Price Spread Research Articles

Promoting real-time electricity tariffs for more demand response from German households: a review of four policy options

Abstract Background Demand response is an important option for accommodating growing shares of renewable electricity, and therefore, crucial for the success of the energy transition in Germany and elsewhere. In conjunction with smart meters, real-time (or ‘dynamic’) electricity tariffs can facilitate the flexibilization of power consumption and reduce energy bills. Whilst such tariffs are already quite common in several EU member states, Germany lags behind in this respect. The country makes for an interesting case study because of the sheer volume of additional flexibility that its energy transition necessitates. Main text This paper discusses how German policymakers can make real-time tariffs more attractive for households and thus entice them to better adapt their consumption to current market conditions. Following an analysis of the current impediments to the adoption of such tariffs, we discuss four policy options: (1) a more ambitious legal definition of real-time tariffs that can promote market transparency and leverage potential savings for consumers, (2) a shift in energy taxation that encourages the uptake of renewable power and increases price spreads, (3) a new model of dynamic network charges which combines grid-serving and market-serving incentives, and (4) a subsidy for users of real-time tariffs that helps internalise the benefits they provide to all electricity consumers. Given the similar regulatory framework, our suggestions should generally also apply to other countries in Europe and beyond. Conclusions Overall, we argue that there is considerable scope for policymakers to better exploit market forces to ensure security of electricity supply at lower social cost. Our call for stricter regulation in order to allow the markets to better guide consumer behaviour may seem like a paradox—but it is one well worth embracing.

Cost Efficiency and Profitability of Papaya Marketing Channels in North-eastern Karnataka, India

The study on the economic analysis of papaya marketing in North-Eastern Karnataka, focuses on identifying the existing marketing system for papaya and analyzes the marketing cost, margin, price spread and marketing efficiency of different marketing channels. The study was conducted in four districts of North-Eastern Karnataka region and employed multistage random sampling technique to gather data from 80 papaya cultivators and 20 market intermediaries. Three major marketing channels were identified, each showing distinct cost structures and preferences among farmers. The findings highlighted that channel I was the most preferred among farmers, but it also exhibited the highest price spread compared to other channels. Channel III recorded the highest producer's share in the consumer's rupee (60.60%) and was identified as the most efficient channel based on both the Shepherd's approach (3.84) and the Acharya and Agarwal approach (1.54). The selection of a marketing channel significantly affects profitability and the distribution of risk among stakeholders. It is suggested that, due to the higher marketing costs incurred by farmers, they often opt to sell through pre-harvest contractors (PHCs). Therefore, it is recommended that these intermediaries be regulated through the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) to streamline the supply chain and improve market access for papaya growers.

Price Spread, Marketing Efficiency and Postharvest Losses in Marketing of Selected kharif Vegetables in Palghar District of Maharashtra State, India

Vegetables play an important role both in the regional and national economy of the agricultural sector. These crops are generally of short duration. The post-harvest losses in kharif vegetables due to insufficient storage, packaging, transportation, and handling technologies for perishable crops, such as vegetables, lead to significant wastage. The present study was undertaken to estimate these losses at various stages and price spread of selected vegetables in study area. The study was conducted in Palghar district of Maharashtra, involving 90 farmers, 6 commission agents, 9 wholesalers and 30 retailers, that the study involves multiple groups of stakeholders (farmers, commission agents, wholesalers, and retailers), with specific numbers from each group. The sampling technique used in this case likely purposive sampling. The important kharif vegetables were identified for the detailed analysis. In of case brinjal the total postharvest losses were 12.62 kg/q. out of which maximum postharvest losses of brinjal vegetables was observed to be highest (4.62 kg/q), at retailer level followed by (3.2 kg/q) at wholesaler level and (1.65 kg/q) at commission agent level. Similarly in case of okra, postharvest losses in kharif season was estimated to 13.52 kg /q, out of which the retailers level postharvest losses was highest at (5.12 kg/q), followed by (3.78 kg /q) at wholesaler level, (2.87 kg /q) at farmer level and (1.75 kg/q) at commission agent level .Whereas for cowpea total postharvest losses was workout to 12.73 kg/q out of which 4.12 kg /q postharvest losses was observed at retailer level, 3.65 kg /q losses at wholesaler level, 3.08 kg /q at farmer level and 1.88 kg /q postharvest losses at commission agent level. In study were identified channel-I (Producer-Commission agent-wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer), channel-II (Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) and channel-III(Producer-Consumer). For brinjal, the price spread was Rs. 2962.91 in Channel-I and Rs. 2634.72 in Channel II, with marketing efficiency of 1.01, 1.24, and 33.76 in Channels-I, II, and III, respectively. Channel-III exhibited the highest marketing efficiency, while Channel II had the lowest price spread. For okra, the price spread was Rs. 1939.70 in Channel-I and Rs. 1733.20 in Channel II, with marketing efficiency of 1.51, 1.85, and 28.84 in Channels-I, II, and III, respectively. Channel II demonstrated the highest marketing efficiency and lowest price spread. In the case of cowpea, the price spread was Rs. 4000 in Channel-I and Rs. 3260 in Channel-II, with marketing efficiency of 0.91, 1.76, and 29.76 in Channels -I, II, and III, respectively. Again, Channel III provided the highest efficiency, while Channel II had the lowest price spread. Channel-III emerged as the most efficient channel for all crops due to the direct sale to consumers, resulting in the highest marketing efficiency. Channel-II also showed better efficiency, especially in okra, while Channel-I consistently had the lowest efficiency across all crops.

Suspense and Surprise: The Role of Bookmakers’ Spreads

Uncertainty in a competition's final result can affect the event's demand via suspense and surprise. Based on a sample of more than 50,000 professional tennis matches, this paper shows how information from bookmaker prices, implied probabilities, and price spreads contain relevant information that explains the uncertainty in the final results of the matches. There is a negative relation between the implied probability for the favorite and the different measures of match result uncertainty proposed and a positive relationship between the spread and these measures when the bookmaker sets prices based on information. This second relation disappears when the bookmaker sets prices based on betting volumes. The results have potential implications both for organizers in scheduling matches with higher levels of uncertainty and for punters in setting strategies that predict the exact result of a match.

Insights into Cheese Marketing in Bangladesh: Marketing Cost, Margin, and Efficiency

Cheese though not native to Bangladesh has seen an increased surge in popularity in recent years. Even though there have been several studies that focus on the economic aspects of cheese production, there is a dearth of studies tackling the marketing aspects of cheese in Bangladesh. This study is an attempt to examine the marketing channels, the cost associated, the marketing margin, and the marketing efficiency of cheese in Bangladesh. This study is mainly based on primary data, collected from purposively selected participants from the districts of Kishoreganj, Thakurgaon, and Manikganj. The respondents consisted of 50 cheese producers and 20 market intermediaries. Simple descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Traditional and modern types of channels were associated with the marketing of cheese. Marketing cost analysis identified, transportation, facility rent, and outlet maintenance to be the primary cost components. The value additions of per kg cheese by wholesaler-cum-retailers, retailers, and supermarkets were calculated at BDT 232.40, BDT 97.12 and BDT 250, respectively. Significant net margins were observed across all the channels. Though producers mostly used Channel I, Channel III (Producers → Consumers) and Channel IV (Producers → Retailers → Consumers) were identified to be the most efficient among the different channels examined in the study. Channel II had the lowest price spread, on the contrary, Channel V had the highest one. Just after direct marketing, cheese producers received higher percentage of consumers price (74%) using Channel II. Given the current potential of the cheese industry, the government should focus on this sector to address and overcome existing challenges in cheese marketing.

Improving the Cardamom Marketing: Assessing the Marketing Efficiency of Cardamom in Theni District, Tamil Nadu

Introduction: The cardamom is the oldest spices and belongs to Zingiberaceae family. It is cultivated in the thick shady, rainy forests of the Western Ghats of the South India. The major growing states are Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in reference to green cardamom (Small) and its botanical name Elettaria cardamomum. The part of Theni district is constituted by thick vegetations of hills of Western Ghats and Cumbum Valley at Bodi and Uthamapalayam taluk. In these areas, the farmers are cultivating the Cardamom. This study aims to find out the socio-economic characters, marketing behavior, assess the marketing efficiency of different supply channels and ranking the major problems faced by farmers to market their agricultural product. Methodology: The author used both primary and secondary data. The maximum area covered by cardamom was used as criteria for selecting the blocks. Purposive random sampling method was used to select the villages and the data was collected from the 60 farmers and other stakeholders using well-structured questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and percentage analysis were used for interpreting the results. For marketing analysis, marketing costs, marketing margin and price spread were estimated. For marketing efficiency, Acharya’s method (2003) was used. Results: The 34 respondents with 56.67 percent were found to be 21-35 years of age group. It was found that 7 respondents only with 11.67 percent and 26 respondents with 43.33 percent were found to be illiterate and the annual turnover of 1-5 lakh respectively. Using Acharya’s method (2003), the marketing efficiency of the channel I, II, III were 5.92, 9.97, 7.27 respectively. The price spread in the marketing channel I, II, and III are Rs. 295.94 per Kg, Rs. 163.54 per Kg and 229.48 per Kg respectively. It was shown that channel II is efficient due to high efficiency value and less price spread. Producer in the marketing channel II had highest share (90.88) in consumer rupee. The result showed that the Lack of timely adequate funds were major problem faced by the cardamom farmers with garret mean score of 65.23. The financial problems were common in the respondents. Conclusion: Marketing channel II was efficient because the spice auction center plays a vital role in protecting the farmer as well as consumer from the malpractices and exploitation of Intermediaries and to provide the transparency in trading operations of cardamom. The government may increase the financial assistance or technical support program to support the cardamom growers of the Tamil Nadu. The board should educate the farmers to grade or sort the cardamom before entering the e-Auction center to get better price for better quality of the commodity and to expand the pilot project of separate e-auctions for lab tested cardamom for artificial colours and pesticidal residues to potential markets of Tamil Nadu.

Macroeconomic Determinants of the Gap between Domestic and International Gold Prices in Vietnam

This research investigates the factors influencing the disparity between domestic gold prices (SJC gold and 9999 gold) and global gold prices in Vietnam from January 2011 to December 2023. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, we identify key macroeconomic determinants impacting this price spread, including interest rates, oil prices, and consumer demand. Our findings reveal that higher interest rates are associated with larger price spreads, suggesting that monetary policy plays a significant role in the domestic gold market. Oil prices exhibit a negative relationship with the price spread for 9999 gold, indicating that rising oil prices tend to align domestic gold prices more closely with global trends. Consumer demand notably affects the SJC_Global price spread but not the 9999_Global spread, reflecting the different market dynamics of finished goods versus raw materials. Additionally, the error correction terms in both models indicate a robust mechanism for long-term equilibrium, demonstrating the Vietnamese gold market’s resilience. These insights highlight the need for policymakers to reconsider existing regulations, such as Decree 24, to ensure a stable and efficient gold market. The study concludes that while the Vietnamese gold market exhibits sustainable practices, regulatory revisions are necessary to support both market growth and community development. Future research should consider additional macroeconomic variables and the impact of regulatory changes over time to further understand the dynamics of gold price disparities in Vietnam.

Analysis of Marketing Channels, Price Spread and Costs of Wheat in Junagadh District of Gujarat, India

The purpose of this study was to estimate the price spread, marketing margin and marketing cost of wheat in the Junagadh district. The present study was carried out in Junagadh district. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted as per the objective of study and total 120 farmers were selected for the study purpose. Data were gathered through in-person interviews with farmers, typically conducted on their farms, using a structured questionnaire. For the wheat, three main marketing channels were identified: Producer-consumer (Channel I), Producer-village trader-consumer (Channel II), and Producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer (Channel III). With the lowest overall cost, margin, and price spread, Channel-I earned the largest producer's share in terms of consumer rupees. Whereas Channels II and III, being the least efficient.

Robust estimation and test for Pearson’s correlation coefficient

In this paper, using the idea of grouping under moderate data framework, we propose the median-of-means-type nonparametric estimator for Pearson’s correlation coefficient which has been used widely in various disciplines. Under certain conditions on the growing rate of the number of subgroups, the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator are investigated. Furthermore, we construct a new method to test Pearson’s correlation coefficient based on the empirical likelihood method for median. Extensively numerical simulations are designed to demonstrate the superiorities of our estimator. It is shown that the new proposed estimator is robust with respect to outliers. Finally, we use the proposed method to study Pearson’s correlation between open price and the rate of price spread for the Shanghai Stock Exchange composite index from 18 May 2015 to 21 June 2019.

Economic and marketing analysis of commercial goat farms in Gujarat

India is an agrarian country, and small ruminants like goat play a vital role in the rural economy as a source of rural livelihood. The study was undertaken with the objectives of studying the economics, and marketing channels of commercial goat farms. The study revealed that the per farm total working and fixed costs contributed around 70 and 30 per cent of total cost. The total return from commercial goat farming was ? 3005253 per farm for overall farm size while benefit ratio was more than one. Production function analysis revealed that all the selected variables (feed & fodder, electricity, veterinary, labour and other cost) were highly significant statistically and R2 was 0.98. Channel-I was the most efficient channel around 19.75 per cent of goat were marketed through this channel. The returns were higher in commercial goat rearing, so it is suggested that the government has to take the initiative to encourage goat farming as a new agribusiness opportunity. Keywords: Benefit-cost ratio, marketing efficiency, price spread, total returns. JEL Codes: Q12, Q13

An Analysis of Tamil Nadu Income-Based Consumption Patterns and Consumer Behaviour for Jaggery and Khandsari Sugar: A Review

Purpose and Objectives: Markets such as Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode district Cooperative Jaggery Marketing Federation (CTEDCJMF), Selur Farmers Sugarcane Products Market (Farmers jaggery market), Pilikalpalayam and Chitthode jaggery market exclusively for jaggery and khandsari sugar, coconut and palm sugar. Methodology: Snowball sampling method was used for the data collection and also producers, visiting the market also enrolled in the study. Totally 30 producers of each sugar, 60 middlemens and 120 consumers who purchased sugar through the identified marketing channels were interviewed for the study. The data collected were analyzed to determine the cost and returns for three types of sugar. The price spread at various marketing levels, trader concentration ratios, and consumer buying behavior towards alternate forms of sugar were also examined. Principal component analysis was used to identify factors influencing consumer purchases of alternate forms of sugar. Key Findings: The results of the sample respondents showed that sample respondents of jaggery and khandsari sugar producers, majority of the sample respondents were aged between 31-40 years (33.33%) followed by 26.67 percent in the category of 20-30 years, about 23.33 per cent of the sample respondents in the producer category were aged above 50 years, followed by 16.67 per cent aged between 41-50 years. Implications: Hence, the demand for coconut sugar is very low, so promotional efforts should be made to popularize its health benefits among consumers. In the case of jaggery and khandsari sugar, product modification into cube form (similar to white sugar cubes) will increase market preference and acceptability.

Banana Supply Chain in Navi Mumbai, India

This study investigates the banana supply chain in Navi Mumbai, aiming to identify existing supply channels, analyze their efficiency, problems faced by producers and anayse the market potential of banana in the study area. Primary data were collected from respondents to accomplish these objectives. Secondary data were obtained from private and government publications, and review papers. Utilizing a descriptive research design and employing a probability sampling method, the study surveyed 50 farmers, 5 village traders, 5 pre-harvest contractors, 10 wholesalers cum commission agents, and 10 retailers using a semi-structured schedule. Three marketing channels were identified. Among them channel-III (Farmer - Wholesaler cum commission agent - Retailer - Consumer) was the most efficient option, offering the highest producer's share in the consumer's rupee (40.05%) and the highest marketing efficiency (0.67), with a price spread of Rs. 1711.55 per quintal. In the study area, banana producers face challenges such as high input costs, delayed availability of planting materials, and losses due to diseases and pests. Marketing hurdles include lower prices, distant selling unit locations, delayed payments, and inadequate transportation and storage facilities. Village traders, preharvest contractors, wholesalers cum commission agents, and retailers also encounter various obstacles such as price fluctuation, handling and transportation losses, low-quality produce, and labour shortages. As the total market demand for banana in Navi Mumbai was estimated to be ₹62.26 crore, addressing these challenges is vital for enhancing the efficiency and profitability of banana marketing in the study area, necessitating coordinated efforts from policymakers, agricultural stakeholders, and market participants. Establishing FPOs and FPCs can ease access to affordable planting materials and address marketing challenges, benefiting all banana market stakeholders.

A Review on Value Chain Analysis of Millets

Millets, a group of small-seeded grasses, are essential crops cultivated for their resilience and ability to thrive in arid regions where other crops often fail. Globally, millets are predominantly grown in Asia and Africa, with India being the largest producer, contributing over 40% of the world's millet production. This review article employs a comprehensive and systematic approach to analyze the economic aspects of millet production and marketing, focusing on value chain analysis. The methodology involves a thorough examination of existing literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles, research reports, and relevant books published over the last two decades. The review process is guided by a conceptual framework that outlines key components such as production, productivity, market dynamics, marketing strategies, marketing channels, and price spread. The literature search and selection involve systematic searches of academic databases using relevant keywords, with a focus on studies published within the last 20 years and those addressing the specified value chain components. Relevant data is extracted and categorized according to the framework, allowing for the identification of patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing literature. This analysis provides insights into the current state of the millet value chain, highlights challenges and opportunities, and suggests strategies for improving its efficiency and sustainability. The findings aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the economic viability of millet production and marketing, promoting millets as a sustainable and nutritious food source globally.

Marketing Channels of Pomegranate in Pune Division of Maharashtra, India

Pomegranate, scientifically named Punica granatum L., is prized globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like India, Iran, and Spain. Pomegranate cultivation has surged in India, notably in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka, with India emerging as a top global producer. In 2020-21, India expanded pomegranate cultivation to 2.88 lakh hectares, yielding 32.70 lakh tonnes. Maharashtra led with 54.89% of national production and 59.38% of cultivated area, underscoring its key role despite slightly lower productivity than the national average. The objectives of the study were to identify different marketing channels of pomegranate, to estimate the price spread and marketing efficiency of identified marketing channels and to identify problems faced by stakeholders. The primary data was collected from 60 Pomegranate farmers and from 30 intermediaries. The study identified four different pomegranate marketing channels. Channel-1 (Producer →Pre-harvest contractor → Wholesaler-cum-commission agent→ Retailer →Consumer), Channel-2 (Producer →Wholesaler-cum-commission agent→ retailer → consumer), Channel-3 (Producer →Collection Center (CC) → Distribution Center (DC) → Consumer), Channel-4 (Producer →Village trader →Wholesaler-cum-commission agent →Retailer → Consumer). Channel-3 providing producers with 69.78% of the consumer price and demonstrating highest efficiency (2.31) for its Acharya-Agarwal marketing efficiency method was used. Pomegranate producers face challenges including high transportation costs, storage issues, price volatility, and market information deficits. Production problems include pest infestations, high input costs, and labor shortages. Intermediaries grapple with quality variation, labor scarcity, and price fluctuations. Strategic interventions in infrastructure, logistics, and market intelligence are crucial for sustainable profitability.

Marketing Dynamics of Grapes in Pune Division: Channels, Efficiency, and Stakeholder Issues

India emerging as the world's second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Farmers who produce agricultural products are spread over distant communities whereas customers live in semi-urban or urban areas. This produce must reach consumers for final usage and consumption. This product passes via various agencies and functionaries before reaching the consumer. The study objective is to identify different marketing channels of Grapes, estimate the price spread and marketing efficiency of identified channels, and identify Problems faced by different stakeholders. Primary data were collected through 60 farmers and 30 intermediaries. A descriptive study design with a non-probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique was employed. Tabular, percentage and Garrett ranking methods were utilized for data analysis to obtain the desired results. From this study, four marketing Channels were found namely Channel I (Farmer – village trader- wholesalers cum commission agents - Retailer - Consumer), Channel II (Farmer – pre-harvest contractor- wholesalers cum commission agents - Retailer - Consumer), Channel III (Farmer -Wholesaler cum commission agent - Retailer – Consumer) and Channel IV (Farmer - Company CC - Company DC - Consumer. Channel III stands out with the highest producer's share in the consumer's rupee (62.43%) and the highest marketing efficiency (1.66). The majority of farmers faced the challenge of high costs incurred for the purchase of inputs and for the transportation of produce. The quality variation was a major problem faced by village traders. Price fluctuation was a major problem faced by pre-harvest contractors. Facing competition from other private players was a major problem for private companies. Quality variation was a major problem for the wholesaler cum commission agent. Retailers' major problems were price fluctuation followed by high transportation costs.

A Study on the Marketing Efficiency of Broiler in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India

A study on broiler marketing was carried out in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar, and the results were presented using tabular analysis. A multi-stage stratified sampling method was utilized to select marketing intermediaries, encompassing those in both primary and secondary markets. The study focused on these intermediaries to collect data on total marketing costs, marketing margins, price spreads, marketing efficiency, and the producer's share of consumer rupees. Additionally, the research aimed to identify the various marketing channels used in the broiler marketing process. The study was undertaken through a bench mark survey method by contacting 70 broiler farms, representing small, medium and large farms. The average number of birds was 280 on small farms, 780 birds on medium farms. and 2970 on large farms. It was clear that the highest being on large farms indicating direct relationship with the farm size.

Analysis of marketing patterns and price spread of maize among tribal area in Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh

Analysis of marketing patterns and price spread of maize among tribal area in Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh

An Economic Analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal in Organic and Inorganic Vegetable Farming

This study investigates the economic analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal cultivated through both organic and inorganic farming methods in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Organic farming systems have gained popularity due to their sustainability benefits and resource conservation, which can reduce output costs by 10% to 30% compared to conventional farming. Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, recognized for its unique characteristics and recent Geographical Indication (GI) tag, serves as a focal point for this analysis. The study collected primary data from 25 organic and 25 inorganic farmers, as well as from various market participants. Cost and return analyses revealed that the total cultivation cost per acre is Rs. 90,482 for organic and Rs. 77,322 for inorganic methods. Despite higher cultivation costs, organic farming proved more profitable with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.59 compared to 1.35 for inorganic farming. Marketing channel analysis showed that the primary distribution pathways involved wholesalers and retailers, with organic brinjal channels displaying higher efficiency. Price spread and marketing efficiency calculations indicated that Channel II was the most efficient for both farming methods due to fewer intermediaries and lower consumer prices. Overall, the study underscores the economic viability of organic farming for Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, highlighting its potential for higher profitability and marketing efficiency.

Value Chain Analysis of Groundnut in Tamil Nadu, India

Oilseeds provide vegetable oils which not only form an essential part of human diet but also serve as an important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints, varnishes, hair oils, lubricants and various other products. Among all the oilseed crops groundnut is an important oilseed and supplementary food crop. Itis also called as ‘the king of oilseeds. In Tamil Nadu, Ground nut is being cultivated in almost all the districts. Totally, 240 farmers were contacted from 24 villages spread over in 8 blocks of 2 districts. Besides farmers, traders and processors were contacted in each district at the rate of 10 traders per district. The data were analysed by using value chain mapping and price spread analysis. Results indicated that cost of cultivation under rainfed condition was Rs. 30967.81 per ha and Rs. 34789.21 per ha under irrigated condition. The net income realised was Rs. 30628.38 and Rs.32450.26 per ha in rainfed and irrigated condition respectively. The results reveal that net income from groundnut was found to be higher under irrigated condition. Value chain analysis indicated that there were 5 marketing channels through which groundnut were marketed by the sample farmers. Nearly 23.33 percent of the sample farmers sold the produce to the village merchants. The percentage of the sample farmers marketed through commission agents and regulated markets were 25.00 and 33.33, respectively.

Betel Vine Marketing in Tamil Nadu, India: Price Spread Analysis

Tamil Nadu is one the leading betel leaf cultivating states in the country. Besides, it faces significant challenges in producing betel vines due to risk of pests and diseases. These risks have a negative impact on the farm economy. Disease outbreaks can be incredibly concerning and have an impact on a company's profitability. The higher labour costs, pest and disease and natural calamities have made it difficult for farmers to produce their crops. Therefore, it was essential to study the marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of betel vine in Tamil Nadu. The use of a well-structured interview schedule allowed for the collection of information from farmers regarding the cost and return of producing betel vines. From the local marketplaces in Thanjavur District, village traders, commission agents, wholesalers and retailers were chosen. Price spread and marketing efficiency were used to know about the marketing cost and the price received by the farmer. The efficient marketing channel was channel III (Producer → Retailer → Consumer) because it has the lowest price spread of 18.9 per cent which be due to a smaller number of intermediaries. The marketing efficiency in channel III (16.1) was higher than in channel I (10.6) and channel II (6.3) respectively. Thus, marketing of betel leaf in channel III was more efficient for farmers.