Primary Dentition Research Articles

Understanding the relationship between orofacial structures and feeding habits of preschoolers: A multivariate analysis.

The understanding of the relationship between orofacial structures and feeding habits in preschoolers is helpful for health professionals and those dedicated to food science. The hypothesis tested was whether this relationship is already present even at a very young age. This cross-sectional study included 91 healthy caries-free children (50 girls/41 boys; 3.4-6.2 years; mean 4.1 years) and a comprehensive evaluation of the stomatognathic system was performed: dietary intake, facial and occlusal morphology, gustatory sensitivity, bite and lip forces, and orofacial myofunctional aspects (mastication, swallowing and breathing functions). Principal component analysis summarized the variables related to the form and function of the orofacial aspects; further, K-means analysis identified two clusters of participants with similar aspects. Cluster 1 ("Low orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n= 51) was characterized by children who showed the worst performance of mastication, swallowing and breathing functions and whose parents reported the consumption of sweets, cookies, chocolate, but not fresh fruits the day before, in addition to the higher bottle-feeding and pacifier use duration. This cluster also showed higher sweet taste threshold. Cluster 2 ("High orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n= 40) showed lower bottle-feeding and pacifier use duration, higher gustatory sensitivity, greater maxillo-mandibular dimensions, and better orofacial function performance. The variables sex and BMI did not associate to clusters profile. The frequencies of open bite and current sucking habit (pacifier) also differed between clusters. The results showed that an association between form and function of the structures that comprise the stomatognathic system and dietary intake is already present in children with primary dentition.

Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice Regarding Management of Dental Trauma in Children among Dental Practitioners: A Cross-sectional Survey.

The aim of this study was to determine the current level of knowledge and understanding about dental trauma and its management in children among dental practitioners. The study was conducted after obtaining the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). A structured questionnaire was prepared, which comprised 20 questions and was validated by dental trauma experts. The questionnaire, which covers all aspects of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in both primary and permanent dentition, was distributed online to 850 dental practitioners. The questionnaire was open from January 2022 to April 2022, with a 3-month time frame to complete it. The responses were collected and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. The mean age of the participants were 22-30 years. Furthermore, 515 participants were females and 263 were males. In this survey among 784 responses, 449 dentists were trained in dental trauma and 618 participants had personal experience in managing dental trauma. All other questions about knowledge and awareness of dental trauma management received fewer correct answers. According to the present study, dental practitioners have only mild-to-moderate knowledge and awareness about dental trauma. From the latest the International Association for Dental Traumatology guidelines, dentists need to consistently update their knowledge through dental trauma conferences, workshops, trainings, and symposiums. This study informs us about the existing level of dental knowledge about dental trauma, which is significantly low. This will considerably boost dental practitioners' interest in TDIs. As a result, practitioners' expertise will grow, allowing them to better care for their patients.

A Case Report on Congenitally Absent Bilateral Maxillary Primary and Permanent Lateral Incisors

Hypodontia is uncommon in the deciduous dentition with a prevalence that ranges from 0.5% to 0.9%, with the maxillary lateral incisor being the most affected unilaterally or bilaterally.This paper reports a case of a 6 year old female with the chief complaint of missing teeth in the upper right and left tooth region. Thorough evaluation of the primary dentition visually and permanent dentition radiographically was done. There was missing 52 and 62, along with a lack of initiation of permanent successors 12 and 22. The case was non-syndromic. Though several treatment options are available but the treatment planning depends on the evolution of the case. It requires extensive and complex treatments with early and prior identification of missing primary dentition anomalies that can guide the dentist to prevent future permanent dentition ailments and planning interceptive dental treatment at the appropriate time. At present the case is under follow up.

In vitro study of the preventive activity of fluoride varnish by X-ray diffraction

In exogenous prophylaxis, fluoride is applied directly to the tooth surface through various gels, varnishes, foams, and toothpaste. According to the global burden of disease study conducted in 2017, more than 530 million children worldwide suffer from dental caries in their primary dentition. There are few developments in the selection of non-invasive methods in the application of mineralizing varnishes. The researchers investigated experimentally, in-vitro the preventive activity of the fluoride varnish Clinpro™ White Varnish with TCP 3M (CV), using a modern method of X-ray diffraction. The 20 temporary teeth were extracted due to physiological changes. Place of study was UMDC - city of Varna and Institute of Physical Chemistry "Academician Rostislav Kaishev" of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Demineralization is carried out with 37% phosphoric acid (i-gel – etching gel) and applied to the smooth temporary enamel surfaces for 30 seconds. The models were then washed and dried with a water and air jet. Remineralization was performed with CV. The formation of small globules of calcium fluoride. The coating is composed mainly of fluorapatite. With the modern method of X-ray diffraction, it was proved that exogenous fluoride prophylaxis and remineralization therapy are effective methods of prevention and treatment of initial caries lesions.

Postępowanie kliniczne w amelogenesis imperfecta w wieku rozwojowym – przypadki kliniczne

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary defect of enamel. It can affect both the primary and permanent dentition. It manifests as: change in enamel structure, shape of teeth, severe malocclusion and can also co-occur with changes in other tissues derived from the ectoderm. In the literature there are several classifications of this disease, the two main ones are the four-stage classification according to Witkop (1988) and the two-stage classification according to Sundell, distinguishing the form associated with enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypomineralization. The aim of this paper is to present the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with amelogenesis imperfecta at the developmental age, based on three clinical cases. Three cases were chosen to represent patients with AI: 1) hypoplastic type of AI in 14-year-old girl, 2) hypoplastic type of AI in 12-year-old girl with distoocclusion and retrusion of upper incisors, 3) hypoplastic type of AI in 13-year-old boy with deep overbite and functional retrognathia. Presented methods of treatment were selected depending on the form of lesions, patient’s age and coexisting malocclusion. Direct reconstruction with composite materials was used – free-hand, as well as the technique of indirect reconstruction with steel crowns combined with use of functional orthodontic appliances. Dental treatment in patients with AI should be interdisciplinary. The choice of treatment method depends on the coexisting disorders. It aims to eliminate caries associated with enamel development defects and to correct occlusal conditions, as well as to improve the psychosocial functioning of patients by improving the aesthetics of the teeth.

Deciduous and permanent dental caries status among primary schoolchildren of Libya: A cross-sectional study

Aim: to assess prevalence and severity of dental caries (DMFT for permanent dentition and dmft for primary dentition) among Libyan children. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study including a random sample of 372 children was conducted in Benghazi. Experience of dental caries was assessed by decayed, missing, and filled teeth DMFT and dmft indices using WHO criteria of diagnosing dental caries. The data were entered and managed by using SPSS software version 25. Descriptive analysis of the data including frequencies, percentages and means of school-children's decayed, missing and filled components was performed. Results: Overall dental caries prevalence was 86.6%. The mean DMFT and dmft indices were 0.86 and 2.78 for all 372 subjects amongst which major contributor was decayed component. Considering only subjects with caries experience (322), mean DMFT and dmft indices were 1.00 and 3.21, respectively. Higher prevalence of dmft scores was observed than DMFT scores in all subjects and in subjects with caries experience. For all subjects DMFT, the Decay index was 89.5%, Missing index was 3.5% and Care index was 6.7%. For all subjects dmft, the Decay index was 89.9%, Missing index was 7.9% and Care index was 2.1%. Conclusions: Caries prevalence was high considering the World Health Organization future oral health goals. Although the prevalence in the study sample is high, Care index is unacceptably low. The findings stress on the need to treat the children at the initial stages of caries development with preventive approaches. Providing and implementing preventive and educational programs for controlling dental caries are necessary.

Influence of Tooth Brushing and Previous Dental Visits on Dental Caries Status among Saudi Arabian Children.

To evaluate the dental caries status and its association with tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits among Arabian children. Arabian school children attend a specialty pediatric dental clinic at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Only children of Saudi origin with primary dentition were included in the study, and only one examiner was involved in the assessment and data collection. The parents of children completed a questionnaire to investigate possible explanatory variables for caries status, including tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits. Dental caries were diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (2013). The comparison performed was based on sex, age, tooth brushing frequency, and previous dental visits. The descriptive statistics were carried out using SPSS (version 21.0) with a p-value of <0.05 significance. The study involved 268 Saudi children with a mean age of 4.6 ± 1.1 years. The caries prevalence was 78.8%, and the mean dmft was 5.82 ± 4.48, while the overall mean scores for decayed, missing, and filled were 3.903 ± 3.69, 1.18 ± 1.69, and 0.73 ± 1.35, respectively. The mean dmft scores for the <3 years, 3.1-6 years, and >6 years old children were found to be 1.74, 6.58, and 4.58, respectively. Among the children, the females reported higher dmf scores (7.51 ± 4.18) compared to males (4.97 ± 4.39) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Fifty percent of the children had tooth brushing habits of once daily, followed by never (22.4%), twice daily (15.7%), and rarely (11.2%) brushed their teeth. Statistically significant correlations were found between the children's dental caries status, age, and dental visits, while sex and tooth brushing did not find a correlation. The prevalence of dental caries among Arabian preschool children was higher. Mandibular second molars were commonly affected by dental caries, while mandibular central incisors were less frequently affected. The child's age and frequency of dental checkups were positively related to the prevalence of dental caries.

A case report on palatally positioned single mesiodens: common supernumerary tooth

Mesiodens is one of the commonest dental anomalies in children. It may be present in primary or early mixed dentition. It can also be found in permanent dentition. It affects dental as well as facial aesthetics. The reported prevalence of mesiodens is about 0.15% to 1.9%. It is one of the etiologic factors causing malocclusion in children. Therefore, dentists can make the parents aware about the possibilities of malocclusion and convince for the treatment as soon as possible.

Quality-Adjusted Life Year Proxies for Caries in Primary Dentition: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)-a method to evaluate intervention cost-effectiveness-transforms benefits of alternatives into a measure of quantity and quality of life, such as quality-adjusted life year (QALY), to enable comparison across heterogeneous programs. Measurement challenges prevent directly estimating utilities and calculating QALYs for caries in primary dentition. Proxy disease QALYs are often used as a substitute; however, there lacks quantitative evidence that these proxy diseases are comparable to caries. To employ a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantitatively determine the most comparable proxy disease for different levels of caries in primary dentition. A cross-sectional DCE survey was administered to respondents (N = 461) who resided in California, were aged ≥18 y, and were primary caretakers for ≥1 child aged 3 to 12 y. Four attributes were included: pain level, disease duration, treatment cost, and family life impacts. Mixed effects logistic regression and conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the survey data. Respondents from the overall sample preferred no pain over mild (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, P < 0.05), moderate (OR = 0.57, P < 0.05), and severe pain (OR = 0.48, P < 0.05). Acute gastritis (OR = 0.44, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.31, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05) were less preferred than stage 1 caries. Acute tonsilitis (OR = 0.43, P < 0.05), acute gastritis (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.26, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.33, P < 0.01) were less preferred than stage 2 caries. Chronic gastritis (OR = 0.42,P < 0.05) was less preferred than stage 4 caries. Parents viewed the characteristics of many diseases with similar QALYs differently. Findings suggest that otitis media and its QALY-as commonly used in CUAs-may be a suitable proxy disease and substitute. However, other disease states with slightly different QALYs may be suitable. As such, the recommendation is to consider a range of proxy diseases and their QALYs when conducting a CUA for child caries interventions. This study reviews and systematically compares pediatric diseases that are comparable to caries in primary dentition. The findings may inform future research using cost-utility analysis to examine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of interventions to prevent and treat caries as compared with an alternative.

Early childhood caries- Etiology, prevention and management: A Review

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a severe debilitating disease affecting the primary dentition of young children in both developing and industrialized countries. Historically, the management of ECC has a global scenario showing operative management of the disease. The contemporary method of preventing the carious process mainly focuses on dietary factors, host factors and removal of plaque biofilm. Enamel demineralization is caused by acidogenic and aciduric bacteria. Colonization of microorganisms in the mouth of children can occur via horizontal or vertical transmission or both. The bacteria present in dental plaque metabolize sugars and starches to produce acids, which lowers the pH in the mouth and promotes loss of minerals from the tooth surface. Sucrose is the most common sugar and when metabolized, produces dextrans which promote superior bacterial adhesion to teeth. Visible plaque on the labial surfaces of the maxillary incisors were strongly associated with the caries development. Saliva buffers plaque acids, aids in oral clearance and acts as a reservoir for minerals to assist in the mineralization of enamel. Most studies have put forward a correlation between bed time use of bottles with sweetened contents especially lactose. One of the factors included by Newbrun in factors causing dental caries is time. The CPP-ACP complex, an effective remineralizing complex preventing the acidic environment reduce incidence of caries. Conventional probiotics comprised of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium which were mainly of intestinal origin; the contemporary probiotic research has brought forward that oral diseases like dental caries, periodontal problems and candida infections have direct link with oral microbial disequilibria. A promising new approach towards primary prevention of the disease is to target the infectious component of Early Childhood Caries by preventing or delaying acquisition of Streptococcus mutans at an early age.

Comparative Evaluation of the Oral Hygiene Status and Prevalence of Dental Caries in Hemophiliac and non-Hemophiliac Patients

Aim &amp; Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the oral hygiene status, caries experience, and prevalence of hemophiliac patients and non-Hemophilic controls. Material &amp; Methods: The present study was carried out on 600 participants. The study population was divided into two groups of 300 each i.e., the case Group (Hemophilics) and the Control Group (non-Hemophilic). Hemophilic patients were taken from Hemophilia Day Care Centre, Lol Nayak Hospital, Delhi, and PGIMS Hospital Rohtak. Controls were recruited from among the relatives who came along with the hemophilic patients. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire consisting of demographic details, knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding oral health maintenance. Patients were clinically examined for DMFT index and Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified to assess caries experience and oral hygiene status. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: Mean age for the Case Group and Control Group was 18.47±6.22 and 19.19±6.09 respectively. Amongst the study population, 89.7% were having hemophilia A while 10.3% had hemophilia B. 72.3% suffered from severe hemophilia while 0.7% had the mild form. The caries prevalence was higher among hemophiliacs (74%) than among non-hemophiliacs 67%. DMFT score was significantly higher among hemophiliacs [permanent dentition (2.47±2.69), Primary dentition (0.33±1.26). The mean debris, calculus and overall OHI score were significantly higher among hemophiliacs (1.69±0.60, 0.93±0.66 &amp; 2.63±1.07). Conclusion: Hemophiliacs have more Caries experience and poor oral hygiene status as compared to non-hemophiliacs Hemophiliacs patients are high-risk group, so they should be given more education and motivation about the importance of oral health care and preventive dental care such as fluoride varnish and fissure sealants should be delivered by professional at early stages.

Primary Dentition Caries Patterns as Predictors of Permanent Dentition Caries: A Prospective Cohort Study

The aims of this study were to estimate the risk of caries in the permanent teeth at 12 years of age and to describe the diagnostic accuracy of caries patterns in the primary dentition at age 4 years to predict caries at age 12 years. A prospective cohort study followed children from birth to age 12 years in the city of São Leopoldo, Brazil. Sociodemographic variables were collected at birth, and dental caries was measured at 4 and 12 years of age (n = 204). At 4 years, children were classified according to the presence of caries (cavitated and non-cavitated lesions), number of lesions, affected segment (anterior or posterior), and affected surface (occlusal, smooth, or proximal). Prediction of permanent dentition caries occurrence (DMFT ≥1) (primary outcome) involved Poisson regression with robust variance and standard diagnostic accuracy measures. The prevalences of caries at age 4 years (including non-cavitated lesions) and 12 years were 61.8% and 42.2%, respectively. All caries patterns in the primary dentition were associated with caries in the permanent dentition. In multivariable analysis, the strongest associations were carious lesions on the primary posterior teeth (RR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5–3.2) and occlusal surfaces (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4–3.0). Among patterns evaluated, the presence of any tooth with caries (cavitated or non-cavitated) had the highest sensitivity (73%), but any tooth with cavitated decay had the highest accuracy (67%). In conclusion, any dental caries experience in early childhood is strongly predictive of dental caries experience in early adolescence. Primary dentition carious lesions on the posterior teeth or occlusal surfaces and the presence of cavitated lesions were stronger predictors.

Monitoring of the Inverted Relation of Gingival Pads in a Non-Syndromic Infant

BACKGROUND: Monitoring the occlusal relationship of the infant’s gum pads is not a common practice in pediatric dentistry. In general, pediatric dentists are used to observe the conformation of the arches and clinical findings that may be outside of the infant’s normal oral anatomy. Here we tested the hypothesis that intervention before eruption of the primary dentition will minimize anterior crossbite in the primary dentition. To address our hypothesis, we used one case to demonstrate the importance of monitoring the relationship of the gum pads and primary teeth eruption to avoid possible deviations in the pattern of orofacial development and prevent future malocclusions.MATERIALS AND METHODS: After proper consenting and anamnesis, an inverted relationship of the gum pads was observed in a 7-month-old baby while sleeping and at occlusal rest. Given that the patient was exclusively breastfeeding, adjustments of the catch were made, such as a greater opening towards the areola and nipple, and adjustments in the position and posture of the baby.RESULTS: During the eruption phase of the anterior teeth, an anterior crossbite was observed. Caregivers were prescribed exercises that were to be performed in the maxillary and mandibular arches to stimulate maxillary growth and guide the posture of the mandible. The exercises were intensified during the eruption phase of the lateral incisors and molars and the occlusion was stabilized with bilateral masticatory guidance and different textures to be offered during food transition. CONCLUSION: Based on the results observed for this case, the interventions allowed for a more satisfactory occlusion.

Potential Beneficial Effects of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Caries Lesions In Vitro-A Review of the Literature.

Dental caries is one of the most common human diseases which can occur in both primary and permanent dentitions throughout the life of an individual. Hydroxyapatite is the major inorganic component of human teeth, consequently, nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAP) has recently attracted researchers' attention due to its unique properties and potential for caries management. This article provides a contemporary review of the potential beneficial effects of nHAP on caries lesions demonstrated in in vitro studies. Data showed that nHAP has potential to promote mineralization in initial caries, by being incorporated into the porous tooth structure, which resulted from the caries process, and subsequently increased mineral content and hardness. Notably, it is the particle size of nHAP which plays an important role in the mineralization process. Antimicrobial effects of nHAP can also be achieved by metal substitution in nHAP. Dual action property (mineralizing and antimicrobial) and enhanced chemical stability and bioactivity of nHAP can potentially be obtained using metal-substituted fluorhydroxyapatite nanoparticles. This provides a promising synergistic strategy which should be explored in further clinical research to enable the development of dental therapeutics for use in the treatment and management of caries.

Considerations on the diagnosis of gemination or dental fusion. Case study

Of all congenital dental abnormalities, form abnormalities — gemination and fusion are the most common in dental practice. Although both anomalies clinically appear to be similar, with the formation of an unusually wide tooth, the distinction between the two anomalies is always a challenge for practitioners. Both gemination and fusion are found in both dentitions, although a higher prevalence, 0.5% -2.5%, was observed in the primary dentition. The teeth in the anterior region are more commonly affected, with a higher incidence in the lower jaw and an equal predilection for sex. This paper highlights the importance of diagnosing and treating these abnormalities in a timely manner.

Dental Trauma Epidemiology in Primary Dentition: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Our aim was to investigate the epidemiology of dental trauma (DT) injuries in primary teeth, a health hazard issue that is often neglected by the public health care system. The records of 298 children who attended the Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy and had suffered a DT between January 2011 and December 2021 were examined to assess age, gender, cause and place of the DT, type of lesion and teeth involved. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables. A total of 265 children (89%) suffered a single trauma, and 33 (11%) suffered from repeated DT. A total of 511 teeth (mean 1.7 ± 0.5) experienced dental trauma. Most of the trauma occurred in the 2–3 years range (153 DT, 30%). The most affected teeth were the upper central incisors (n = 388; 76%). The DT involved periodontal tissue in 316 teeth (62%) and hard dental tissue in 262 cases (51%). DT in primary teeth is commonly caused by accidental falls at home, occurs most frequently to toddlers’ upper central incisors, and usually affects tooth-supporting structures. Clinicians should be aware of the most frequent DT and be updated concerning treatment guidelines.

Computed tomography assessment of hypodontia and crown size in hemifacial microsomia

ObjectiveOur aims were to assess the prevalence of hypodontia in unilateral hemifacial microsomia (HFM), and to compare tooth (crown) size between affected and unaffected sides. DesignIn a retrospective cross-sectional study of South Australians, computed tomography (CT) scans were used to assess hypodontia and crown size (mesiodistal length, buccolingual width and crown height). The inclusion criteria were the absence of other congenital anomalies and the availability of CT scans. The exclusion criteria were the lack of extraction history or reproducible landmarks for morphometric assessment. The final sample comprised 41 participants in both dentitions, including 32 children and 9 adults (median age 13.9 years, range 0.4 – 47.6 years; 19 males and 22 females). Hypodontia was assessed in all participants, and the permanent crown size in 30 (73.2%) participants. Linear mixed-effects models were performed to determine if crown size was significantly different between the two sides, controlling for sex, HFM severity, and tooth and jaw type. ResultsHypodontia occurred in none of the participants in the primary dentition, but in 6/30 (20%) participants in the permanent dentition (3/30 each on the affected and unaffected sides). There was no significant difference in the mean crown dimensions between the two sides, but the crown size was larger in males (p < 0.05), except for mesiodistal length, and became progressively smaller with increased HFM severity (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHypodontia spared the primary dentition but featured prominently in the permanent dentition. The permanent crown dimensions were unaltered between the two sides.

They're not 'just baby teeth'

Healthy teeth are essential for health, function, and the appearance of children. The importance of primary teeth is frequently underestimated by parents and carers as these teeth will be 'replaced'. However, with waiting lists for paediatric patient care increasing and clinicians in hospital teams battling with the backlog from the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for appropriate management in primary care is greater than ever and parents may be more motivated to focus on prevention and oral care if aware of this. There needs to be a change in the perception of the importance of the primary dentition, including parental education and dental treatment, where possible, in primary care prior to referral. Unfortunately, many parents are unaware of the impact of poor oral health until it is too late. Pain, difficulty eating and drinking, sleepless nights, missed school, loss of confidence, and abnormalities in the development and eruption of the permanent dentition are just a few of the possible consequences of a neglected primary dentition. This article explores the importance of the primary dentition, the critical need to change society's views on primary teeth, and the role of the wider team in helping to achieve this.

Hyper-IgE syndrome with recurrent infections — An autosomal dominant multisystem disorder

Hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare disorder characterized by eczema, recurrent infections of the skin and lungs, typically with Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and certain viruses, and elevated levels of serum IgE. Other clinical manifestations include characteristic facies (prominent forehead, broad nasal bridge and facial asymmetry), chronic eczematous dermatitis, retained primary dentition, recurrent pathological fractures, hyper-extensibility and scoliosis. The respiratory system involvement in HIES has been reported with HRAD. Here we presented a case of HIES with rare associations of Hyperreactive airway disease.

Considerations of the classification and treatment for fused teeth

Fused teeth were a phenomena of teeth anomalies in shape, which can affect the dental teeth both in primary and permanent dentition. Fused teeth do not only cause problems on crowding of dentition, abnormal occlusion and aesthetic, but also increase risks of dental caries, endodontics diseases, periapical diseases and periodontal diseases. Fusion of deciduous teeth may lead to abnormality of subsequent permanent teeth. Treatment of fused teeth may require multidisciplinary approach in endodontics, periodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics and orthodontics. The aim of the present article is to review the etiology, classification, clinical manifestations and treatment of fused teeth in order to provide dental clinicians with a reference of clinical management for fused teeth.