PGS) between 1 and 9) were evaluated. A total of 26 fatty acids were identified, with palmitic (C16:0, 19.9–40.13%), α-linolenic (C18:3n3, 6.39–33.2%), and linoleic (C18:2n6c, 9–34.8%) acids being present in higher relative abundances in most of the samples, while lipid content was the highest in samples of late (B15) and intermediate (B8–B10) stages of maturity. The α- and γ-tocopherols were the only detected vitamin E isoforms, while α-isoform presented the highest concentration (80–8567 µg/100 g dw) in all the studied samples, except for samples B9–B11, for which the γ-tocopherol was detected in higher concentrations. Moreover, samples B1 and B14 showed the highest content of total tocopherols (8352 and 10,197 µg/100 g dw, respectively). The identified organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric. Malic acid was present in higher concentrations in almost all the samples analyzed, except for samples B3 and B15, in which the presence of oxalic acid stood out. Regarding the free sugar’s composition, fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose were the only detected compounds, with sucrose being present in higher concentrations in almost all the samples (1.662–10.8 g/100 g dw), while samples at younger maturation stages, namely samples B4 and B5, presented the highest concentrations of total sugars. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the influence that the growth cycle may have on the chemical composition of this tissue (blades) of the species. Moreover, having a more complete knowledge regarding its composition and identifying the stage of maturation which is most appropriate for obtaining a greater amount of certain bioactive compounds will help to increase the added value of this multi-purpose crop.

Machine learning approaches to resolve uncertain and conflicting inputs of patients with polytrauma cases

Picture highlights can be separated in different ways based on the shape highlights, shading highlights and surface highlights. There is a wide requirement for fragmenting objects in complex circumstances and recognizable proof of the articles. It has become mind-boggling because of the changeability of articles and the foundation. This paper targets planning a mixture approach called Enhanced Fractal Texture Analysis with Layout Descriptor by breaking down different element extraction and item acknowledgment methods. In this interaction, at first, the Adaptive Switching Median Filter pre-processes the picture. This is accomplished by eliminating commotion that is available in the picture without losing the fine characteristics. Other than the commotion decrease, safeguard edges are tended to a clamour-secured edge identifier. Afterward, in the morphological inclination method, which is the mix of shape and surface slope expulsion is applied for acquiring the characteristics of the picture. This methodology upholds further developing exactness expectations for the item. This planning strategy extricates shape included from the principal stage yield. Different subtleties like smallness, unpredictability and second invariants can be obtained in the methodology. The crossover approach diminishes the execution time when contrasted with the existing methods. This plan is powerful and creates better qualities as far as execution assessment. The term ‘coronary sickness’ suggests that square veins may provoke the conditions like cardiovascular disappointment, chest torture or stroke. The heart conditions will affect the heart’s muscle, valves, brain (cerebral aneurysm) or musicality inciting the heart pollution and sidestepping activity or coronary mediation which is utilized for settling these issues. In this examination work, a sensible cluster-based deep neural network (DNN) approach is proposed to recognize the angiographic coronary sickness (for instance to perceive the patients with half expansiveness abatement of a huge coronary vein). The educational assortment is collected using K-means clustering estimation and a while later the coronary sickness is expected using bunch based significant learning approach. The proposed method is differentiated and has various limits for classifier estimations like DNN, SVM-linear, SVM-polynomial, KNN, ELM, ELM-pack, and to show the system reasonability to the extent precision.