Primary Level Research Articles

Baseline assessment of cervical cancer screening and treatment capacity in 25 counties in Kenya, 2022.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Kenya. In the context of the Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem, Kenya is currently implementing screening and treatment scale-up. For effectively tracking the scale-up, a baseline assessment of cervical cancer screening and treatment service availability and readiness was conducted in 25 priority counties. We describe the findings of this assessment in the context of elimination efforts in Kenya. The survey was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. All public hospitals in the target counties were included. We utilized healthcare workers trained in preparation for the scale-up as data collectors in each sub-county. Two electronic survey questionnaires (screening and treatment; and laboratory components) were used for data collection. All the health system building blocks were assessed. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the main service readiness indicators. Of 3,150 hospitals surveyed, 47.6% (1,499) offered cervical cancer screening only, while 5.3% (166) offered both screening and treatment for precancer lesions. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) was used in 96.0% (1,599/1,665) of the hospitals as primary screening modality and HPV testing was available in 31 (1.0%) hospitals. Among the 166 hospitals offering treatment for precancerous lesions, 79.5% (132/166) used cryotherapy, 18.7% (31/166) performed thermal ablation and 25.3% (42/166) performed large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Pathology services were offered in only 7.1% (17/238) of the hospitals expected to have the service (level 4 and above). Only 10.8% (2,955/27,363) of healthcare workers were trained in cervical cancer screening and treatment; of these, 71.0% (2,097/2,955) were offering the services. Less than half of the hospitals had cervical cancer screening and treatment commodities at time of survey. The main health system strength was presence of multiple screening points at hospitals, but frequent commodity stock-outs was a key weakness. Training, commodities, and diagnostic services are major gaps in the cervical cancer program in Kenya. To meet the 2030 elimination targets, the national and county governments should ensure adequate financing, training, and service integration, especially at primary care level.

A bibliometric and systematic review of scientific publications on metaverse research in architecture: web of science (WoS)

AbstractThe global trends related to the concept of Metaverse in architecture have significantly expanded in recent years, thanks to the increasing number of scientific publications. Systematically examining the literature on this topic and identifying research trends and potential directions provides comprehensive data maps, thus charting a roadmap for researchers interested in working in this field. In this context, the research aims to identify the trends and tendencies of the concept of the Metaverse in the scientific literature over time at the primary analysis levels, such as countries, institutions, resources, articles, authors, and research topics. The research conducted with this aim involves a dynamic, visual, and systematic examination of the academic literature on academic publishing using data accessed without year limitations from the Web of Science Core Collection-Citation database. In the research conducted without year limitations, a sample comprising 334 articles published/planned to be published between 2005 and 2024 is analyzed. The bibliometrix R-Tool was used to enhance the analysis, and metadata was obtained from the WoS database. This analysis analyzed publications, citations, and information sources, including the most published journals, the most used keywords, the most cited and leading articles, the most cited academics, and the most contributing institutions and countries. In conclusion, this study aims to define the profile of international academic publishing in the field of the Metaverse, present its development, identify research fronts, detect emerging trends, and uncover the working themes and trends in the Metaverse specific to architecture. This study describes the profile of international academic publishing on the metaverse, presents its development, identifies research frontiers, identifies emerging trends, and reveals metaverse study themes and trends in architecture. As a result, education, virtual perception of space, building operation and maintenance, building evacuation, BIM (Building Information Modeling), cultural heritage, physical environment, built environment/planning, smart home, design and creativity, universal design/accessibility, sustainability, smart city/GIS, urban transportation systems, and in-use evaluation are identified as themes that have been studied in relation to the metaverse concept in architecture and design disciplines.

Improving medication adherence among persons with cardiovascular disease through m-health and community health worker-led interventions in Kerala; protocol for a type II effectiveness-implementation research-(SHRADDHA-ENDIRA)

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and at present, India has the highest burden of acute coronary syndrome and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI). A key reason for poor outcomes is non-adherence to medication.MethodsThe intervention is a 2 × 2 factorial design trial applying two interventions individually and in combination with 1:1 allocation ratio: (i) ASHA-led medication adherence initiative comprising of home visits and (ii) m-health intervention using reminders and self-reporting of medication use. This design will lead to four potential experimental conditions: (i) ASHA-led intervention, (ii) m-health intervention, (iii) ASHA and m-health intervention combination, (iv) standard of care. The cluster randomized trial has been chosen as it randomizes communities instead of individuals, avoiding contamination between participants. Subcenters are a natural subset of the health system, and they will be considered as the cluster/unit. The factorial cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) will also incorporate a nested health economic evaluation to assess the cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of the interventions on medication adherence among patients with CVDs. The sample size has been calculated to be 393 individuals per arm with 4–5 subcenters in each arm. A process evaluation to understand the effect of the intervention in terms of acceptability, adoption (uptake), appropriateness, costs, feasibility, fidelity, penetration (integration of a practice within a specific setting), and sustainability will be done.DiscussionThe effect of different types of intervention alone and in combination will be assessed using a cluster randomized design involving 18 subcenter areas. The trial will explore local knowledge and perceptions and empower people by shifting the onus onto themselves for their medication adherence. The proposal is aligned to the WHO-NCD aims of improving the availability of the affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, training the health workforce and strengthening the capacity of at the primary care level, to address the control of NCDs. The proposal also helps expand the use of digital technologies to increase health service access and efficacy for NCD treatment and may help reduce cost of treatment.Trial registrationThe trial has been registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI), reference number CTRI/2023/10/059095.

Toward biodefence: a framework for the mitigation of malicious threats to livestock production enterprises in Australia

Biosecurity underpins the Australian agricultural sector, estimated to be worth $51 billion in exports and trade, $50 billion in tourism, $5.7 trillion in environmental assets, and more than 1.6 million jobs. Given the value to the Australian economy and the potential consequences of a deliberately introduced biological agent, measures to prevent malicious biosecurity threats are critical for national security. Using the framework of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP), the study examined recommended biosecurity practices for cattle production enterprises in Australia and explored the extent to which the Australian biosecurity framework is underpinned by preventative security. The study found the existing biosecurity framework has limited theoretical security underpinning and is constituted by practices primarily aimed at preventing naturally occurring and accidental threats, rather than an active preventative security approach at the farming level to mitigate threats of a malicious or deliberate nature. These findings identify a deficit in Australia’s national security approach to biosecurity in cattle production enterprises, establishing a need for biosecurity recommendations at an industry and primary production level to embed security theory and principles to account for malicious actors in alignment with international biodefence strategy. Subsequently, the study demonstrated how security theory can be applied to biosecurity and the agricultural sector more broadly and developed an SCP framework toward biodefence of agriculture, converging biosecurity and security as a bilateral approach to mitigating naturally occurring, accidental, and deliberate biosecurity threats.

Post-COVID conditions response: a collaborative approach to -establishing multidisciplinary clinics in Ecuador.

Worldwide, 3.7% (144.7 million) of people diagnosed with COVID-19 developed Post-COVID Conditions (PCC). Therefore, creating and implementing multidisciplinary rehabilitation clinics is important to address the needs of patients and improve overall recovery. This study was made possible with support from the United States Agency for International Development funded RISE program, under the terms of the cooperative agreement 7200AA19CA00003. This case study was conducted in Ecuador and describes the creation and implementation of 21 PCC rehabilitation clinics in primary healthcare centers and secondary level hospitals in 7 provinces across the country. Data was gathered for the identification of partnering health facilities and needs, for the evaluation of knowledge enhancement in health professionals after a specific training program, and for the measurement of key performance indicators. This article emphasizes the organization, educational strategies, and implementation of rehabilitation programs tailored specifically for the management of Post-COVID Conditions in Ecuador. The implementation of PCC rehabilitation clinics involved a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), the private sector and a non-governmental organization (Jhpiego). Twenty-one health facilities from the primary and secondary level of care were selected, and PCC rehabilitation implemented in 7 provinces of Ecuador. Additionally, 133 health providers were trained and a total of 13,846 patients treated, among whom 859 had a diagnosis of PCC. Medical doctors outperformed nurses in both pre- and post-tests scores. However, all healthcare professionals demonstrated comparable improvement in knowledge acquisition. Rehabilitation manuals were developed and adopted by the MOPH, rehabilitation equipment was donated and a mobile application, "RESPIRA", was developed and disseminated free of charge. The establishment of PCC rehabilitation clinics in Ecuador was successful in identifying patients in need of early rehabilitation. The insights of this study can serve as a guide for the development of similar initiatives in other countries. Tailored courses are essential to address disparities and ensure comprehensive skill development and promote equitable healthcare delivery.

Quality of school inclusion and digital technologies: A pilot study

The quality of school inclusion of children with disabilities is a complex construct that emerges from the interaction between individual needs and different systems and processes; therefore, it needs to be investigated through a multi-method approach, using tools capable of grasping its complexity.The general goal of the study is to describe and test the modified version of two instruments: ICP and SELFIE. The ICP (the Inclusive Classroom Profile; Soukakou, 2016) is an observational tool aimed at measuring and quantifying school inclusion quality through the observation of the teachers' daily practices and the analysis of the school's policy. For the present research, the ICP was adapted to the Italian school context. Moreover, other minor changes were applied to adapt the tool to the primary and secondary levels of education. The SELFIE (Self-reflection on Effective Learning by Fostering Innovation through Educational Technology; European Commission, 2018) analyses the use of digital technologies in the school context. Originally developed as a selfevaluation questionnaire, for the present study it has been transformed into a guided interview, allowing the research team to collect more comprehensive quantitative data.The tools were tested in a pilot study involving a kindergarten and a 3rdgrade class in the municipality of Genoa. Results outline the strengths and weaknesses of the modified versions of the instruments and further changes are proposed. Furthermore, the SELFIE interviews content analysis highlights valuable insights regarding kindergarten and primary school teachers' use of digital technologies.

Psychological Distress and Its Associated Factors among Older Adults Living in a Rural Area of West Bengal

Abstract Introduction: Psychological distress among older adults in India is a concerning issue due to the aging population, the unique challenges they face, and limited access to mental health resources. Understanding and addressing this concern are crucial for promoting better mental health and overall quality of life. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of psychological distress among older adults in selected subcenters of Budge Budge II block, West Bengal; and to find out the factors associated with psychological distress among the study participants. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 persons aged ≥60 years from different subcenters of the Budge Budge II block selected by multistage random sampling from May 2023 to July 2023 by face-to-face interview using a predesigned, pretested, structured schedule comprising the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Multivariable binary logistic regression was done to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with psychological distress. Results: In this study among 180 elderly individuals, the mean age was 67 (±6.34) years, with 65.5% in the 60–69 age group. Nearly two-thirds (70.5%) had no psychological distress, while 18.9%, 5%, and 5.6% had mild, moderate, and severe distress, respectively. Participants who were belonging to the age group 70–79 years [aOR (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 3.31 (1.27–8.63)], widowed or separated (aOR [95% CI] = 3.53 [1.33–9.31]), functionally dependent (aOR [95% CI]) = (8.89 [1.49–53.23]), and economically dependent (aOR [95% CI] = 7.81 [3.21–19.03]) were statistically significant covariates of psychological distress. Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the elderly were suffering from psychological distress. Preventive measures for psychological disorders should be integrated into public health at the local level by providing specialist outpatient services to diagnose and treat common psychological disorders at the primary health center level.

Analisis Media Pembelajaran Pengenalan Huruf dan Angka pada Tingkat Sekolah Dasar Menggunakan Adobe Flash Professional CS6

Learning at the primary school level is an important stage for instilling strong basic concepts for students, especially in the introduction of letters and numbers. The use of appropriate learning media can improve student understanding. Adobe Flash Professional CS6 is one of the applications that can be used as interactive learning media for letter and number recognition. This study aims to analyze the use of Adobe Flash Professional CS6 in the introduction of letters and numbers in elementary schools. The method used is qualitative with a phenomenological study design, involving interviews, observation, and documentation. The research was conducted at a public elementary school in Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra, with informants being the principal, school operator, and several classroom teachers. The results show that Flash-based learning media can visualize abstract concepts to be more concrete and interesting through animation and interactive features, thus helping students understand the material better and increasing their learning motivation. However, the use of digital-based learning media requires parental assistance to supervise children's use of technology. Training and capacity building of teachers in using information technology is also very important.

Evaluation of Sports Learning Methods of SD IT Haudhin Ilma Langkat City

Physical education and sports (PES) play a crucial role in the holistic development of individuals, particularly in physical, mental, and social health. Primary schools (SD) serve as an ideal setting for instilling healthy and active lifestyles through effective sports education. At SD IT Haudhin Ilma Kota Langkat, serious attention is given to this aspect. Therefore, an evaluation of the sports education methods employed in the school is essential to ensure the achievement of desired physical education goals. This study employs a qualitative method with an observational analysis approach to assess the sports education process at SD IT Haudhin Ilma Kota Langkat. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of sports education methods applied at SD IT Haudhin Ilma Kota Langkat. Consequently, it is anticipated that this study will contribute positively to the development and enhancement of sports education processes at the primary school level.

Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of a Portable, Motorized, and Remotely Controlled Slit Lamp Imaging Adaptor Prototype for Head-Mounted Displays.

The purpose of this study was to validate the performance of a portable and remotely controlled slit lamp imaging adaptor. Twenty patients with anterior eye segment conditions participated in a randomized masked clinical trial. Imaging was performed using a Haag-Streit AG, BX 900 slit lamp biomicroscope and a new slit lamp prototype. Three ophthalmologists independently reviewed masked and randomized 2D images from both instruments and conducted physical eye examinations based on these images. Inter- and intra-grader reliability were assessed using kappa statistics, and sensitivity and specificity were determined with reference to the clinical eye examinations performed during the patients' visits. The sensitivity and specificity of the evaluations with the prototype were 47.8% and 64.1%. Similarly, the evaluations from the conventional system obtained a sensitivity and specificity of 49.5% and 66.2%. The differences in the sensitivity and specificity between imaging modalities were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The intra-grader reliability showed moderate to substantial agreement between the systems (κ = 0.522-0.708). The inter-grader reliability also indicated moderate agreement for the evaluations with the conventional system (κ = 0.552) and the prototype (κ = 0.474). This study presents a new prototype that exhibits diagnostic accuracy on par with conventional slit lamps and moderate reliability. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to characterize the prototype's performance. However, its remote functionality and accessibility suggest the potential to extend eye care. The development of portable and remotely controlled eye imaging systems will enhance teleophthalmology services and broaden access to eye care at the primary care level.

INFORMATION NEEDS ANALYSIS OF POULTRY FARMERS IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

Poultry production will fail to attain its peak and improve food security if the information needs of the farmers are not met. This study analysed the information needs of poultry farmers in Abia state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 117 respondents. Data on respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics, information needs, information sources and information utilization were collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using percentages, mean scores and ordinary least square. Results revealed 59.8% of the poultry farmers were male with mean age of 34years while, 94.0% had above primary level of education. Average stock size was 105 birds and average monthly income was N128,500.00. The farmers needed information on disease identification (87.2%), drugs and vaccine use (82.9%), veterinary services (79.5%), feed formulation (75.2%) and modern agricultural equipment (74.4%) among others. Most of the farmers sourced information from friends and relatives (94.9%), televisions (78.6%), the internet (73.5%), radios (72.6%), veterinary services (68.4%) and extension agents (60.7%). Furthermore, the farmers effectively utilised all information received, except that on modern day agricultural equipment (x̄ = 1.99). Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics were significantly related to level of information utilization at 5% α-level. To succeed in the business and contribute to food security, poultry farmers need lots of information. It is therefore recommended that information service providers should source adequate, timely, appropriate, and authentic information from reliable sources like research institutes and communicate same to the farmers for their use. Modern day agricultural equipment should be provided at subsidized rates and the farmers taught how to use them to boost production.

Цукровий діабет 2 типу: організація профілактики та реабілітації

The problems of organizing the implementation of the provisions of the Unified clinical protocol Diabetes mellitus 2 (UCP DM2) in the national health care system of Ukraine were studied. It has been proven that the primary level of medical care is unable to perform the functions of ensuring the organization and providing rehabilitation and preventive care. It has been established that sanatorium-resort facilities have experience, resource and technological support for the implementation of T2DM prevention and rehabilitation tasks. Аnd organizational scheme of rehabilitation and prevention for patients with T2DM is proposed. Key words: diabetes mellitus type 2, rehabilitation, prevention, organization of care.

Effectiveness of Group Work on Students’ Academic Performance in Mathematics at Primary Level: An Action Research

Group Work leads to effective learning in all subjects, including mathematics. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of group work on students’ academic performance in mathematics subjects at the primary school level through action research. Six students from class three of a public sector girls’ school were selected purposely for the study. Students were divided into two groups. A pre-test was conducted before the intervention, and a post-test was conducted after the group work intervention. The results of pre and post-tests were compared. It was found that group work is more effective in improving students' academic performance in mathematics at the primary school level. So, it is recommended that principals and teachers should use group work as a teaching strategy in their schools.

Evaluating the Implementation and Challenges of the Single National Curriculum at the Primary Level in District Jhelum

A salient policy move in Pakistan emerged with the conception and foundation of the Single National Curriculum (SNC), to standardize the educational content and ensure educational equity in the country. This study aims to look at the implementation of the SNC at the primary level in District Jhelum, focusing on problems that have occurred during this time and the validity of the policy. It adopted a mixed-method study design that used questionnaires and interviews to gather quantitative and qualitative data on resource allocation, teacher training, curriculum acceptance, and involvement of stakeholders. Obstacles to the implementation of the SNC are shown to be resource inadequacy, lack of teacher training, and lack of commitment from stakeholders. The study draws a conclusion for policy change and further research.

Academic Integrity in Existing Classroom Resources and Teaching Learning Process for Children with Vision Impairment in Government Special Education Institutions of Punjab Pakistan

Purpose: The objective of this qualitative study was to evaluate the level of academic integrity in the provision and utilization of classroom resources and flow of the teaching-learning process for children with vision impairment (CWVI) at primary level. Design/Methodology/Approach: Non-participant classroom observations were conducted. Eight special education institutions working in various districts of Punjab were randomly selected. A self-developed, field experts validated classroom observation checklist was applied to conduct the classroom observations. All observations were carried out personally by the principal author. Researchers analyzed the data by descriptive statistics percentages of observed indicators for academic integrity. After that, a thematic analysis was carried out. Findings: The study showed that most observed classes had satisfactory classroom arrangement, teacher competence and classroom illumination. However, many observed classrooms were found with inadequate classroom arrangements and disturbing physical environment. There is a severe lack about effective use of need-based equipment, assistive aids, low-vision devices, lesson plans, student portfolios and any record of Students’ previous performance. Implications/Originality/Value: The study suggested that special education institutions should make all lacking facilities available. Refresher courses should be provided to teachers to improve their personality and teaching skills. The presence of Students’ portfolios and lesson plans should be assured.

Analysis of the impact of ICT by socioeconomic level

Information and communication technologies (ICT) strengthen the economy. Likewise, the socioeconomic level in Mexico is classified into 4 levels. The objective was to analyze ICT by socioeconomic level, considering gender, education and territorial scope. Data from the National Survey of Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households 2021 were used. The sample was 15,325,746 households. An econometric model was developed using the Logit and Probit methods. The following was found: 1) Women cannot reach high levels, 2) The older they are, the higher the level, 3) The specialty educational level has a higher socioeconomic level, 4) The urban area reaches a higher stratum compared to the rural area, 5) The use of the computer and the Internet also presents high levels. It is concluded that the most vulnerable are rural women with primary level who do not use ICT.

Kognitive Interviews als Methode der Inhaltsvalidierung von Fragebogenitems zur Erfassung kognitiver Aktivierung im Englischunterricht der Grundschule

Student and teacher feedback on instructional quality is considered a tried and tested source of data. However, Lenske (2016) demonstrates that students at primary level often fail at understanding and interpreting questionnaire items on instructional quality – student activation, in particular – as intended. These findings emphasize the need for explicitly addressing issues of content validity in student questionnaires. Studies on the content validity of teacher ratings of instructional quality have not been conducted yet. This paper presents a qualitative study investigating the content validity of newly constructed items on cognitive activation in English language teaching at primary level. Cognitive interviews were conducted with nine primary English language teachers and 39 fourth year students to explore how they process questionnaire items on cognitive activation. The interview data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Thus, the study replicates Lenske’s (2016) approach and adapts it to teachers as a new target group. The findings show that both groups of participants misinterpreted more than half of the items each. Building on these findings, the paper suggests strategies for ensuring the content validity of items.

Development of Interactive Learning Media Based on Articulate Storyline 3 Towards the Learning Outcomes of Integrated Science (IPAS) on the Subject of Energy Sources and Cultural Diversity

This study aims to investigate the validity, effectiveness, and student response to the development of Interactive Learning Media (MPI) based on Articulate Storyline 3 in the subject of Natural & Social Sciences (IPAS) with a focus on the material of Energy Sources and Indonesian Cultural Diversity and efforts to preserve it. The research problem formulation includes: (1) What is the validity of Articulate Storyline 3-based Interactive Learning Media; (2) What is the effectiveness of student learning outcomes when using Articulate Storyline 3-based Interactive Learning Media; (3) What is the student response to the use of Articulate Storyline 3-based Interactive Learning Media. The results showed that 95% of users were satisfied with the development of this application. This shows a high level of satisfaction with the learning media used. In addition, this study also found that the use of Interactive Learning Media based on Articulate Storyline 3 has had a positive impact on student learning outcomes, with a 13% increase in understanding of IPAS material on Energy Sources and Cultural Diversity and efforts to preserve them. These results show that the use of interactive media in the learning process can improve learning effectiveness and student learning outcomes. This research makes an important contribution to the development of innovative and effective learning methods at the primary school level, particularly in the Natural & Social Sciences subjects of the independent curriculum, as well as in promoting students' understanding of Indonesia's energy sources and cultural diversity and efforts to preserve them.

Cross-sectional study on prevalence of typhoid and health risk factors among pregnant women attending general hospital, Azare, Bauchi state, Nigeria

Typhoid fever is among the major prevalent disease in Nigeria due to various interconnected factors such as scarce amenities for handling unwanted products and abuse of antibiotics; these among other factors are responsible for the widespread of typhoid fever affecting both underage children and young adults. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional conducted from September to November, 2023. The study population consisted of adults female age ranged from 18 years and above. A pilot study was conducted which tested the validity and reliability of the instruments. The response rate was 100% for there were no non-consenting respondents. The study variables were independent and dependent. Data was analyzed using SPSS Computer software version 11. The processed data was presented in Tables, Pie chart; and Chi-square test of independence (contingency tables) was used to determine if there was a relationship between control measures of typhoid and it’s occurrence in the study area. The study revealed that those with low level of education suffered from typhoid more than those who had attained a higher level of education and therefore education played a key role in the prevalence of typhoid among pregnant women based on the study. It has been shown that the higher the level of education the more the typhoid prevalence decreased among the adults as in primary, secondary and college levels respectively. The findings of this study also showed that 63% of the pregnant women had suffered from typhoid fever in one or more times in their life time, and only 37% had not. This is a clear indication that typhoid fever is prevalent among pregnant women attending General hospital in Azare. The results showed that those with low level of education were more than 50% and they suffered from typhoid episodes in their lifetime more than those with higher level of education. This study revealed that 63% did not have water storage facility while 37% provided water storage facilities within their households. The results of the study found that 80.2% of the residents had temporary houses, 14.4% had semi-permanent houses and 5.4% had permanent houses. These statistics reveal that most of the residents were poor and that they were vulnerable to poor housing which could promote poor state of sanitation. Poor sanitation practices are a cause of bacterial, viral, protozoa, and helminthic infections. Similarly, on waste collection 82.9% were dissatisfied about it, and 17.1% were satisfied. The main reason of dissatisfaction on waste collection was that it was done unprofessionally (52.9%) and irregularly (36.3%). The majority (47.1%) of the residents of the area under study felt that the drainage systems posed a problem of leaking, 36% felt the problem with drainage was smell and 16.9% felt that drainage system were contaminating their surface water sources.

PENGAPLIKASIAN RUKHSAH DALAM KURIKULUM SEKOLAH AGAMA PETANG PERLIS (SAPPS), MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAM DAN ADAT ISTIADAT MELAYU PERLIS (MAIPS)

Raja Muda of Perlis, DYTM Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Ibni Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail has inspired an Islamic Education initiative at the primary school level known as the Perlis Afternoon Religious School (SAPPs), which is operated by the Perlis Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council (MAIPs). In 2018, SAPPs MAIPs was launched to ensure that the appreciation of Ahli Sunnah wal Jamaah methodology is continuously inherited by the future generations of Perlis citizen, as desired by DYMM Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail, the Raja of Perlis. In the SAPPs MAIPs curriculum, rukhsah which is a legal ruling that is mandated due to an illness and hardship, has been implemented through the teaching of worship. Therefore, this paper analyses the application of rukhsah in the SAPPs MAIPs curriculum.