Price Differences Research Articles

Motivation In Choosing Coffee Picking Methods

Purpose: This study aims to understand the motivations of coffee farmers, specifically those practicing the "petik pelangi" method, in Bukit Sari Village, Kabawetan District, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province. Methodology: The research employed a Likert scale method, sampling 35 respondents. Factors such as age, education level, and experience were analyzed to determine their impact on farmers' motivations. Results: The study found that internal factors such as age (34-59 years), education level (mostly higher education), and experience significantly influence farmers' motivation. Additionally, land ownership size and family dependents also affect motivation. Findings: Internal factors had a slightly higher average motivation score (17.6) compared to external factors (17.46). The price difference between "petik merah" and "petik pelangi" coffee reflects complex market dynamics. Despite the higher price of "petik merah" coffee, many farmers and the community prefer the "petik pelangi" method due to the motivation to harvest coffee when it is still colorful. Novelty: This research provides new insights into the motivations behind the "petik pelangi" coffee harvesting method, highlighting the factors that influence farmers' choices. Originality: The study offers an in-depth understanding of the internal and external factors affecting coffee farmers' motivations, with a focus on a unique harvesting method that is less commonly studied. Conclusions: Internal factors such as age, education level, and experience are significant motivators for coffee farmers practicing the "petik pelangi" method. Despite the higher market value of "petik merah" coffee, the colorful harvest method remains popular due to intrinsic motivations. Paper Type: Empirical Research Article Keywords: Harvesting method; Motivation; Coffee

A comparative analysis of the economic feasibility of reversible hydrogen systems based on time-resolved operation optimisation

The expansion of fluctuating renewable energy production, such as wind and PV, increases the mismatch to consumption. Power-to-Hydrogen-to-Power (PtHtP) systems are believed to be a key for balancing under and overproductions. PtHtP systems can provide temporal and spatial flexibilities and among them reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) are a promising technology. They combine production of hydrogen and power in the same electrochemical stack. This generates a financial and environmental benefit since less resources are necessary for enabling both Power-to-Hydrogen and Hydrogen-to-Power. This work investigates the application of rSOC systems in comparison to reversible PEM systems consisting of electrolysis and fuel cell unit. In the present studies time-resolved optimization is employed for simulation of the optimal operation of the PtHtP technologies in different market price conditions for electricity, hydrogen and natural gas and with coupling to industry and district heat. Both systems have a zone of market prices, that allows for a positive economic performance over lifetime. The electricity‑hydrogen price difference in this zone is in the range from −83 €/MWh to 133 €/MWh depending on the scenario. Furthermore, the electricity price fluctuations are found to have the major impact on the profitability. By studying the influence of gas grid fees, one finds that local compressed hydrogen storages can be used only for very short storage timescales up to a few hours. Finally, the derivation of application conditions, that are suitable for the two different spatial kinds of reversible hydrogen systems – spatially concentrated and delocalized and the two technologies – rSOC and PEM, is made.

Share Price Impact Of Pt XL Axiata Tbk and PT Link Net Tbk Before and After The Acquisition

The purpose of this study is to be able to analyze the impact of PT XL Axiata's stock price before and after the Link Net acquisition to help readers understand the direct impact of the acquisition on the company's stock price. The research sample is the stock price before and after the acquisition of PT XL Axiata and PT Link Net from January 1, 2021 to May 1, 2023. Data collection in this study is secondary data. There is a significant difference between PT XL Axiata and PT Link Net and stock prices can affect market sentiment. PT LINK Net shows a significant difference in share price before and after the acquisition of XL Axiata. Keyword: Impact, Acquisition, Stock Price, Company Performance

The effects of price framing and magnitude of price differences on perceived fairness when switching from static to variable pricing

The long-term success of variable pricing relies on existing and new customers accepting the pricing scheme implemented. We use experimental data from the alpine skiing industry to examine how the magnitude of price differences and price framing affect perceived fairness in cases of intra-weekly price differentiations and early-bird discounts. The results show that both the price framing and the magnitude of the price differences between the high- and low-price scenarios have strong effects on perceived fairness. Framing the price difference as either a loss or a gain has an asymmetrical effect on perceived fairness. Increasing the price difference between the high- and low-price alternatives has a negative impact on perceived fairness, but the effect differs across framing (gain or loss) and for various early-bird horizons.

A Knowledge-Guided Multi-Objective Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm for Dynamic Multi-Depot Multi-Trip Vehicle Routing Problem

Optimization algorithms have a wide range of applications in symmetry problems, such as graphs, networks, and pattern recognition. In this paper, a dynamic periodic multi-depot multi-trip vehicle routing model for scheduling test samples is constructed, which considers the differences in testing unit price and testing capacity of various agencies and introduces a cross-depot collaborative transport method. Both the cost and the testing time are minimized by determining the optimal sampling routes and testing agencies, subjecting to the constraints of vehicle capacity, number of vehicles, and delivery time. To solve the model, a knowledge-guided multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm (KMOSFLA) is proposed. KMOSFLA adopts a convertible encoding mechanism to realize the diversified search in different search spaces. Three novel strategies are designed: the population initialization with historical information reuse, the leaping rule based on the greedy crossover and genetic recombination, and the objective-driven enhanced search. Systematic experimental studies are implemented. First, feasibility analyses of the model are carried out, where effectiveness of the cross-depot collaborative transport is validated and sensitivity analyses on two parameters (vehicle capacity and proportion of the third-party testing agencies) are performed. Then, the proposed algorithm KMOSFLA is compared with five state-of-the-art algorithms. Experimental results indicate that KMOSFLA can provide a set of non-dominated schedules with lower cost and shorter testing time in each scheduling period, which provides a reference for the dispatcher to make a final decision.

Second-best electricity pricing in France: Effectiveness of existing rates in evolving power markets

The adoption of time-varying pricing in the French electricity market has been historically low despite their availability to consumers well before the deployment of smart metering. However, as the share of variable renewable electricity increases and carbon prices grow, the demand-side response will become increasingly important to achieve efficiency gains. Relying on the historical hourly consumption of French electricity consumers and multiple prospective weather years, we study the gain allowed by the broader adoption of time-varying electricity retail rates in low-carbon power systems. We develop a four-stage methodology to assess the efficiency and stability of the electricity supply cost component of the electricity bill in France for historical and prospective years. Our analysis demonstrates that peak pricing schemes have increasing interest in the context of further deployment of renewable capacity, capturing 25% to 50% of the welfare gain reached by real-time pricing schemes. The corresponding deadweight loss of peak pricing schemes represents 0.4 to 1 bn EUR per year in 2030 compared to real-time prices (RTP) schemes. Conversely, deadweight loss of current time-of-use (ToU) rates represents 1 to 1.2 bn EUR per year in 2025 and increases over time. The current design of TOU rates does not provide adequate incentives in future power systems. Besides the tariff efficiency, the results underlined an increasing price difference between on-peak and off-peak rates. This questions the social acceptance of time-varying retail rates for consumers unable to hedge against peak prices. By analysing the effectiveness and limitations of time-varying rates, our findings underline the importance and value of price-based DR in future power systems in general. Our results highlight the need to revise the end-user tariff design in the French power system, notably with regard to the conveyed price signals.

Calculation of production balances and costs in ladle furnace refining process with addition of scrap steel

As increasing the scrap steel ratio has become an important approach for energy conservation and emission reduction in the steel industry, the technology of multi-point scrap addition has emerged. Ladle furnace (LF) refining is a feasible step for scrap steel utilisation, which is often overlooked and relied solely on empirical adjustment, resulting in difficulty of precise control. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on this process using scientific methods and explore the impact of scrap steel addition on other materials. A comprehensive calculation model was established by scientifically investigating material and thermal balances in the LF process in this article, and the impact of initial steel and scrap compositions, temperature, mass and price of scrap on production costs were analysed and compared based on the model. The results showed that as the carbon and silicon content in the initial steel increase by every 0.01% could on average reduce the production cost per ton of steel by 4.013 CNY and 0.8473 CNY, respectively, and increases by 0.123 CNY as the sulphur content increase every 0.001%. The impact of scrap composition on costs is similar to that of the initial molten steel. Increasing the carbon and sulphur content in scrap by every 0.01% will on average increase costs by 0.0765 CNY and 0.01 CNY, respectively. When the price difference between scrap and the crude steel price is within 450–500 CNY/t, increasing scrap addition will create more profit. The relative reduction in smelting time is 7.97 s as the scrap temperature increases every 50°C. The present study holds academic and industrial significance in improving LF efficiency and promoting the LF process towards a more sustainable direction.

Shopping behavior and the effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution

This paper studies the effect of monetary policy on inflation along the income distribution in the euro area and shows that monetary policy has differential effects. In response to monetary tightenings, high-income households engage in more intense product substitution and trade down in the product and store space relative to low-income households, such that their inflation responds relatively more. This channel stands in contrast to the effect arising from different consumption bundles, which imply that the inflation experienced by high-income households responds less to monetary policy. The paper also reveals substantial cross-country heterogeneity, with the product substitution channel being more pronounced in countries where price differences between possible substitutes are larger.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on staple food prices in Semarang

Abstract Staple food must be available in sufficient quantities at affordable prices. However, the Covid-19 pandemic caused restrictions on community access and disrupted food distribution. As one of the most affected cities, Semarang is faced the threat of the rise of food prices due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on staple food prices in Semarang. The focus commodities of this research are: (1) rice, (2) white sugar, (3) palm oil, (4) chicken eggs, (5) chicken meat, (6) beef. This study uses weekly time series data which is divided into two periods; the period before the Covid-19 pandemic (2018-2019) and during the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021). Data analysis performed using the ANOVA method; where the price difference shows the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on food prices. Data analysis was performed using the ANOVA method; where the price difference shows the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on food prices. The results show that the Covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the changes of staple food prices in Semarang for commodities: (1) rice, (2) white sugar, (3) palm oil, (4) chicken meat, and (5) beef.

Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah di Desa Selopamioro, Kecamatan Imogiri Kabupaten Bantul, DIY

This research was conducted at Selopamioro village, Imogiri county, Bantul district. The tedious shallot marketing chain and a big difference in price affected by the marketers resulted in the farmers being left with dissatisfied prices. The purpose of this research is to understand the marketing pattern (channel), the price difference (margin) the efficiency of the marketing system and farmer’s share. The research volunteers of farmers and merchants surveyed with the snowball sampling method consisted of 25 farmers, 3 collectors, 3 wholesalers, and 3 small merchants. The marketing channel was discussed descriptively, meanwhile, the price difference (margin) and the marketing efficiency were explained quantitatively and supported by data and equations. The result showed that Selopamioro village used 2 different channels to market the shallot harvest which are, 1st channel: Farmers – Collectors – Wholesalers – Small Merchants – Consumers; and 2nd channel: Farmers – Collectors – Wholesalers – Consumers. The marketing efficiency in the village has proven to be “efficient”, where the highest efficiency comes from the 2nd channel with 2,84% compared 1st channel with 2,92%. The price difference (margin) on the 1st channel costs 21.500 Rp/Kg, while the 2nd channel costs 16.500 Rp/Kg. The score of Farmer's sharehas been “efficient” with the score of 1st channel is 48,81% and 2nd channel is 55,41%.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada UMKM

Sari Buah Blimbing Wuluh MSMEs is one of the businesses engaged in food and beverage processing with the basic ingredients of star fruit. MSMEs Sari Buah Blimbing Wuluh has a problem in determining COGS which still uses the estimation method only. The purpose of this study was to identify the cost of production activities using the Full Cousting method. The method used in this research is deductive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The results showed that there was a price difference of Rp. 398 per bottle, with the calculation of COGS according to MSMEs amounting to Rp. 2,917 per bottle. While the calculation according to the full costing method is Rp. 3,315. This price difference occurs because business owners do not take into account direct labor costs, fixed factory overhead costs, variable costs, and non-production costs. So that the calculations made by MSMEs owners are not optimal for maximizing business profits.

Comparison of Tobacco Product Prices at Fort Liberty Army Installation and Surrounding Community Areas, 2021.

High rates of tobacco use persist in the U.S. military, with 18.4% of service members smoking cigarettes in 2018. The Department of Defense's (DoD) 2017 policy required that tobacco retailers on military installations set tobacco product prices equal to the most common community price, including tax, but there is limited evidence confirming whether local retailers are adhering to this policy. We examined tobacco product pricing in tobacco retailers on- and off-post at the largest U.S. Army installation, Fort Liberty, and Cumberland County, North Carolina. Between June and August 2021, we collected data on tobacco product availability, price, and promotions from retailers on Fort Liberty (n = 14) and a random sample of off-post retailers within 10 miles of installation gates (n = 52). We calculated the mode, mean, and median price of each product, plus the difference in these prices at on- and off-post retailers. We used Welch's t-test to test differences in mean prices between on- versus off-post retailers. The mode, mean, and median prices of cigarette packs and cartons were lower on-post than off-post (eg, $0.51-$0.55 cheaper for Marlboro cigarette packs on-post). However, the mode, mean, and median prices of smokeless tobacco products and little cigars were higher on-post than off-post (eg, $0.82-$0.89 more costly for Swisher Sweets 2-packs on-post). Results highlight the need for continued enforcement to ensure compliance with the 2017 DoD policy. Comprehensive policy action to reduce tobacco price disparities on- and off-post is critical to reducing high rates of tobacco use among service members. Despite the implementation of the 2017 DoD pricing policy, some tobacco products remain cheaper at tobacco retailers on-post compared to off-post retailers. Our results highlight the need for greater routine surveillance to increase implementation of the policy-particularly for cigarettes-to reduce high rates of tobacco use among service members.

A Single-Buyer Model of Imbalance Cost Pass-Through Pricing Forecasting in the Malaysian Electricity Supply Industry

The imbalance cost pass-through (ICPT) is a flexible component of the incentive-based regulation (IBR) that empowers power producers to adjust tariffs in response to variable fuel prices, thereby enhancing the economic resilience of electricity generation. In Malaysia, the Energy Commission has conducted biannual reviews of fuel and other generation costs. Any cost savings or increases identified during these reviews will be passed on to customers in the form of rebates or surcharges. Meanwhile, if an increment in the ICPT price signal can be provided to electricity providers and consumers, early preparation for operation budgeting can be realised, and energy management program development can be properly prepared. Due to this reason, this study proposes ICPT price forecasting for the electricity market in Peninsular Malaysia that will benefit the stakeholders. The study aims to construct an ICPT-related baseline model for the peninsular generation data by employing three forecasting methods. The forecasting performance is analysed using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). In light of our findings, the ARIMA method is one of the most accurate forecasting methods for fuel prices compared to the moving average (MA) and LSSVM methods. The observed price differences between the ARIMA and LSSVM models for ICPT are minimal. The ICPT price for July–December 2022 and January–June 2023 is MYR 0.21/kWh for the ARIMA and MYR 0.18/kWh for LSSVM, which are close to the actual TNB’s ICPT tariff. As for forecasting, the ICPT price is expected to drop in the next announcement. The findings of this study may have a positive impact on the sustainability of the energy sector in Malaysia.

Reasons for the Continuous Existence of the Pink Tax

The price difference between almost identical products, because of the difference in who they are sold to and the overall higher sales price of women's products than of men's products, is known as the "pink tax.". The study analyzes the reasons for the persistence of the pink tax in the market for a long time, utilizing questionnaires and interviews. The main factors that contribute to the persistence of the pink tax are information, customer, market, and policy. Due to inaccurate and incomplete product information, the pink tax is unavoidable. Compared to men, female consumers are more likely to buy expensive products as they are more willing to spend on design and impulse consumption. Therefore, for the market, the fact that it is easier to profit from female consumers will undoubtedly contribute to the phenomenon of the pink tax, which will help businessmen make more profits from female consumers. In addition, as some potential problems are insensible to the government, some policies are not able to protect womens rights perfectly.

Citrate-based dietary alkali supplements available in Germany: an overview

BackgroundFruits and vegetables are abundant in alkali precursors and effectively reduce the Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) from diet. Oral alkali supplements are supposed to exert comparable alkalizing effects on the human body, and have been shown to beneficially affect bone and kidney health. A comparative analysis of the available dietary alkali supplements in Germany was performed, contrasting their potential PRAL-lowering potential.MethodsWe reviewed the currently available dietary citrate-based alkali supplements sold in Germany with a special focus on their mineral content, their PRAL-lowering potential and other characteristics inherent to each product. Supplements containing either potassium-, calcium- or magnesium citrate or any combination of these organic salts were reviewed. The total alkali load (TAL) was calculated based on the recommended daily dosage (RDD).ResultsSixteen supplements with a mean alkali powder content of 220.69 ± 111.02 g were identified. The mean magnesium content per RDD was 239.93 ± 109.16 mg. The mean potassium and median calcium content were 550 ± 325.58 mg and 280 (240) mg, respectively. Median TAL was 1220 (328.75) mg. The PRAL-lowering potential from a single RDD ranged from − 51.65 mEq to -8.32 mEq. Substantial price differences were found, and the mean price of the examined supplements was 16.67 ± 5.77 Euros. The median price for a 1 mEq PRAL-reduction was 3.01 (3.14) cents, and ranged from 0.77 cents to 10.82 cents.ConclusionsNoticeable differences between the identified alkali supplements were encountered, warranting an individual and context-specific approach in daily clinical practice.

Analisis Penerapan Metode Activity Based Costing Method Untuk Meningkatkan Akurasi Dalam Menentukan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi

The aim of this research is to determine the application of the Activity Based Costing method to increase the accuracy of production cost calculations. The research method used in this research is a descriptive research method using a case study approach which took the research location in Puspita, Jakarta City. The results of this research show that the calculation of production costs using the traditional analytical accounting method is IDR 15,978.15 while the Activity Based method of determining the cost of production Costing is IDR 15,766.36 so there is a price difference in the D lunch box production method at Pupita Catering Town Jakarta, which is more appropriately applied to operating costs based on the difference of IDR. 211.79 is lower compared to traditional cost accounting methods because factory overhead costs are allocated to several cost drivers so that operating costs can be allocated to products correctly and precisely according to the consumption of each activity.

E-Commerce Product Price Tracker

Online buying is steadily taking the place of traditional means of shopping in every aspect. It has become more well-known and established as the new normal as a result of the pandemic. Everything, even food and shoes, is now available on E-cart. Because there are so many options accessible in every sector, consumers prefer to make purchases online. Since most customers can distinguish price differences between websites, they will typically choose the supplier that is giving the best value. To keep ahead of the competition, corporate minds are therefore constantly devising novel ways to optimize the profit from each transaction. They provide enticing discounts in an effort to attract more clients. In the e-commerce industry, dynamic pricing is currently the most used tactic. The purchaser might learn. Keeping track of the price changes, which occur around every 10 minutes, is challenging. They provide the impression that the things are on sale by doing this. This paper presents a basic price tracker application that tracks the price of a product and notifies the user when the price hits a predetermined threshold. It will respond to the user's queries and retrieve pricing information from the browser.

Cost-effectiveness of emicizumab prophylaxis for haemophilia A with inhibitors: an adaptive health technology assessment for the Indian setting

ObjectiveTo assess the cost-effectiveness of emicizumab prophylaxis for patients having haemophilia A with inhibitors in the Indian context using an adaptive health technology assessment (aHTA) methodology.DesignEconomic evaluation using multiple approaches...

Characterizing Edible Oils by Oblique-Incidence Reflectivity Difference Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms.

Due to the significant price differences among different types of edible oils, expensive oils like olive oil are often blended with cheaper edible oils. This practice of adulteration in edible oils, aimed at increasing profits for producers, poses a major concern for consumers. Furthermore, adulteration in edible oils can lead to various health issues impacting consumer well-being. In order to meet the requirements of fast, non-destructive, universal, accurate, and reliable quality testing for edible oil, the oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OIRD) method combined with machine learning algorithms was introduced to detect a variety of edible oils. The prediction accuracy of Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Random Forest models all exceeded 95%. Moreover, the contribution rates of the OIRD signal, DC signal, and fundamental frequency signal to the classification results were 45.7%, 34.1%, and 20.2%, respectively. In a quality evaluation experiment on olive oil, the feature importance scores of three signals reached 63.4%, 18.9%, and 17.6%. The results suggested that the feature importance score of the OIRD signal was significantly higher than that of the DC and fundamental frequency signals. The experimental results indicate that the OIRD method can serve as a powerful tool for detecting edible oils.

A study on the price variability of branded medicines and Jan aushadi versions of selected commonly prescribed psychiatric medications in India using a cost-comparative approach and a passive evaluation of the Jan aushadhi scheme in India.

The cost of medications poses a significant financial burden on patients. It limits access and adherence to treatment. Psychiatric disease burden is rising and it needs treatment for long durations. The high cost of branded medicines and lack of access to medicines at affordable prices can limit adherence. A cost comparison study was done to investigate the price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi versions of 20 selected psychiatric drugs was done at the Department of Community Medicine of a Government medical college in Southern India. The average (mean) price of branded medicines of each drug was calculated with minimum, and maximum using online data, and comparison was done by calculating the percentage price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi medicines. The overall percentage price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi medicines was calculated. The overall percentage price difference between the mean price of branded medicine and Jan aushadhi medicine was + 252% for antipsychotics, indicating that the mean branded price was 252% (2.52 times) Jan aushadhi price. Similarly, the overall percentage price difference between the mean branded price and Jan aushadhi price among antidepressants was +277.54%, and the overall percentage price difference between mean branded price and Jan aushadhi was +227.73% for anticonvulsants. Similarly, price differences of maximum and minimum branded prices and Jan aushadhi were high. The study was able to estimate variation in the price of branded drugs and compare the price of branded medicines with Jan aushadhi by estimating price differences. The results of the study are useful in further reference regarding the subject for public, policy makers and healthcare providers. It gives valuable evidence into medication costs in India.