Primary Units Research Articles

¿Boca sana o boca enferma? Representaciones de la salud bucal en sectores vulnerables

Background: The society and the State must provide dental care and help prevent oral health problems by implementing public policies with cultural relevance that allow society to address and improve the inequity in health care that systematically affects people's well-being. The present study seeks to understand the representations of dental health in people who attend primary care services in vulnerable urban and rural areas of the central zone of Chile. Specifically, the representations of the causes, morbidities, and symptoms attributed to the healthy and diseased mouth. Material and Methods: A qualitative study based on the Grounded Theory was conducted, analyzing the social representations of oral health in a sample of 161 adult people receiving treatment at public primary care services and dental emergency units in rural and urban communes. Empirical saturation and triangulation by time, place, and subjects give reliability to the study. Results: The data obtained show that dental health is mainly valued for its implications for self-esteem and social integration. A naturalization of dental health problems is evidenced as an adaptive strategy to traditional access barriers, which is counterproductive with preventive strategies. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest the need to reinforce education in dental health implemented in a transversal manner, having aesthetic values and the population's expectations of sociability as the key to action.

SCHOOL TEACHERS’ VIEWS TOWARDS THE EFFECTS OF A CRISIS ON CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The investigation of conflicts and their management in primary school units emerges as extremely important, given that the educational process must be conducted within a positive working environment. This paper examines the phenomenon of conflict in primary schools at a time of crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic. This is for the reason that the above period is likely to have reshaped the relationships of cooperation and, by extension, the number, intensity and impact of the inevitable conflicts in social organizations such as schools. According to the research results, the school conflicts were found to concern existing issues prior to the pandemic and to a lesser extent reflected problems that arose as a result of health protection measures against the new coronavirus, the extensive use of ICT, distance teaching and the new conditions of organization and operation to which schools had to adapt. Also, they contributed decisively to the tackling of issues that emerged regarding the operation of the school as a consequence of the new health and social conditions. This finding demonstrates to school management that the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, just like any other crisis, in fact, takes on both negative and positive qualities.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0559/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Evaluating Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Tool for Lymphatic Filariasis Surveillance in Samoa, 2018–2019

Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the detection of filarial DNA in mosquitoes using molecular methods (PCR), is a potentially useful surveillance strategy for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs. Delay in filarial antigen (Ag) clearance post-treatment is a limitation of using human surveys to provide an early indicator of the impact of mass drug administration (MDA), and MX may be more useful in this setting. We compared prevalence of infected mosquitoes pre- and post-MDA (2018 and 2019) in 35 primary sampling units (PSUs) in Samoa, and investigated associations between the presence of PCR-positive mosquitoes and Ag-positive humans. We observed a statistically significant decline in estimated mosquito infection prevalence post-MDA at the national level (from 0.9% to 0.3%, OR 0.4) but no change in human Ag prevalence during this time. Ag prevalence in 2019 was higher in randomly selected PSUs where PCR-positive pools were detected (1.4% in ages 5–9; 4.8% in ages ≥10), compared to those where PCR-positive pools were not detected (0.2% in ages 5–9; 3.2% in ages ≥10). Our study provides promising evidence for MX as a complement to human surveys in post-MDA surveillance.

Coverage and Drivers to Reaching the Last Child With Vaccination in Urban Settings: A Mixed-Methods Study in Kampala, Uganda.

Limited evidence exists regarding the drivers of vaccination coverage and equity in Kampala city, despite frequent measles outbreaks, inequities in vaccination coverage, and the decline in vaccination coverage rates. This study was designed to determine vaccine coverage among children aged 12-36 months and to understand its demand-side drivers. We utilized a mixed-methods parallel convergent study design. A household survey was conducted to quantify the drivers of vaccine coverage among households with children aged 12-36 months. We employed a multistage sampling approach to select households, using a primary sampling unit of an enumeration area. We conducted 30 key informant interviews, 7 focus group discussions, and 6 in-depth interviews with representatives from the immunization program, health workers, and parents residing in areas with low vaccine coverage. Of the 590 enrolled children, 340 (57.6%) were partially vaccinated, 244 (41.4%) were fully vaccinated and had received all the recommended vaccinations, and 6 (1.0%) had never received any vaccine. Of the 244 with all recommended vaccinations, only 65 (26.6%) received their vaccines on time. Access to vaccination services was high (first dose of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus [DPT1] coverage of 96%), but utilization decreased over time, as shown by a dropout rate of 17.3% from the first to third dose of DPT. The main driver of complete vaccination was the parents' appreciation of the benefits of vaccination. Among partially vaccinated children, the barriers to vaccination were inadequate information about vaccination (its benefits and schedule), vaccine stock-outs, long waiting times to receive vaccination services, and hidden vaccination costs. Vaccination needs to be targeted to all children irrespective of whether they reside in slum areas or nonslum areas, as most are under-vaccinated. Social mobilization and communication efforts should be tailored to the complexities of urban settings characterized by transient and diverse populations with different cultures.

Towards Career Sustainability: Issues of Women in India

This paper seeks to discuss what makes a sustainable career for a woman in India, how social structures can limit sustainable careers and how the process of socialisation and internalization of social role expectations impact career sustainability. It seeks to highlight ways in which women could have sustainable careers, also called professional growth. This study is based on secondary sources of data collated from a host of research papers and literature published on the subject.India’s statistics on gender equity reflect stark biases. The country’s female labour force participation (LFPR) rate is less than half the world average; Indian women earn only about 65% of what their male counterparts earn (compared to 77% world average). Only a minute fraction of listed companies has women leaders. What creates this skew? What factors influence how careers are shaped and sustained? Using data and findings from diverse sources, including seven India-specific papers, we explore the concept of career sustainability as it relates to Indian women. We examine the effect of social structures such as the primary family unit and the organisation as a gendered construct. We argue that these and other social structures, coupled with women’s internalization of their social role expectations are factors that directly impact the sustainability of women’s careers. Finally, we identify initiatives that can build positive social identities and can mitigate the gendered nature of organizations and society at large.

Study on the Traditional Handloom Textiles in India

The Indian subcontinent is known in the sector for its diversity in art and its cultural history. It's a very labour-intensive cottage-based decentralized industry, portraying the Indian way of existence that is fond of aesthetics, lifestyle, and sculpture. In India, the textile industry provides direct and indirect employment to millions of people, after the agriculture sector. At the time of determining aesthetic features of fashion products, the motifs, being an integral part of design, play a crucial role. Motif is the most primary unit of a design pattern or the smallest unit. Motifs are repeated in numerous ways to create styles; those patterns are repeated to create a layout. In a pattern or layout, the motif has its personal awesome identity. Generally, every motif is formed from simple layout elements that create various forms of designs, which include geometrical, summary, naturalistic and so forth. The choice of motifs may be inspired through diverse resources, which include nature, and also are intently related to the triumphing natural, cultural, religious and socio-monetary factors in any society. A contemporary look focuses on exploring numerous traditional textile motifs used throughout the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, a number of famous and maximum commonplace motifs have been advanced through the use of computer-aided designing software programs. In this research article we have presented an overview of the traditional handloom textile application in India.

Elimination of Microplastics at Different Stages in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Microplastic pollution has been widely studied as a global issue due to increased plastic usage and its effect on human and aquatic life. Microplastics originate from domestic and industrial activities. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in removing a significant amount of microplastics; otherwise, they end up in bioaccumulation. This study provides knowledge about the characteristics of microplastics, removal efficiency, and the correlation between wastewater quality and microplastic concentrations from three different WWTPs that differ in the type of biological and advanced wastewater treatment techniques that are believed to play an important role in microplastic removal. Microplastics of different types, such as fragments, fibers, and beads, are identified by using an optical microscope before and after the treatment process at each stage to assess the effect of different treatment techniques. In the screening unit and primary clarifier unit, WWTP-B shows the highest removal efficiency with 74.76% due to a distribution flow system installed before the primary clarifier to ensure a constant flow of wastewater. WWTP-B uses a bioreactor consisting of a filter plate coated with activated carbon (BSTS II) that can enhance the adaptability and adhesion of microorganisms and showed that 91.04% of the microplastic was removed. Furthermore, only WWTP-A and WWTP-B were applied coagulation, followed by the disc filter; they showed significant results in microplastic removal, compared to WWTP-C, which only used a disc filter. In conclusion, from all WWTP, WWTP-B shows good treatment series for removing microplastic in wastewater; however, WWTP-B showed a high rate of microplastic removal; unfortunately, large amounts of microplastics are still released into rivers.

Association Plasma Aβ42 Levels with Alzheimer's Disease and Its Influencing Factors in Chinese Elderly Population.

Background and PurposeIntracerebral Aβ protein deposition is an important pathological mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is one of the indicators of early diagnosis of AD. However, invasive lumbar puncture and Aβ PET are difficult to perform in primary units, resulting delays in early diagnosis of AD. In recent years, it has been found that plasma Aβ can reflect the pathological state of AD in early stage, but the results are not consistent. The objective of this study was to explore the association between plasma Aβ42 levels and AD cognitive impairment and its influencing factors in Chinese elderly population, so as to provide guidance for the clinical application of plasma Aβ42 as a blood biomarker of AD.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study based on the community population. Plasma samples were collected from 604 healthy controls (HC), 508 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 202 dementia with Alzheimer’s type (DAT) patients from three cities. We analyzed the correlation between plasma Aβ42 levels and cognitive function and the influence of confounding factors on the relationship between plasma Aβ42 levels and AD. The independent influencing factors of plasma Aβ42 levels were determined by covariance and linear regression analysis.ResultsOur results suggest that there is a special linear relationship between plasma Aβ42 and cognitive impairment of AD in Chinese elderly population, with Aβ42 levels slightly decreased in early AD and significantly increased in moderate-to-severe AD (P<0.01). There are many factors influencing the association between plasma Aβ42 levels and AD cognitive impairment, and sample source, gender and BMI are independent influencing factors of plasma Aβ42.ConclusionThis indentifies that plasma Aβ42 may be a peripheral biomarker for AD screening in Chinese elderly population, but it is necessary to establish standardized detection methods and establish different demarcation criteria for various influencing factors.

ESTRATÉGIAS DE REPRODUÇÃO E MODO DE VIDA QUILOMBOLA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO MIGUEL DO GUAMÁ, PA

The text addresses the emergence of quilombola identity, which highlights elements that mark the feeling of belonging to the territory in the municipality of São Miguel do Guamá, state of Pará. I believe that this feeling triggers the process of construction of quilombola territoriality, which is somewhat based on the struggle for permanence on earth, on the work of swiddens and on relationships of kinship, neighborhood and religiosity. The process of construction of quilombola identity, replaced in the problem of the land, at work and in the family as a primary unit of production and reproduction.

Depicting Teachers’ Views on Global Competence Training

This study refers to the scientific field of global education and competence and comes to investigate teachers' views on global competence training. This survey was conducted in June 2022, whereas the quantitative methodology was followed for the collection of the data. A random sampling technique was used, and the sample consisted of 350 teachers who worked in primary and secondary school units in the region of Western Greece during 2021-2022. Research findings show that teachers recognize the necessity and importance of training on global competence and most of them have attended one or more courses mostly during their undergraduate or postgraduate studies or during their participation in training programs. They also regard University as the most appropriate training actor, and they are in favor of optional training programs of mixed type and of monthly duration. Regarding training topics, they proposed interculturalism, diversity, current events, religion, history, immigrants, environment, geography, human rights and culture. Finally, participants’ aspects do not seem to be affected by variables such as gender and years of service. On the contrary, level of education and ICT knowledge, additional studies, and employment relationship seem to affect the answers of the participants.

Ba3[Sn(OH)6][SeO4]2·3H2O, a hydrated 1:2 double salt of barium hexa-hydroxidostannate(IV) and barium selenate(VI).

Single crystals of tribarium hexa-hydroxidostannate(IV) bis-[selenate(VI)] trihydrate, Ba3H12O17Se2Sn or Ba3[Sn(OH)6][SeO4]2·3H2O, prepared from solid BaSnO3 and aqueous Na2[SeO4] solutions have hexa-gonal (P63) symmetry. The structure consists of four different primary building units: a hexa-hydroxidostannate(IV) ion, two different selenate(VI) ions, all three of point group symmetry C 3, and a mono-capped {BaO9}-square anti-prism of point group symmetry C 1. The secondary building units result from three of the barium coordination polyhedra linked together via common edges. While one of the two tetra-hedral voids formed from these trimeric units is filled by one bidentate, chelating μ2-selenate ion, the other one remains unoccupied as the corresponding second selenate ion only acts as a monodentate, μ1-ligand. SBUs are completed by hexa-hydroxidostannate(IV) ions sharing adjacent edges on the uncapped faces of the three, mono-capped square anti-prisms. These SBUs are arranged into layers via common edges on the uncapped, square faces of the {BaO9} coordination polyhedra in a way that the hexa-hydroxidostannate(IV) ions act as linkage between two neighboring layers.

Bulk recovery and purification of vinyl chloride/nitrogen mixtures by MT-TPVSA using activated carbon carbotech DGK

This work focuses on developing multitubular adsorptive processes for the recovery of vinyl chloride from vent gas emissions in the vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride) manufacturing industries. Taking into consideration pre-existing control processes, two case studies were considered, where the proposed adsorptive process acts as either the primary (bulk) or secondary (purification) separation unit. Experimental adsorption equilibrium data for vinyl chloride and nitrogen was measured on a Carbotech DGK activated carbon sample using a Rubotherm magnetic suspension balance. The proposed adsorptive systems are designed to treat a 40/60 % and a 1/99 % VCM/N2 mixture. They can produce a nitrogen stream fit for open-air release, and a VCM stream fit for recycling within the process.

Assessment of Low Back Pain in Helicopter Pilots Using Electrical Bio-Impedance Technique: A Feasibility Study

Low back pain (LBP) is known to pose a serious threat to helicopter pilots. This study aimed to explore the potential of electrical bio-impedance (EBI) technique with the advantages of no radiation, non-invasiveness and low cost, which is intended to be used as a daily detection tool to assess LBP in primary aviation medical units. The LBP scales (severity) in 72 helicopter pilots were assessed using a pain questionnaire, while the bilateral impedance measurements of the lumbar muscle were carried out with a high precision EBI measurement system. Results showed that the modulus of lumbar muscle impedance increased with LBP scale whereas the phase angle decreased. For different LBP scales, significant differences were found in the modulus of lumbar muscle impedance sum on both sides (Zsum), as well as in the modulus and phase angle of lumbar muscle impedance difference between both sides (Zdiff and ϕdiff), respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, Spearman’s correlation analysis manifested a strong correlation between Zsum and LBP scale (R = 0.692, P < 0.01), an excellent correlation between Zdiff and LBP scale (R = 0.86, P < 0.01), and a desirable correlation between ϕdiff and LBP scale (R = −0.858, P < 0.01). In addition, receiver operator characteristic analysis showed that for LBP prediction, the area under receiver operator characteristic curve of Zsum, Zdiff, and ϕdiff were 0.931, 0.992, and 0.965, respectively. These findings demonstrated that EBI could sensitively and accurately detect the state of lumbar muscle associated with LBP, which might be the potential tool for daily detection of LBP in primary aviation medical units.

The power of partnerships: state public health department multisector collaborations in major chronic disease programme areas in the United States

BackgroundMultisector collaboration between state public health departments (SHDs) and diverse community partners is increasingly recognized as important for promoting positive public health outcomes, addressing social determinants of health, and reducing health inequalities. This study investigates collaborations between SHDs in the United States and different types of organizations addressing chronic disease in and outside of the health sector.MethodsSHD employees were randomly selected from the National Association of Chronic Disease Directors membership list for participation in an online survey. Participants were asked about their primary chronic disease work unit (cancer, obesity, tobacco, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and others), as well as their work unit collaborations (exchange of information/cooperation in activities) with organizations in health and non-health sectors. As a measure of the different organizations SHDs collaborated with in health and non-health sectors, a collaboration heterogeneity score for each programme area was calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to assess differences in collaborator heterogeneity between programme areas.ResultsA total of 574 participants were surveyed. Results indicated that the cancer programme area, along with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, had significantly less collaboration heterogeneity with organizations outside of the health sector compared to the obesity and tobacco programme areas.ConclusionsWhile collaborations with health sector organizations are commonly reported, public health departments can increase collaboration with sectors outside of health to more fully address chronic disease prevention.

Nanoplates-Stacked Vanadium Oxide Cathode Employing Higher Kinetics and Stability in a Lithium-Ion Battery

In recent years, the popularity of high-power equipment such as electric vehicles demands a higher the energy density, higher the power density, and low cost in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The capacity of LIBs is typically limited by the cathode. For example, in LIBs based on LiCoO2//graphite system, which have achieved great success in commercialization, the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 (~137 mAh g-1) is lower than that of graphite (~370 mAh g-1) [1]. Hence, it is necessary to improve the capacity of the cathode in order to improve the performance of LIBs. Among the cathode materials, Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is considered as one of the ideal next-generation electrode materials due to its high theoretical capacities (294 mAh g-1), high energy densities, good safety and low cost [2]. Nevertheless, its cycle performance and poor rate-capability caused by severe structural changes during the repeated lithiation/de-lithiation, slow diffusion of lithium ion (Li+), and low electrical conductivity hinders its commercialization [2]. Various attempts to fabricate the nanostructured V2O5 such as nanorods, nanobelts, nanosheet, and hollow spheres have been pursued to remedy the issues. The nanostructures are used to overcome their kinetic limitation by reduction of Li+ ion diffusion distance and increase in the electrode/electrolyte contact area. In nanostructures, however, structural collapse and particles agglomeration could emerge during Li+ ion penetration procedure [3]. In particular, many studies have focused on the 1D nanostructured V2O5 in length along [010], the fastest growth direction of V2O5, because of its simplicity in synthesis [4]. However, 1D-nanostructured V2O5 has long Li+ ion diffusion distance along [010] direction, which is corresponding to the energy preferred Li+ ion diffusion path [5]. 1D diffusion along the short [010] direction in V2O5 can be the fast Li+ ion diffusion path for cathode in LIBs. Therefore, to design an optimal structure for V2O5 as cathode materials, the following conditions should be satisfied: ⅰ) structures consisted of primary nanostructured units to prevent agglomeration. ii) a short [010] length with high percentage of exposed (010) facets to shorten a Li+ ion diffusion path and facilitate the Li+ ion intercalation reactions.In this context, we fabricated nanoplates–stacked V2O5 (Li-treated VO) through Li-treatment method in hydrothermal synthesis followed by heat treatment. Li+ ions from lithium nitrate (LiNO3), which is added to precursor solution, can inhibit the completely phase transition from xerogel to crystal during hydrothermal process, leading to formation of xerogel/crystal composite. During following heat treatment process, the cleavage and oriented attachment mechanism are accompanied, evolving nanoplates–stacked V2O5 with short [010] length and highly exposed (010) facets (Figure 1). The Li-treated VO electrodes could facilitate the fast and efficient transportation of Li+ ion into the [010] channel. In particular, the Li-treated VO electrodes can achieve a reversible capacity of 252 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 in the voltage range of 2.05–4.0 V (vs. Li/Li+) (Figure 2). Notably, the Li-treated VO electrodes also exhibit a higher rate performance (140 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 (Figure 2)) and cycling capability (79 % capacity retention after 100 cycles (Figure 3)) compared to untreated V2O5 nanobelt (VO) electrodes. In addtion, the reversible lithium intercalation reaction and structure stability of Li-treated VO are confirmed by further analyses. Figure 1

Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.

Application of variance components to the identification of determinants of modern contraceptive use in the Tanzania demographic and health survey data

BackgroundOver time, demographic and health survey (DHS) data remain valuable to examine variables relating to nationally representative population outcomes for low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, there are very limited DHS-based studies on the uptake of Modern Contraceptive Use (MCU). Present studies have focused on measurements at the level of individuals, yet research has shown that MCU variations exists at other levels within populations. In this study, we use a variance component modelling approach to explore variation in MCU at primary sampling unit (PSU) and regional levels while considering survey sample weights.MethodsUsing DHS data from 2016–2017 in Tanzania, we study different variance structures and the respective variation on MCU in a sample of 5263 Women of Reproductive Age (WRA) defined as between the ages of 15–49 years. First, a single variance component was used, followed by its extension to a random coefficient model and we tracked changes in the models.ResultsThere was an influence of random variations on MCU on the levels of populations much explained by PSU-level clustering than region. On the fixed part, age of a woman, husband education level, desire to have children, and exposure to media and wealth tertiles were important determinants for MCU. Compared to WRA in 15–19 years, the odds of MCU among middle aged women (20–29 and 30–39 years) were 1.94 (95%CI:1.244–3.024) and 2.28 (95%CI:1.372–3.803). Also, increases in media exposure and middle and rich wealth tertiles women led to higher odds for MCU. We also found the presence of random effects influence of wealth tertiles levels on MCU.ConclusionThis study highlighted the utility of accounting for variance structures in addressing determinants of MCU while using DHS national level data. Apart from MCU, the DHS data have been widely applied to examine other variables pertaining to public health issues. This approach could be considered a better modelling technique for the DHS studies compared to traditional survey approaches, and to guide hierarchical population-based interventions to increase MCU.

“The village that learns”: a learning journey across intraventions and domains over two decades in a rural Thai community

ABSTRACT What does it mean to become a village that learns? In this paper we document the transformative learning journey of a small Thai village over 24 years, becoming a community that identified, tackled, and iterated on problems, altering their everyday practices and lives. In that process the village shifted from a subsistence agricultural community staggeringly in debt to one known for its sustainable environmental, agricultural, and financial initiatives. To understand the village’s learning journey, we consider the village itself as the primary unit of analysis, applying an iterative case study approach, with chronological sequencing, thematic, and biographical narrative analysis across 37 hours of interviews and over 350 pages of scanned project documentation (mostly from village records and writings) collected across four visits. Throughout the paper we elaborate on the role of learner interest and agency, the necessity of infrastructural (often policy) changes, the prioritized role of children in leadership, and the method of “Thai Constructionism” that the village iteratively applied to support their learning. In the discussion we argue that to understand the village’s learning journey, we must study it across multiple scales of time, multiple series of village-initiated formative intraventions across domains, and within larger ecological systems.

The comparison of Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation as a primary unit process for the treatment of raw textile wastewaters.

The Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation processes (FOP and PFOP) are usually applied as a secondary unit process, and direct usage of both processes is critical in textile wastewater treatment. There is seldom study on the direct application of the FOP or PFOP showing the treatment of raw textile industry wastewaters. This study demonstrates the application and comparison of both FOP and PFOP as single units separately for the treatment of wastewater in a textile industry producing woven fabrics. In both processes, the highest treatment efficiency was achieved at pH3. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), and color parameters in FOP reduced from 1341 to 254 mg/L, 99.5 to 19.9mg/L, and 1396 to 97.7 Pt-Co, respectively. Separately, in the PFOP, 365-nm wavelength UV radiation sources have been used. In PFOP, the same parameters were reduced from 715 to 42.9mg/L, 90 to 9mg/L, and 2080 to 83.2 Pt-Co, respectively. These results were obtained at 0.7g Fe2+/L and 2mM H2O2 concentrations in both studies. PFOP can meet the textile industry receiving environment discharge standards of many countries, especially in Turkey. The use of PFOP as a single unit is possible in the treatment of textile industry wastewater without primary precipitation. The findings in this study may be practical for the adaptation of the processes on the field scale. PRACTITIONER POINTS: There is seldom study on the direct application of Fenton or photo-Fenton processes as a single unit to raw textile wastewaters This study shows the application of the Fenton or photo-Fenton processes as single units for the treatment of raw wastewater in a textile industry Results of both processes in this study meet the discharge standards of many countries Evaluations of efficiencies of both processes were achieved This study may be the focus of attention of treatment plant operators and researchers.

SISTEM INFORMASI ADMINISTRASI PENGELOLAAN BOS DI SDN SENDANG KULON MENGGUNAKAN METODE LANGSUNG

The school operational fund or BOS itself is a government program to provide funding for non-personnel costs for primary and secondary education units as a means of implementing the 9-year compulsory education program. The BOS program aims to free all types of education costs for all public and private elementary, junior high school students in Indonesia from school operational costs. SD N 2 Sendangkulon is a public elementary school located on Jalan Dk Kacang Kidul Rt 01 Rw 03 Sendangkulon Village, Kangkung District, Kendal Regency. SD N 2 Sendagkulon was founded in 1982 until now. The problem that is still being experienced by the BOS Management Team at SDN 2 Sendangkulon is that there is no administrative information system for processing BOS funds that is relevant to the needs of SDN 2 Sendangkulon, resulting in the lack of participation and involvement of all education stakeholders at SDN 2 Sendangkulon. The lack of teacher participation is due to the absence of teacher access rights to obtain information regarding the BOS budget. This is the basis for the importance of designing an administrative information system for processing BOS funds that is relevant and accurate to assist in the management of School BOS funds, because information disclosure is one of the keys to implementing the principles of transparency and accountability related to BOS funds. Another problem that occurred at SDN 2 Sendangkulon was in the process of making reports and being responsible for the management and use of BOS funds. The BOS treasurer experienced difficulties because there were frequent changes in the reporting format for BOS funds, especially if the treasurer was new.Based on the background and some of the problems above, the authors conducted a study entitled "Administration Information System for Boss Management at Sdn 2 Sendangkulon Using the Direct Method". In making the application, the author will use PHP as the application program and MYSQL as the database.