Price Spread Research Articles

An Economic Analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal in Organic and Inorganic Vegetable Farming

This study investigates the economic analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal cultivated through both organic and inorganic farming methods in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Organic farming systems have gained popularity due to their sustainability benefits and resource conservation, which can reduce output costs by 10% to 30% compared to conventional farming. Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, recognized for its unique characteristics and recent Geographical Indication (GI) tag, serves as a focal point for this analysis. The study collected primary data from 25 organic and 25 inorganic farmers, as well as from various market participants. Cost and return analyses revealed that the total cultivation cost per acre is Rs. 90,482 for organic and Rs. 77,322 for inorganic methods. Despite higher cultivation costs, organic farming proved more profitable with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.59 compared to 1.35 for inorganic farming. Marketing channel analysis showed that the primary distribution pathways involved wholesalers and retailers, with organic brinjal channels displaying higher efficiency. Price spread and marketing efficiency calculations indicated that Channel II was the most efficient for both farming methods due to fewer intermediaries and lower consumer prices. Overall, the study underscores the economic viability of organic farming for Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, highlighting its potential for higher profitability and marketing efficiency.

Value Chain Analysis of Groundnut in Tamil Nadu, India

Oilseeds provide vegetable oils which not only form an essential part of human diet but also serve as an important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints, varnishes, hair oils, lubricants and various other products. Among all the oilseed crops groundnut is an important oilseed and supplementary food crop. Itis also called as ‘the king of oilseeds. In Tamil Nadu, Ground nut is being cultivated in almost all the districts. Totally, 240 farmers were contacted from 24 villages spread over in 8 blocks of 2 districts. Besides farmers, traders and processors were contacted in each district at the rate of 10 traders per district. The data were analysed by using value chain mapping and price spread analysis. Results indicated that cost of cultivation under rainfed condition was Rs. 30967.81 per ha and Rs. 34789.21 per ha under irrigated condition. The net income realised was Rs. 30628.38 and Rs.32450.26 per ha in rainfed and irrigated condition respectively. The results reveal that net income from groundnut was found to be higher under irrigated condition. Value chain analysis indicated that there were 5 marketing channels through which groundnut were marketed by the sample farmers. Nearly 23.33 percent of the sample farmers sold the produce to the village merchants. The percentage of the sample farmers marketed through commission agents and regulated markets were 25.00 and 33.33, respectively.

Betel Vine Marketing in Tamil Nadu, India: Price Spread Analysis

Tamil Nadu is one the leading betel leaf cultivating states in the country. Besides, it faces significant challenges in producing betel vines due to risk of pests and diseases. These risks have a negative impact on the farm economy. Disease outbreaks can be incredibly concerning and have an impact on a company's profitability. The higher labour costs, pest and disease and natural calamities have made it difficult for farmers to produce their crops. Therefore, it was essential to study the marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of betel vine in Tamil Nadu. The use of a well-structured interview schedule allowed for the collection of information from farmers regarding the cost and return of producing betel vines. From the local marketplaces in Thanjavur District, village traders, commission agents, wholesalers and retailers were chosen. Price spread and marketing efficiency were used to know about the marketing cost and the price received by the farmer. The efficient marketing channel was channel III (Producer → Retailer → Consumer) because it has the lowest price spread of 18.9 per cent which be due to a smaller number of intermediaries. The marketing efficiency in channel III (16.1) was higher than in channel I (10.6) and channel II (6.3) respectively. Thus, marketing of betel leaf in channel III was more efficient for farmers.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing Efficiency of Maize in Tamil Nadu, India

Maize plays a significant role in the agricultural economy. Since, growers of maize have numerous marketing-related issues. The present study is made with an objective to identify the major maize marketing channels and analyze its cost incurred, price spread and efficiency. A well-structured interview schedule was used to collect primary data. Price spread analysis and marketing efficiency of maize marketing channels is estimated using Acharya and Shepard approach. The lowest marketing spread were observed in Channel III which was about 13.56 percent (Rs. 200 per quintal) of the consumer price, due to less intervention of intermediaries. Therefore, Channel III is the most efficient one among the identified marketing channels. Besides, Channel III has the highest marketing efficiency and the farmers should choose their marketing channel with the less number of intermediaries where it helps them attain better income.

Analysis of marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of carrot in Bulandshahr district of U.P

Analysis of marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of carrot in Bulandshahr district of U.P

Analysis of marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of onion in Nalanda district of Bihar

Analysis of marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of onion in Nalanda district of Bihar

A Study on Price Spread Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Ragi in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri Districts of Tamil Nadu, India

Cereals like wheat and rice dominating food sources, millets have been underutilized despite their nutritional value and suitability for semi-arid regions. This research investigates the price spread analysis and marketing efficiency of Ragi, a millet variety, in Tamil Nadu. Focusing on Ragi cultivation in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts, the study employed a convenient sampling technique, surveying 90 farmers and various stakeholders. Structured interviews gathered data on cultivation practices, marketing costs, and value addition. Results reveal significant marketing costs and margins, with Channel II exhibiting the highest total marketing cost and margin. Price spread analysis highlights Channel III as the most cost-efficient, with the highest producer share. Using Acharya's method, Channel III demonstrates superior marketing efficiency compared to Channels I and II. Additionally, value share analysis indicates varying benefits among actors in different marketing channels. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding marketing dynamics to enhance efficiency and ensure equitable distribution of benefits within the Ragi value chain in Tamil Nadu.

Mining activities and housing price nexus: evidence from South Africa

Purpose Several studies have examined the impact of market fundamentals on house prices. However, the effect of economic sectors on housing prices is limited despite the existence of two-speed economies in some countries, such as South Africa. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of mining activities on house prices. This intends to understand the direction of house price spreads and their duration so policymakers can provide remediation to the housing market disturbance swiftly. Design/methodology/approach This study investigated the effect of mining activities on house prices in South Africa, using quarterly data from 2000Q1 to 2019Q1 and deploying an auto-regressive distributed lag model. Findings In the short run, we found that changes in mining activities, as measured by the contribution of this sector to gross domestic product, impact the housing price of mining towns directly after the first quarter and after the second quarter in the non-mining cities. Second, we found that inflationary pressure is instantaneous and impacts house prices in mining towns only in the short run but not in the long run, while increasing housing supply will help cushion house prices in both submarkets. This study extended the analysis by examining a possible spillover in house prices between mining and non-mining towns. This study found evidence of spillover in housing prices from mining towns to non-mining towns without any reciprocity. In the long run, a mortgage lending rate and housing supply are significant, while all the explanatory variables in the non-mining towns are insignificant. Originality/value These results reveal that enhanced mining activities will increase housing prices in mining towns after the first quarter, which is expected to spill over to non-mining towns in the next quarter. These findings will inform housing policymakers about stabilising the housing market in mining and non-mining towns. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to measure the contribution of mining to house price spillover.

Marketing Pattern and Price Spread of Polyhouse and Open Field Cucumber Production in Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India

In recent years, there has been concern about the effectiveness of marketing fruits and vegetables, which has resulted in high and volatile consumer price with only a minute portion of the consumer rupee flowing to the farmers. Horticultural crops are difficult to market because of their perishability, seasonality and bulkiness. Present study was an attempt to study the marketing channel and their efficiency. The Jaipur district of Rajasthan was selected purposively for the present study. A total of 26 intermediaries and 50 farmers were selected randomly. Among the total farmers, 25 growers producing cucumber in polyhouses and 25 in open field were selected randomly. The most common marketing channel engaged in marketing of polyhouse and open field cucumber in Jaipur district are following: Channel – I: Producer – Commission Agent – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer and Channel- II: Producer- Commission agent- Retailer- Consumer. Among both cucumber production system, in channel II the marketing cost incurred per quintal of cucumber was much lower than cost incurred in channel I. Since the marketing cost and marketing margin in channel I was higher, so the marketing efficiency was very low for that channel. At the same time in channel II was found to be lower price spread under both production systems. The most effective means of enhancing farmers' market access and reduce marketing cost through institutional means is by reinforcing cooperative societies, FPOs and shorten the marketing channel.

Price effects of commodity financialization: Review of the evidence

AbstractFollowing the 2007/2008 financial crisis, the price effects of commodity financialization have become an important research topic. We review the empirical evidence, focusing on statistical approaches and econometric models, and find that (1) Granger‐causality tests are unable to establish a relationship between commodity futures prices and funds of financial investors, implying a lack of evidence that financialization influences commodity futures prices and (2) studies that use correlation and price spread analysis mostly report evidence of a significant price effect of financialization. Thus, the statistical and econometric approaches adopted by the various studies influence the empirical findings. In addition, data identification may have an impact since economic models and statistical techniques can be sensitive to slight differences in the dataset. Our study of the literature shows that the definition of financialization is open‐ended and ambiguous. A theoretical literature review on financialization could be the logical next step.

Evaluation of Marketing Pattern of Major Pulses in Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh, India

The current study intends to investigate the major pulses' marketing patterns in Chhattisgarh's Bemetara area. The Bemetara and Saja blocks in the Bemetara district of the state of Chhattisgarh were the study's locations. For the study, farmers who grew pulses in the villages of Garra (30), Khati (30), Lalpur (30), and Nawrangpur (30) were questioned, as well as two villages from each block. The main conclusions of this study showed that big pulses' marketing strategies. For marginal, small, medium, large, and overall, respectively, the marketable surplus in chickpea was 6.70, 8.72, 10.11, 11.61, and 8.61 q ha-1 and 1.12, 2.17, 4.77, 12.41, and 3.60 q farm-1 of their total production (Table no. 1). In pigeon pea, it was 5.62, 8.08, 8.52, 9.97 and 7.49 q ha-1 and 0.61, 2.45, 2.89, 6.53, and 2.36 q farm-1 for their total production (Table no. 2) for marginal, small, medium, large and overall, respectively. The following three widely used marketing channels for the marketing of major pulses were identified. Channel-I: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Consumer, Channel-II: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Retailer \(\Diamond\) Consumer and Channel-III: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Wholesaler\(\Diamond\) Retailer \(\Diamond\) Consumer. Channel wise total marketing cost of major pulses at sample farms, evaluated and demonstrated in the Table 3 For the channel-I total marketing cost was Rs.16.63, for channel-II total marketing cost was in Rs. 34.93 and for channel-III total cost estimated as Rs. 57.96 per quintal. [1] Price spread was maximum in channel-III as Rs 268.68 followed by channel-II as Rs 136.93 and channel-I as Rs 16.63. This is due to fact that as the market chain increases price spread also increases. The price paid by consumer was maximum in channel-III as Rs 5250, followed by channel-II as Rs 5120.08 and channel-I as Rs 5000. Channel-I had the largest producer share in terms of consumer rupees (100%), followed by Channel-II (97.65%) and Channel-I (95.23%). Table No. 5 displays the marketing efficiency findings. According to the table, Channel I (300.66) had a higher efficiency than Channel II (37.39) and Channel III (19.53), in that order. According to the study, channel I was the most successful platform for marketing pulses since it was one of the more efficient marketing channels.

An Economic Analysis of Tuberose Marketing from Akola District, Maharashtra, India

The present study was conducted in Akola district of Maharashtra state for the period 2018-19. For the study of marketing data was collected from 10 village traders, 10 wholesalers and 10 retailers, thus overall 30 trader were selected randomly about price spread, labour charges, transportation costs, commission charges, other charges if any and also the price received by them during the year 2018-2019 based on primary data. In tuberose marketing channel, producer, wholesalers and retailer were selected for collecting the information on marketing. Producer – wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer was the important channel through which maximum quantity was sold by the cultivators. In case of tuberose, the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-I i.e., 96.31 per cent. The channel-I was most profitable than channel II and channel III. The price spread was observed highest in case of channel III i.e., Rs 17.40. The major constraints faced by tuberose cultivators overall level was Low rate of flower in the market, High commission charges, Lack of organized market and transportation.

An Economic Analysis of Onion Marketing in Uruzgan Province of Afghanistan

The study was carried out to estimate the marketable surplus, marketing cost, price spread, and marketing efficiency of onion in three districts of Uruzgan province. The data were collected from 120 farmers, 120 consumers, 30 wholesalers, and 30 retailers in 2023. The findings showed that the average production of onion was 5597.08 kg/Jerib. After holding 1.84 per cent for domestic purposes, the farmers were left with 98.16 per cent as a marketable surplus. The price spread across different marketing channels showed an inverse correlation with the number of intermediaries involved. Among market channels, Channel-II (Farmer-Retailer-Consumer) had the highest marketing cost. As marketing costs and margins increased, the producers' share in consumers' rupee decreased. The marketing efficiency decreased with the number of intermediaries. The net price received by the farmer was highest in the direct marketing Channel-III (AFN 5.65 per kg of onion). Lack of grading, storage, and transportation facilities were the significant constraints in marketing onion in the province.

Modeling opening price spread of Shanghai Composite Index based on ARIMA-GRU/LSTM hybrid model.

In the dynamic landscape of financial markets, accurate forecasting of stock indices remains a pivotal yet challenging task, essential for investors and policymakers alike. This study is motivated by the need to enhance the precision of predicting the Shanghai Composite Index's opening price spread, a critical measure reflecting market volatility and investor sentiment. Traditional time series models like ARIMA have shown limitations in capturing the complex, nonlinear patterns inherent in stock price movements, prompting the exploration of advanced methodologies. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap in forecasting accuracy by developing a hybrid model that integrates the strengths of ARIMA with deep learning techniques, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks. This novel approach leverages the ARIMA model's proficiency in linear trend analysis and the deep learning models' capability in modeling nonlinear dependencies, aiming to provide a comprehensive tool for market prediction. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset covering the period from December 20, 1990, to June 2, 2023, the study develops and assesses the efficacy of ARIMA, LSTM, GRU, ARIMA-LSTM, and ARIMA-GRU models in forecasting the Shanghai Composite Index's opening price spread. The evaluation of these models is based on key statistical metrics, including Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE), to gauge their predictive accuracy. The findings indicate that the hybrid models, ARIMA-LSTM and ARIMA-GRU, perform better in forecasting the opening price spread of the Shanghai Composite Index than their standalone counterparts. This outcome suggests that combining traditional statistical methods with advanced deep learning algorithms can enhance stock market prediction. The research contributes to the field by providing evidence of the potential benefits of integrating different modeling approaches for financial forecasting, offering insights that could inform investment strategies and financial decision-making.

Supply Chain Analysis of Organic Farm Produce in Punjab

The study delves into the financial and marketing dynamics of cultivation and supply chains of organic produce in Punjab. It examines key aspects of 60 organic farmers across different farm sizes. Analysis of three organic wheat supply chains reveals varied price spreads, with SC-II (Producer -Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) being the widest. Similar patterns have been observed in organic pulses, oil, turmeric powder, and jaggery markets. SC-III (Producer - Retailer - Consumer) in organic pulses stands out for its direct and cost-effective approach. Challenges include procedural formalities and time involvement in the certification process, pest attacks and low yields in production. At the same time, awareness gaps and a lack of a proper market platform are critical issues in marketing. Addressing these challenges is crucial for strengthening the marketing of organic produce. Keywords: Organic farming, price spread, marketing efficiency JEL Codes: Q10, Q12, Q13.

Quantifying the carbon footprint of energy storage applications with an energy system simulation framework — Energy System Network

Energy storage is a crucial flexibility measure to temporally decouple power generation from power demand and is touted as the missing link in realizing a decarbonized energy system based on renewable energy. Energy storage capacity buildup at all levels of the global energy system is expected to accelerate the decarbonization process. To this end, a coherent mathematical framework to ascertain the carbon footprint of localized energy systems with energy storage is indispensable. This article presents an open-source energy system simulation program — Energy System Network (ESN). A variety of energy system configurations can be simulated with the Python program, which incorporates key energy system components such as generation, grid, storage, and loads. ESN features an integrated bottom-up approach that combines energy system modeling with streamlined life cycle assessment techniques to quantify the carbon footprint of all components in a localized energy system. The lifecycle phases of each component, including production, operation, and end-of-life treatment, can be considered. Carbon footprint values are obtained for two demonstrative case studies with lithium-ion battery applications: energy arbitrage and home energy systems. The metric Levelized Emissions of Energy Supply (LEES) has been used to evaluate the carbon footprint of each application. An unconventional energy arbitrage strategy designed to exploit the grid carbon intensity spreads instead of the energy price spreads manages to achieve a LEES value about 17% lower than the conventional variant. The influence of rooftop solar generation, battery energy storage system, and the energy management strategy on the LEES values for a home energy system is explored. A maximum LEES reduction of over 37% vis-á-vis the base scenario was observed with optimal energy management for the solar generation and the battery system. The open-source availability of ESN can contribute to transparency, comparability, and reproducibility in carbon footprint assessments of localized energy systems with energy storage.

Cost–Benefit Efficiency and Factors for Marketing Channel Choices among Avocado Farmers in Rungwe District, Tanzania

Avocado farming has grown into a significant agricultural industry in the Rungwe District, significantly contributing to the local economy. Improving market access for avocado farmers is essential to raising rural incomes and enhancing their standard of living. This paper aims to determine the most efficient avocado marketing channels and analyse the factors affecting marketing channel choices by avocado farmers in the Rungwe District. The study involved 196 smallholder avocado farmers and key informants. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaire surveys, and documentary reviews. Findings showed that the main avocado marketing channels used by farmers in the Rungwe District were categorized into brokers (90.3%) and local traders (9.7%). The local traders’ marketing channel was more efficient, with a price spread (per kg) of TZS 400 and a farmer’s share in consumers’ price of 75%. In comparison, the brokers’ marketing channel had a price spread of TZS 1300 and a farmer’s share in the consumer’s price of 48%, though it had a higher net price received by farmers (TZS 1200) than local traders (TZS 500). Findings from the multiple binary regression analysis indicated that the education level of the household head, farming experience, household size, farm size, access to market information, price, quantity of avocado purchased, mode of payment, and access to extension services had a significant influence on the choice of marketing channel. The findings recommend expanding avocado marketing channels and strengthening avocado farmers’ access to market information, extension, and credit services.

Agricultural Produce Supply Chain Network of Capsicum: Empirical Evidence from India

Vegetables are important for both nutritional and economic stability and contribute significantly to the agricultural landscape of India. The demand for vegetables is rising, driven by population growth and increased awareness of their benefits. This empirical study highlights the dynamics of agricultural production supply chain networks of capsicum crops in the northwestern Himalayan region, specifically Himachal Pradesh, India. The study employs the Acharya approach to analyse the various marketing channels utilized by farmers in the capsicum supply chain. This methodology sheds light on the economic nuances at each stage and examines marketing channels, costs, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency. Simultaneously, the Garrett ranking method is applied to discern and prioritize constraints faced by farmers. This comprehensive approach ensures a nuanced understanding of the economic and logistical intricacies of capsicum marketing. The analysis of marketing channels reveals five distinct pathways employed by farmers, with Channel-C (Producer–Commission Agent–Retailer–Consumer) standing out as the most dominant, representing 47.25% of the total quantity. Moreover, Channel-A (Producer–Consumer) proves to be the most cost-effective for producers and boasts the highest producer price, while Channel-C, involving commission agents, incurs higher costs. This suggests a preference for intermediaries, emphasizing factors like market access and negotiation skills, whereas Channel-D (Producer–Local Trader–Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer) has the highest gross marketing margin, emphasizing the trade-offs between efficiency and transaction volume. The results indicate that while Channel-A is the most efficient, it is not the preferred choice due to the lower transaction quantity. Further, the absence of market consultation services, inadequate road infrastructure, high commission charges, nonremunerative prices and untimely availability of vehicles are the major constraints in marketing. The findings of the study call for targeted interventions to create a more robust and farmer-friendly marketing environment for capsicum crops in the region. The study proposes targeted recommendations, emphasizing collaborative efforts between stakeholders, government bodies and farmers. This research contributes to the academic discourse and also offers actionable insights for researchers and policymakers, fostering sustainability, profitability and equity within the capsicum supply chain.

Marketing management of onion seed production

The present study titled ‘Marketing management of onion seed production’ is based on a sample of 90 onion seed growers drawn from Shrigonda, Parner and Nagar tehsils of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. The primary data was collected through a survey and pretested questionnaire for the agriculture year 2021–22. The analysis was completed using data gathered from market intermediaries by calculating marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing efficiency, price spread and producer’s share in consumer rupee. Production and disposal patterns of onion seed showed that 90.43 per cent of the produce was marketed. The total amount of onion seed available for sale was 255.18 kg, with 191.54 kg of onion seed sold through channel I, this included Producer  Consumer and was the most efficient method for onion seed distribution. Channel II, included Producer  Wholesaler Retailer  Consumer and accounted the sale of 63.64 kg of total onion seed production. The marketing cost for channel-II was 10.60 per kg followed by channel-I 1.09 per kg. The average per kg price spread for onion seed was 1.09 and 606.37 for Channel I and Channel II, respectively. The marketing efficiency for channel II was 3.

Economics of pineapple production and marketing in Imphal east district of Manipur

The overall per hectare cost of cultivation of pineapple was found to be Rs. 1,73,611.39 at cost ‘A’ , Rs. 2,27,268.05 at cost ‘B’ and Rs. 2,32,355.71 at cost ‘C’. The average yield was 348.45 quintals, per hectare gross return was Rs. 3,14,608.18 with a benefit cost ratio of 1.35. From the study area, three marketing channels were identified i.e. Channel I, II and III. Price spread was Rs. 153.88 per quintal, Rs. 446.21 per quintal and Rs. 844.02 per quintal at channel I,II and III, respectively. The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was 85.44 per cent, 64.71 per cent in and 43.98 per cent in channel I, II and III, respectively. In terms of constraints faced in production and marketing “non-availability and high labour rate” and “lack of regulated market and price fluctuation” were the major problem faced by the farmers.It can be concluded from the study that pineapple cultivation is a profitable venture for the farmers.