Primary School Dropout Research Articles

The Impact of Financial Literacy on Selected Nigerian Public Sector Employees Savings Culture and Investment

Financial literacy ensures that an individual is able to match his income with his expenditure, lives within his means and forestall going broke or bankrupt. Like general or health literacy, financial literacy could be conceptualized as having two dimensions: understanding (personal finance knowledge) and use (personal finance application). In this study, we reviewed how financial literacy is measured in the current literature and examine how well the existing studies addresses whether financial literacy improves employees savings culture and investment. We review the literature on alternative policies to improve financial outcomes and compare the evidence on whether financial literacy improves employees spending habits, savings, investments and standard of living. The sample size of this survey based study consists of 110 working men and women from non-financial public sector in Nigeria. Data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency distribution. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis of the data. The major challenge in financial education has been how to measure the impact of financial education on the recipient savings culture. Investment and standard of living. On the other hand what is the influence of financial literacy on employees’ savings and investment outcome. It can be observed that in some instances those who did not have formal financial education and those who are primary or secondary school dropout have risen to own successful business empire. However, some who have tertiary financial education are struggling to survive. A large proportion of the sampled employees are deficient in financial literacy notwithstanding their exposure to financial education. Contrary to popular perception this research shows that there is no significant relationship between financial literacy and education level, savings culture and investments, of Nigerian public sector employees. Finally, we discuss directions ........

Some psychometric properties of the school refusal assessment scale–revised: Parent and child version in Tanzanian context

Considering the increase in primary and secondary school dropout rates worldwide, it is necessary to identify the underlying causes, particularly in places with high school refusal rates, such as Tanzania. Today, only a limited number of studies can explain, through valid and reliable measurements, why students in Tanzania refuse to attend school. The current study used confirmatory factor analysis techniques to investigate some psychometric properties of the child’s and parent’s versions of the School Refusal Assessment Scale–Revised (SRAS–R) in the Tanzanian population. Since previous studies found significant associations between the parent–child relationship and the risk of school refusal, we included the associations between the SRAS–R scales and measures of psychological control (parent ratings) and parent–child communication (child ratings) as external validity criteria. We collected data from five public primary schools, including 502 grades three to seven children with their parents (N = 465) in Ruvuma, Tanzania. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the four–factor model (avoidance of stimuli provoking negative affectivity, escape from aversive social situations, attention seeking, and tangible rewards) showed a good fit for both the parent and child versions of the SRAS–R. In line with expectations, we found a negative association between parent–child communication and school refusal and positive associations between the parent version of the SRAS–R subscales and the psychological control scale. The findings of this study support the use of this measurement in an African context and Tanzania specifically. The discussion stresses the appropriateness of Western cultural instruments in the African context.

Risk and resilience factors for primary school dropout in Côte d'Ivoire

We examined child-, family-, and school-level risk and resilience factors associated with school dropout using longitudinal data of fifth-grade students in rural Côte d'Ivoire (N = 1195, Mage = 10.75, SDage = 1.42). Children who dropped out of school were older, involved in more child labour, had poorer literacy skills, owned fewer books, and attended schools with poorer learning environments. Cumulative risk (CR) indices revealed that child-level CR was most strongly associated with dropout (b = 0.86, OR = 0.42) compared to family- and school-level CR; further, children with low child-level CR were more likely to drop out when family-level CR was high (b = −0.23, OR = 1.25). Better school infrastructure and teachers were protective for children who were at high risk of dropout yet remained enrolled. Although child- and family-level factors contribute to risk of dropout, school-level factors may mitigate risks and promote academic resilience among students in West Africa.

In-Service Primary School Teacher Training Programmes in South Sudan

During the war of independence, it was found that South Sudan had one of the worst educational indicators. About sixty percent of the teachers were untrained and many of them were primary school drop-outs. The Government of the Republic of South Sudan addressed this problem in various ways including pre-service, in-service teacher training and accelerated learning programmes. This paper investigates the in-service and accelerated learning teacher training programmes. Data was collected from various NGO reports, interviews with persons directly involved in primary teacher training in South Sudan and secondary literature. The in-service and accelerated teacher training programmes generally resulted in raising the level of education and training of the serving but untrained teachers in South Sudan.

Impact of Public Expenditure on Education in Chhattisgarh

This paper objective to investigate the correlation between public spending on education and the growth of the state of Chhattisgarh. Time-series data spanning from 2000 to 2021 was utilised. Public expenditure has several effects in economy. It can increase economic growth. It can increase social welfare. It is directly expected education is helps Positive Social change of citizen. The result shows that total public expenditure and Education expenditure is highly and statistically significant on economic growth indicator such as GER and DOR in primary level in Chhattisgarh.Public expenditure helps in achieving equitable distribution income and promote growth and welfare. The findings indicate that total public spending and education spending have a statistically significant and positive impact on economic growth indicators like the state's Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and the percentage of primary school dropout children (DOR) at the primary level. Education is directly expected to contribute to citizens' positive social transformation. The study's findings show that public spending on education and economic growth are correlated over the long term. Over time, there is a found unidirectional causal relationship between public education spending and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).

Factors Influencing Primary School Dropout in Punjab, Pakistan: Results from MICS 2017-18

The study focused on the determinants of primary school dropout in the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The study used the MICS (2017-18) dataset. Out of the MICS (2017-2018) data set, a total of 11621 cases were selected. The selected cases were all between the ages of 5 - 17 years, who were enrolled in a primary school in the year prior to data collection. Primary school dropout was the main dependent variable of the study. Out of the 11612 selected children that were enrolled in primary school in the year prior to data collection a total of 274 (2.4%) children had dropped out. Multiple logistic regression were performed to gauge the relationship between primary school dropout and the various demographic, economic, household level and individual level variables included in the study. The study revealed that some demographic, economic and individual level variables significantly increased the odds of primary school dropout. Specifically, children from urban areas (demographic) or poor families (economic) had a significantly higher likelihood of dropping out. There is a need for a comprehensive policy that provides a holistic strategy for eliminating the incidence of school dropout at the primary level. This strategy should involve multiple stakeholders including the government, civil society, international organizations and most importantly, the communities.

Influence of Child Labour on Primary School Pupil's Enrolment and dropout: A Scoping Review

Child labour is one of the major obstacles to the realization of universal primary education in low- and middle-income countries. Child labour deprives children of their chances to acquire the required skills for the development of their potential. This is akin to a child trying to prepare for an exam while carrying a heavy backpack of worries, fears, and distractions on their back which affects their desired outcome. This study provided an updated review of the literature on child labour's influence on primary school pupils' enrolment. Child labour literature was explored via a scoping literature review strategy. As a result of this literature review, child labour negatively impacts primary school enrolment. This study also revealed that child labour is the major contributor to primary school pupils' dropout. Finally, this review revealed that enforcing a minimum employment age of 15 and reducing the return to child labour without providing social supports such as conditional cash transfer to the poor household would facilitate an increase in children’s dropout rate in developing countries. Based on the empirical child labour literature, more research is needed to be conducted using qualitative and quantitative measures to capture first-hand information to augment quantitative measures.

Social Attitudes, Environmental Factors, and Laws-Institutions Impacts on School Dropouts: Case Studies in Sumba Island

This research is based on the fact that most children in West Sumba and Central Sumba are forced to drop out of school for various very crucial reasons. The purpose of this study refers to efforts to identify various factors that influence the high dropout rate. The collected data shows that the number of primary school dropouts in West Sumba was 151 students (0.76%) from 18,772 primary school students in the regency. The highest number was in the Lamboya and Tanarighu districts, making up 2.02% and 1.06%, respectively. The percentage is even lower for secondary school dropouts, which is 0.006% of the total of 13,368 junior high school students in West Sumba. The percentage of school dropouts at the primary schools in the Central Sumba Regency is 0.72%. From the collected data, the highest dropout rates are in the districts of Mamboro (1.28%). The percentage of secondary school dropouts in Central Sumba is 2.14%. The highest numbers were in the districts of Umbu Ratu Nggay Barat (3.61%), Katikutana Selatan (2.42%), Katikutana (2.04%), Mamboro (1.70%), and Umbu Ratu Nggay (1.21%). From the information above, the highest dropout rates for primary and secondary schools are in Umbu Ratu Nggay Barat and Katikutana Selatan districts. The main factors causing the high dropout rate in these two districts are Social Attitudes, Environmental Factors, and Laws and Institutions

An Economic Analysis of Primary School Dropouts: A Case Study of the Kodagu District

Primary school dropouts have significant economic consequences for individuals and society as a whole. This study aims to provide an in-depth economic analysis of primary school dropouts in the Kodagu District of India. The study uses survey research, cost analysis, policy analysis, and case study methods to gather data and insights into the issue. The study identifies socio-economic factors contributing to primary school dropouts, estimates the economic cost of dropouts, and analyses the long-term economic consequences of dropouts. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of current policies and interventions aimed at reducing primary school dropouts and proposes evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and other stakeholders. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of raising family awareness, improving family education, and improving living conditions to prevent school dropouts. The study also highlights the need for collaboration between teachers and parents to address family responsibilities as a cause of school dropouts. The study's insights provide valuable information to policymakers and educators to improve educational outcomes and reduce primary school dropouts in the Kodagu District.

Detection of hotspots of school dropouts in India: A spatial clustering approach.

School dropout is a significant concern universally. This paper investigates the incorporation of spatial dependency in estimating the topographical effect of school dropout rates in India. This study utilizes the secondary data on primary, upper primary, and secondary school dropout rates of the different districts of India available at the Unified District Information System for Education plus (UDISE+) for the year 2020 to contemplate the impact of these dropouts from one region to different regions in molding with promotion rate and repetition rate. The Global Moran's I, Univariate and Bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association, and spatial models are utilized to investigate the geographical variability and to find the possible relationship between dropout rates and the school-level factors at the district level. The outcomes provide clear spatial clustering and precisely highlight the hot zone dropout regions with high repetition and low promotion rates. Based on this study's results, educational administrators can make evidence-based decisions to reduce dropout rates in hot zones of various regions of India. Furthermore, futuristic studies focusing on linking spatial hot zones with causal factors will add consistent data in assisting policymakers in taking necessary measures to develop a sound education management system.

Factors Leading to Primary School Dropout in Community Families – the Case of Kosovo

Abstract Introduction – Education remains the major tool by which people become empowered; unfortunately, the education industry has suffered low completion rates due to several factors exposed in various studies. Aim – The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to children’s dropout school in Kosovo communities. Methodology – Open ended questionnaire, face to face interview and document analysis were used as sources of data collection instruments. The researchers visited 3 sample locations in Kosovo with majority of communities’ households to collect required data. The study included 70 children who had dropped out of primary school. Results – Regarding the factors that have influenced school dropout by children participating in this study it has resulted that school dropout due to abandonment by their peers (30) and dislike of school (27) are the two main factors. Then, in approximately the same percentage (18–20) are listed factors such as: distance from school to home, displacement of parents, bullying by students, inability to register and negligence of parents and the Municipal Directorate of Education. Conclusions – School dropout due to abandonment by their peers among the children’s participating in the study has turned out to be a dominant factor in school dropout.

Sustainable Primary Education in Andhra Pradesh During COVID-19

Sustainable development describes the simultaneous maintenance of balance between socio-economic development and environmental sustainability without jeopardizing the future generation's potential to serve their own needs. The main aim of this article is to analyze the sustainability attained by government schools in Andhra Pradesh by providing education to elementary pupils during COVID-19. The unexpected outbreak of the deadly virus COVID-19 wreaked havoc on educational systems, harming children's education. In response to the lockdown, all educational institutions were closed for an extended length of time and remained shuttered even today. According to the information gathered, the government of Andhra Pradesh took all necessary safety measures to ensure the accessibility of government elementary schools and to minimize primary school dropouts. They televised the online lessons to every class at periodic intervals on regional government channels for students. Pupils were given worksheets to exercise according to the curriculum aired on television. These worksheets were submitted for review to the concerned faculty by students' parents. The children were given dry rations monthly as part of the "Mid-Day-Meal" program, which offered healthy meals to address the students' food difficulties, food security, and access to schooling during the COVID-19 epidemic. This document serves as a resource for teachers, administrators, and government officials on how to deal with and avoid the trajectories that primary school pupils face in the future when confronted with difficult situations. Furthermore, the whole perspective provides a list of resources, recommendations, and strategies for ensuring the sustainability of the educational system during the pandemic

Linking human capabilities with livelihood strategies to speed poverty reduction: Evidence from Rwanda

Acute land scarcity in Rwanda limits poor people’s ability to accumulate and move out of poverty. Options for livelihood diversification are restricted by the absence of a vibrant and job-rich non-farm rural economy, and by high rural–urban inequality which makes the urban economy somewhat inaccessible, particularly given the regulated nature of the urban informal sector, limiting opportunities for migration. Competition for employment is made more challenging by low capabilities, which place high-return jobs beyond reach for many poor people. This paper relies on mixed methods research to explore a land-education-jobs nexus and identify the linked human capital and livelihood determinants of poverty escapes to understand the factors slowing poverty reduction in Rwanda. The quantitative analysis uses three waves of nationally representative panel data between 2010/11 and 2016/17 to investigate correlates of poverty trajectories. The qualitative analysis uses content analysis to explore life histories, focus group discussions and key informant interviews from 14 study sites to explore factors driving change in livelihoods and well-being. Our findings show that the triple challenges of acute land scarcity, low capabilities and a sluggish non-farm economy lock together to form a nexus which limits sustained poverty escapes. In the regression analysis, households headed by primary school graduates are half as likely to be poor as those headed by a primary school dropouts while secondary completion or higher virtually eliminates the risk of poverty. Despite demand, secondary school completion in the fieldwork is beyond the reach of most children from poor households, limiting their later options for livelihood diversification. Near landlessness constrains accumulation and Rwanda’s thin rural non-farm economy provides few jobs or opportunities for self-employment. Rebooting poverty reduction in Rwanda particularly following the Covid-19 pandemic will require finding ways to sustain poverty escapes through fuelling job-rich ‘growth from below’ by generating additional demand in the rural economy, continuing to boost agricultural productivity and including even the poorest peasant farmers in that, creating a more conducive business environment for small enterprises and continuing to stimulate investment in job-rich enterprise. Underpinning these strategies should be strengthened efforts to enhance capabilities, education quality, and progression into secondary education.

Global disease burden of uncorrected refractive error among adolescents from 1990 to 2019

BackgroundTo estimate the global disease burden of uncorrected refractive error (URE) among adolescents and assess the contributions of various risk factors to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to URE.MethodsGlobal, regional and country-level DALY numbers and rates due to URE among adolescents were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. Human Development Index (HDI), Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and other country-level data were obtained from other open databases as potential indicators. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between DALY rates among adolescents and potential predictors.ResultsGlobal DALYs due to URE among adolescents rose by 8% between 1990 and 2019 but moderately decreased by 4.8% during this period after adjusting for population size. Female adolescents showed higher DALY rates. DALY rates sharply increased from 5 to 9 years of age, then rose more slowly, reaching a plateau before 20 years of age. Country-level DALY rates in 2019 were positively associated with HDI, SDI, and urbanization rates but negatively correlated with primary school dropout rates. Higher disease burden of adolescents visually impaired from URE was associated with lower primary school dropout rates (β = − 0.257, 95% CI − 0.376 to − 0.138, P < 0.001) and higher urbanization rates (β = 0.257, 95% CI 0.067 to 0.256, P = 0.001).ConclusionsHigher socioeconomic status, urbanization rates and education levels are associated with a heavier disease burden of URE among adolescents. The findings of this study can provide a reference for policy making on resource allocation for URE prevention and control in teenagers.

Spatial Analysis of the Phenomena of Dropout and Repetition in Primary Schools in Bashiqa City for the Academic Year 2019-2020

The phenomena of failure and repetition are important phenomena, so this file has been present in any educational reform project undertaken by the Ministry of Education. Accordingly, this research came to shed lights on this problem, in order to highlight the dimensions of this phenomenon and touch its causes, with the development of some proposals to address Repetition and failure rates in the educational system are an important measure of its internal efficiency, and the lower the ratio of the two indicators, this indicates the effectiveness of the system and its efficiency in reducing educational waste. Failure and repetition are the main reason for reducing the productive efficiency in education, and they are a reason for wasting effort, time and money spent on education, as the educational sector, especially the primary school stage, suffers from many problems, the most important of which is the problem of failure and repetition that the research addressed to show the spatial distribution of this phenomenon and its contrast between the schools of Bashiqa and its neighborhoods, and the interpretation of the picture in which this distribution appeared within a series of spatial relations between the phenomenon and a number of variables that contributed to the emergence of a group within the community, namely the illiterate group or those who barely know how to read. The results of the research showed that there is a shortage in primary education schools in the study area, with one school for boys and one for girls, and another for mixed ones, which indicates that there is pressure on some schools that has reduced their functional efficiency, and this affected the spatial efficiency in the study area by not covering all neighborhoods within the city and the fact that some areas are outside the influence of these schools in relation to the distance traveled, which makes it difficult to reach the school. The percentage of school wastage due to repetition and failure in primary schools in the city reached (12.6%) of the total students, and the repetition constituted the largest percentage of the study problem (8.4%) compared to (4.2%) for failure. The percentage of male repeaters was (59.9%) of the total number of repeaters, compared to (40.1%) for females. As for school dropouts, the dropout rates for males were higher, as their percentage reached (73%) of the total number of dropouts, compared to (27%) for females.

Does the Community Contribute to Reducing Student Dropout? Current Practices, Challenges, and A Way Forward in RuRal Bangladesh

The constitution of Bangladesh aims to ensure quality education for all children. Attending school regularly and completing the cycle is a pre-condition of quality education. This qualitative research was conducted to obtain insights into current practice on community involvement for regular student attendance and reducing dropout in rural Government Primary Schools (GPS) in Bangladesh as well as challenges and possible initiatives. Data were analyzed thematically after conducting five semi-structured interviews with Upazila Education Officers, Assistant Upazila Education Officers, head teachers, and School Managing Committee chairmen; two focus group discussions with assistant teachers and community members of two rural GPS; and school observation. We find that various local and school committees and associations were not performing their assigned and defined roles. Physical home visits were effective but not performed on a regular basis. Mother gatherings were to some extent helpful with the possibility of broadening their scope, but uthan boithok (local gatherings in common spaces) were totally absent. Poverty and lack of awareness about formal education, the tendency of educated families to live in cities and town, negative perceptions of communities about government organizations, the unexpected attitudes of teachers towards rural guardians, and a lack of about the importance of community involvement were the main challenges hindering community contribution to regular student attendance and reducing dropout. To mitigate these challenges, we recommend robust educational leadership, where head teachers as leaders take the required initiatives by raising awareness through collaborations with the local community. This research contributes to ensuring quality education by discussing possible initiatives involving the community to promote regular student attendance and reducing dropout in rural GPS. Keywords: Community, Rural Government Primary Schools, Attendance, Drop-out DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

School dropout in primary schools in rural Cambodia: school-level and student-level factors

ABSTRACT Reducing dropout rates is a major issue in Cambodia. This study examined the effects of school-level and student-level factors on dropout in rural Cambodian primary schools. We collected data of the same students over 3 years by visiting the same school. We used questionnaires for students and parents, checklists of school facilities, checklists of teacher characteristics and Khmer language and mathematics tests achievement as research tools. We found that the effect size of the school was small: students who dropped out had similar characteristics – even when dropout rates varied among schools. At the school level, teacher absence in both cohorts, mean interaction with teachers in higher-grade cohorts, and mean test achievement in lower-grade cohorts were significantly associated with dropout. At the student level, age at first school entry in both cohorts were significantly associated with dropout. In cohort 1, gender, relative achievement in class, parental educational attainment, economic status, parents’ educational aspiration, and school distance were related to dropout. In cohort 2, repetition experience, absence, educational aspiration, teacher interaction, living with parents, and time spent helping the family were related to dropout. Reducing teacher absence and late school entry were key factors of preventing from dropping out of school.

Factors of Dropout in Government Primary Schools of Sindh: A Qualitative Study of District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Factors of Dropout in Government Primary Schools of Sindh: A Qualitative Study of District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Engaging dropouts with differentiated practices: some evidence from Chile

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to identify those activities that re-engage out-of-school youth who enrol in the so-called ‘recovery’ schools now operating in Chile. Recovery schools can offer different kinds of activities in order to engage their students; are some activities more effective than others? Is their effect moderated by the type of dropouts who participate? Chile recently opened a national programme of Second Opportunity Schools (Escuelas de Segunda Oportunidad). Their mission is to provide primary and high school dropouts between 14 and 18 years of age an opportunity to complete their studies. Latent Class analysis, based on conventional demographic and current activity data, was used to classify these students into four distinct groups. The groups varied in their level of satisfaction (or engagement) with the Second Opportunity School in which they were studying. Within each School, the groups’ satisfaction varied according to the activities in which students participated. That is, variation in satisfaction was more a result of student characteristics than differences between Schools. Some activities were more effective than others in engaging or satisfying some types of students. Further research is required to assess the impact of more highly differentiated programmes with more activities.

The Contribution of Business Management Trainings on Women Smallholder Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Spirit in Siteki Area of Eswatini

Women make essential contributions to the agricultural and rural economies in most developing countries including Eswatini yet they are the most visible face of poverty. As a strategy of empowering women to up-lift them from abject poverty, “Luhlelo Lolunotsisa Temabhizinisi” (LULOTE) has developed business management training programs for rural women smallholder farmers to enhance their entrepreneurship spirit and skills. The LULOTE in English can be interpreted as a program that helps businesses to advance/prosper. It is a Non-Governmental Organization was established in 1986 in Eswatini to promote entrepreneurial culture and inspire entrepreneurs. This paper ought to find out the contributions of business management trainings on the level of entrepreneurial spirit and skills of women smallholder farmers as its main objective. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and personal interviews with a sample size of 120 farmers. Descriptive statistics and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression models were used as methods of analysis. The results of this study indicate that most farmers interviewed were aged above 49 years, married (40%), and primary school dropout (mean of 6 years in school), spent an average of 10 years in farming and at least 50% on average indicated that farming was their main occupation. Results further revealed that the trained women by LULOTE had a higher entrepreneurial spirit than the non-trained women scoring an average index of 3.45 and 2.77, respectively. The LULOTE trained women also were rated higher with a 3.50 score compared to the non-trained rated at 3.01 scores. The determinants of level of entrepreneurial spirit among sampled women included age of respondent, level of education, farming as major occupation, and incomes from remittances. Determinants of level of entrepreneurial skills among sampled women included, farming income, off-farm income and previous job of the respondent. Based on the independent T-test results, there was a significant difference in the statements mean scores related to the level of farmers’ entrepreneurial spirit &amp; Skills between LULOTE members and non-LULOTE members at 1% and 5% level. Therefore, the research concludes that LULOTE trainings greatly contributed to improving the entrepreneurial spirit and skills of the women. Since there is an observable positive result of training women, all stakeholders including government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), among others should increase on the training programs for all farming age groups including the youth.