Principal Part Research Articles

European-Israeli Military Relations during Israel Regional Wars (2006-2016)

The study aims to answer the question of the nature of European-Israeli military relations during the period of four wars, particularly in the Middle East region with Israel; one battle with the Lebanese Hezbollah, and three wars on the Gaza Strip. In this view, we partitioned the study into three principal parts: The first part focuses on the nature of European-Israeli relations and provides a historical synopsis by addressing three phases; the first phase from 1949 to 1967, i.e., from the establishment of the State of Israel to the Six-Day War; the second phase from 1967 to 1993, i.e., the period that preceded the peace agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians, the Oslo Accord; and the third phase from 1993 to 2006, which addresses the period preceding the Israeli war on Lebanon. The second part examines justifications for the military relations between Europe and Israel through a review of the Israeli concerns, the European concerns, and the two sides’ common concerns which stimulate the existence of military relations between them. The third part addresses the areas of armament and military exercises between the EU countries and Israel during the period (2006 – 2016). The study concludes by providing several findings, most prominently, that the European-Israeli military relations were not seriously affected during the Israel regional wars in the period (2006-2016).

The Role Of Pedagogy In The Promotion Of National And Cultural Heritage

Cultural and national examinations appears to have passed into the shadows of scholarly interests, supplanted by globalization and political economy as the new thousand years' special worries among left scholastics. However, social and public examinations' longstanding interest in the interrelationship of intensity, legislative issues, and culture remains basically significant. Matters of organization, awareness, instructional method, and way of talking are fundamental to any open talk about legislative issues, also schooling itself. Henceforth, this article contends that the guarantee of social examinations, particularly as a principal part of advanced education, dwells in a bigger groundbreaking and majority rule legislative issues in which matters of teaching method and office assume a focal job.

Combined Multi-Body-System and Finite Element Analysis of a Rail Locomotive Crashworthiness

The modelling and simulation of a passenger rail vehicle locomotive for its crashworthiness are carried out in this paper. It is carried out as an application of combined FEM and MBS analysis using MADYMO. In some parts, the locomotive is modelled as super elements, principal parts are modelled as finite elements and joints are taken as flexible elements considering all external forces along with boundary conditions. The crashworthiness has been determined by striking the locomotive on to a fixed barrier. The simulation results of MFBD model at 25 kmph is benchmarked to the EN 15227 for validation of this technique. Once the model is validated, it is used for the locomotive crash analysis of crashworthiness behaviour at a different impact speed of 100 kmph, 160 kmph, and 225 kmph. Local buckling is observed at multiple points that restrict locomotive continuous damage characteristics. The results predict an increase in the speed of impact, more plastic deformation for the locomotive frontal part. The peak deformation is nearly 8.23 m observed at 224 kmph velocity.

On the Cauchy Problem for Hyperbolic Operators with Double Characteristics whose Principal Parts Have Time Dependent Coefficients

On the Cauchy Problem for Hyperbolic Operators with Double Characteristics whose Principal Parts Have Time Dependent Coefficients

Exponential Time Differencing for Stiff Systems with Nondiagonal Linear Part

Exponential time differencing methods provide instability-free explicit schemes for systems with fast decaying or oscillating modes (stiff systems), without limitation on the time step size. Moreover, with these methods, one can drastically diminish the error accumulation rate for numerical simulation of conservative systems. The methods yield an especially large performance gain for PDEs with high order of spatial derivatives. Simultaneously, the problem of analytical calculation of coefficients of exponential time differencing schemes becomes laborious or unsolvable in the case of a nondiagonal form of the principal linear part of equations. We introduce an approach, where the scheme coefficients are obtained from the direct numerical integration of certain auxiliary problems over a short time interval—one scheme step size. The approach is universal and its implementation is illustrated with four examples: analytically solvable system of two first-order ODEs, one-dimensional reaction-diffusion system under time-dependent conditions, two-dimensional reaction-diffusion system under time-independent and time-dependent conditions, and one-dimensional Cahn–Hilliard equation with constant coefficients. The employment of an exponential time differencing method of the two-step Runge–Kutta type yields a simulation performance gain for the diffusion-type equation, with program optimization made. Without program optimization, the performance gain increases by one order with respect to the spatial step size for each order of the highest spatial derivative, and appears starting from the third order of the derivative. With the tested method, one can extend the study of an analogue of the Anderson localization to two- and three-dimensional active media and achieve an acceptable performance for the direct numerical simulations of dynamics of the probability density function for active Brownian particles.

Patterns of interpredictability and principal parts in Latin verb paradigms: an entropy-based approach

AbstractThis paper provides a fully word-based, abstractive analysis of predictability in Latin verb paradigms. After reviewing previous traditional and theoretically grounded accounts of Latin verb inflection, a procedure is outlined where the uncertainty in guessing the content of paradigm cells given knowledge of one or more inflected wordforms is measured by means of the information-theoretic notions of unary andn-ary implicative entropy, respectively, in a quantitative approach that uses the type frequency of alternation patterns between wordforms as an estimate of their probability of application. Entropy computations are performed by using the Qumin toolkit on data taken from the inflected lexicon LatInfLexi. Unary entropy values are used to draw a mapping of the verbal paradigm in zones of full interpredictability, composed of cells that can be inferred from one another with no uncertainty.N-ary entropy values are used to extract categorical and near principal part sets, that allow to fill the rest of the paradigm with little or no uncertainty. Lastly, the issue of the impact of information on the derivational relatedness of lexemes on uncertainty in inflectional predictions is tackled, showing that adding a classification of verbs in derivational families allows for a relevant reduction of entropy, not only for derived verbs, but also for simple ones.

Energy exchange in a compressible turbulent mixing layer

Asymptotic methods have been used to study a turbulent flat mixing layer comprising a viscous compressible gas flow descending from the trailing edge of a body and a gas at rest having the same chemical composition but a different temperature. In contrast to the existing methods for analysing turbulent flows using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, with some closure hypotheses, this paper considers the Navier-Stokes equations using known classic assumptions and facts. The characteristic Reynolds number of the flow is considered large, the thickness of the mixing layer is small, and the Mach numbers are limited within the range of ‘0–5’. The method of multiple scales allows a stationary (secondary) flow inside the turbulent mixing layer to be found and investigated as a principal part of the fluctuating solution. It is shown that the self-induced entrainment of gas from the external flow into the mixing layer is the main stationary flow that ensures the supply of kinetic energy from the zone of maximum speed to the turbulence generation area. It is also discovered that heat diffusion and the inflow of high-velocity gas from the external flow together determine the properties of the mixing layer. The Kolmogorov-scale and turbulence generation regions do not influence the stationary solution in the main approximation.

Optimal Control of the Principal Coefficient in a Scalar Wave Equation

We consider optimal control of the scalar wave equation where the control enters as a coefficient in the principal part. Adding a total variation penalty allows showing existence of optimal controls, which requires continuity results for the coefficient-to-solution mapping for discontinuous coefficients. We additionally consider a so-called multi-bang penalty that promotes controls taking on values pointwise almost everywhere from a specified discrete set. Under additional assumptions on the data, we derive an improved regularity result for the state, leading to optimality conditions that can be interpreted in an appropriate pointwise fashion. The numerical solution makes use of a stabilized finite element method and a nonlinear primal–dual proximal splitting algorithm.

Ultrasensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes using solid‐state electrochemiluminescence biosensing based on the quenching effect of ferrocene on ruthenium pyridine

AbstractA solid‐state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensing switch system based on the specific recognition of an aptamer and the destruction of pyridine ruthenium by ferrocene was successfully developed for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes detections. The switching system consisted of two principal parts, the ECL luminescent substrate and the ECL intensity switch. The ECL luminescent substrate was fabricated by attaching an aptamer of Listeria monocytogenes modified with DNA labeled with bipyridine ruthenium complementary to one end of the aptamer, and ferrocene‐labeled DNA complementary to the other end of the aptamer, to an electrode, and so act as an intensity switch. The identification reaction consisted of the specific binding of the aptamer with Listeria monocytogenes causing the labeled ferrocene to be removed from the luminescent substrate, the structural change resulting in a significant increase in the intensity of ECL due to the decreased quenching effect of ferrocene toward the ECL luminescent substrate. Accordingly, the change in ECL intensity indirectly reflected the concentration of Listeria monocytogenes in the sample. The results demonstrated that the system produced a good linear relationship over the concentration range of 1.4 × 101–1.4 × 106 CFU/ml. The present study established that this was a feasible approach for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and pork samples.

Asymptotic expansion of the Dulac map and time for unfoldings of hyperbolic saddles: General setting

Given a C∞ family of planar vector fields {Xμˆ}μˆ∈Wˆ having a hyperbolic saddle, we study the Dulac map D(s;μˆ) and the Dulac time T(s;μˆ) between two transverse sections located in the separatrices at arbitrary distance from the saddle. We show (Theorems A and B, respectively) that, for any μˆ0∈Wˆ and L>0, the functions T(s;μˆ) and D(s;μˆ) have an asymptotic expansion at s=0 for μˆ≈μˆ0 with the remainder being uniformly L-flat with respect to the parameters. The principal part of both asymptotic expansions is given in a monomial scale containing a deformation of the logarithm, the so-called Roussarie-Ecalle compensator. The coefficients of these monomials are C∞ functions “universally” defined, meaning that their existence is established before fixing the flatness L of the remainder and the unfolded parameter μˆ0. Moreover the flatness L of the remainder is preserved after any derivation with respect to the parameters. We also provide (Theorem C) an explicit upper bound for the number of zeros of T′(s;μˆ) bifurcating from s=0 as μˆ≈μˆ0. This result enables to tackle finiteness problems for the number of critical periodic orbits along the lines of those theorems on finite cyclicity around Hilbert's 16th problem. As an application we prove two finiteness results (Corollaries D and E) about the number of critical periodic orbits of polynomial vector fields.

Engineering analysis of bionic prosthetic arm elements in Femap with NX

The study is divided into two principal parts. The first is devoted to the analysis of the structure of a hand prosthesis based on the principle of electromyographic sensor. The second part of the study is devoted to the analysis of the strength of the prosthesis structural element with its further modification. The study deals with the most loaded structural elements of bionic hand prosthesis made using 3D printing. The engineering analysis was carried out while specifying various variants of prosthesis load taking into account their approximation to real conditions.

Well-posedness for the backward problems in time for general time-fractional diffusion equation

In this article, we consider an evolution partial differential equation with Caputo time-derivative with the zero Dirichlet boundary condition: \partial^{\alpha}_tu + Au = F where 0 < \alpha < 1 and the principal part -A , is a non-symmetric elliptic operator of the second order. Given a source F , we prove the well-posedness for the backward problem in time and our result generalizes the existing results assuming that -A is symmetric. The key is a perturbation argument and the completeness of the generalized eigenfunctions of the elliptic operator A .

On the existence of weak solutions for the steady Baldwin-Lomax model and generalizations

In this paper we consider the steady Baldwin-Lomax model, which is a rotational model proposed to describe turbulent flows at statistical equilibrium. The Baldwin-Lomax model is specifically designed to address the problem of a turbulent motion taking place in a bounded domain, with Dirichlet boundary conditions at solid boundaries. The main features of this model are the degeneracy of the operator at the boundary and a formulation in velocity/vorticity variables. The principal part of the operator is non-linear and it is degenerate, due to the presence (as a coefficient) of a power of the distance from the boundary: This fact makes the existence theory naturally set in the framework of appropriate weighted-Sobolev spaces.

Boundary-Value Problem for a Third-Order Hyperbolic Equation that is Degenerate Inside a Domain and Contains the Aller Operator in the Principal Part

Boundary-value problems for a third-order hyperbolic equation that is degenerate inside a domain and contains the Aller operator in the principal part, are examined. The existence and uniqueness theorem for solutions of the problem is proved.

Ground states for nonlocal Schrödinger type operators on locally compact abelian groups

We find classes of nonlocal operators of Schrödinger type on a locally compact noncompact Abelian group \mathfrak G , for which there exists a ground state. In particular, such a result is obtained for the case where the principal part of our operator generates a recurrent random walk. Explicit conditions for the existence of a ground state are obtained for the case \mathfrak G =\mathbb Q_p^n where \mathbb Q_p is the field of p -adic numbers.

Types of Assignments when Teaching the Infinitive in Syntax Lessons in Grades 8–9

The article describes types of assignments used in teaching the infinitive in lessons on syntax in grades 8–9. The proposed assignments help students recognize the unity of different levels of the language system. A functional approach to the study of Russian grammar is manifested in the organization of lessons devoted to principal and subordinate parts of a sentence, one-member sentences, homogeneous parts, introductory phrases, compound sentences, syndetic and asyndetic complex sentences. The proposed assignments tested during secondary school lessons included sentence analysis for language phenomenon identification, in some cases involving a grouping of sentences; transformation of syntactic constructions; writing compositions with a grammatical setting; linguostylistic analysis of a poem. The article presents an approach to forming the linguistic competence of students and the development of their speech skills.

Ultra-Lightweight Mutual Authentication in the Vehicle Based on Smart Contract Blockchain: Case of MITM Attack

For quite a long time, purchasers have come to depend on the convenience and security and included security that a passive vehicle immobilizer framework offers. These frameworks comprise of a Passive Entry Passive Start (PEPS) innovation, conveyed by the driver, and a Smart Key Unit (SKU), mounted in the vehicle with regards to the principal parts of these frameworks. This paper for the first time shows the cyber vulnerability of PEPS in the vehicle against the man-in-the middle attack (MITM). It enables the hacker to open and begin the vehicle, although there was still a distance between the vehicle and the key. To stop this physical cyber attack, we propose a hearty ultra-lightweight common confirmation technique dependent on the radio frequency identification (RFID) convention that cooperates with a decentralized database to verify the PEPS. A secure blockchain based on smart contract is also developed which is compatible with the mutual authentication in the vehicle. A detailed security analysis is performed on an undefined vehicle to prove the high security of the proposed communication approach when facing MITM.

Convexification for an inverse problem for a 1D wave equation with experimental data

The forward problem here is the Cauchy problem for a 1D hyperbolic PDE with a variable coefficient in the principal part of the operator. That coefficient is the spatially distributed dielectric constant. The inverse problem consists of the recovery of that dielectric constant from backscattering boundary measurements. The data depend on one variable, which is time. To address this problem, a new version of the convexification method is analytically developed. The theory guarantees the global convergence of this method. Numerical testing is conducted for both computationally simulated and experimental data. Experimental data, which are collected in the field, mimic the problem of the recovery of the spatially distributed dielectric constants of antipersonnel land mines and improvised explosive devices.

Nonlinear parabolic Cauchy–Dirichlet problems with lower order term of natural growth in the gradient and irregular source/initial data

This paper deals with parabolic Cauchy–Dirichlet problems with a nonlinear operator in divergence form of Leray–Lions type as a principal part, a nonlinear lower order term with natural p -growth in the gradient and irregular source/initial data. The model problem we refer to is the following ( P b ) u t − div a ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) = H ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) + μ in ( 0 , T ) × Ω , u ( t , x ) = 0 on ] 0 , T [ × ∂ Ω , u ( 0 , x ) = u 0 ( x ) in Ω , where Ω is a bounded open set in R N , T > 0 , the unknown function u ( t , x ) depends on x ∈ Ω and t ∈ ] 0 , T [ and the symbol ∇ u denotes the gradient of u with respect to x , the divergence form u ↦ − div ( a ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) ) is a nonlinear pseudo-monotone operator and the lower order term H ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) , which could be seen as perturbation of such operator, will be assumed to satisfy the so-called ” natural growth ” condition with respect to the gradient without ” any sign condition ”, the initial condition u 0 ∈ L 1 ( Ω ) and the right-hand side μ is a Radon measure (with bounded total variation) on Q . We give a review on results obtained for absorption problems (the lower order term has the same sign of the unknown function) and we prove an existence result under some sufficient and optimal reacting conditions on H (no sign condition is assumed) in order to have a distributional solution of problem ( P b ) . Problèmes paraboliques de type Cauchy–Dirichlet avec un terme d’ordre inférieur de croissance naturelle sur le gradient et des données source/initiale irrégulières. Ce papier traite des problèmes paraboliques de type Cauchy–Dirichlet avec un opérateur divergentiel non-linéaire de type Leray–Lions comme partie principale, un terme non-linéaire d’ordre inférieur avec une p -croissance naturelle sur le gradient et des données sourece/initiale irrégulières. Nous nous référons au problème modèle ( P b ) où Ω est un ouvert borné de R N , la fonction variable u ( t , x ) dépend de x ∈ Ω et de t ∈ ] 0 , T [ et le symbole ∇ u signifie le gradient de u par rapport à x , la forme divergentielle u ↦ − div ( a ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) ) est un opérateur pseudo-monotone et le terme d’ordre inférieur H ( t , x , u , ∇ u ) , considéré comme une perturbation de cet opérateur, est supposé satisfaire la condition connue par ” la croissance naturelle ” par rapport au gradient, la condition initiale u 0 ∈ L 1 ( Ω ) et le coté droit μ est une mesure de Radon (avec une variation totale) dans Q . Nous nous rappelons les résultas obtenus pour les problèmes d’absorption (le terme d’ordre inférieure a le même signe que la fonction variable) et nous montrons un résultat d’existence sous certaines conditions optimales et suffisantes de réaction sur H (sans supposer aucune condition de signe) afin d’obtenir une solution de distribution pour le problème ( P b ) .

Hypergeometric Representations and Differential-Difference Relations for Some Kernels Appearing in Mathematical Physics

We investigate the analytic properties of a new class of special functions that appear in the kernels of a class of integral operators underlying the dynamics of matter relaxation processes in attractive fields. These functions, recently introduced by the second author, generate the kernels of the principal parts of these operators and play an important role in understanding their spectral characteristics. We reveal the representations of these functions in terms of the Gauss and Clausen hypergeometric functions and present differential-difference and differential equations they satisfy. Mathematically, the results include calculation of certain trigonometric double integrals and derivation of their other properties. Furthermore, they represent a potentially useful tool in matter relaxation in an external field, the study of nanoelectronic electrolyte-based systems and dynamics of charge carriers in media with obstacles.