Rubber Prices Research Articles

Marketability and challenges of small farm holders of rubber-A study at tripura

Remunerative price realisation is the major concern to small farm holders considering uncertain and price volatility of rubber. Tripura being the second largest rubber producing state in India consists around 80000 small farm holders with 194 Rubber Producer Societies. Rubber is a major plantation crop for the people living in rural Tripura for their livelihood. However, the prices of rubber at Tripura is comparatively lower than the prices of rubber at Kerala due to many reasons including quality and marketability. This paper explored issues of marketability and challenges of small farm holders and found poor access to finance, price uncertainty and marketability, issue of transportation etc., are major concerns.

Engineering properties of asphalt binder modified with cup lump rubber

Polymers are being extensively used for modification of asphalt which yields several key benefits over conventional asphalt. Interest in using natural rubber polymer i.e. cup lump in asphalt modification has increased recently due to fluctuation in natural rubber prices and demand for improved asphalt properties. Since this current innovative road building technique is still new and there is limited information available on this topic, more studies are needed for better understanding the cup lump rubber modified asphalt (CMA). Therefore, this study investigates the engineering properties of the rubberised asphalt binder with 5, 10 and 15% cup lump rubber compared to conventional asphalt binder of 60/70 pen. Laboratory tests, i.e. penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, loss on heating and storage stability were performed and compared to the specification. From the results, the addition of cup lump rubber was found to harden the asphalt binder, produced low ductility, high softening point and viscosity resulting in less temperature susceptibility. Remarkably, 5% cup lump rubber gives better performance compared to other rubber percentages.

Determinants of the Price of Natural Rubber in Malaysia

Determinants of the Price of Natural Rubber in Malaysia

Application of SARIMA model to forecasting the natural rubber price in the world market

This study was conducted to develop a forecasting model to predict the price natural rubber in the world market by using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). The dataset for model development was collected from series data of average monthly closing average prices in the natural rubber - Ribbed Smoked Sheet No.3 (RSS3) on the Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM) for the period of January 2007 - September 2018. The RSS3 price on the TOCOM provided the reference price for natural rubber in the world market. It resulted SARIMA(2,1,2)(1,1,1)12 model was selected as the best-fit model. The model achieved 0.000 for Probability value (P-value). 8.86 for Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and 9.01 for Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC); 6.68% for Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and 21.43 for Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). This model was used to forecast the world's natural rubber price during October 2018 - December 2020. This study may be helpful to the farmers, traders, and the governments of the world's important natural rubber producing countries to plan policies to reduce natural rubber production costs and stabilize the natural rubber price in the future, such as by setting suitable areas for natural rubber plantation in each country and defining appropriate and sustainable alternative crop areas in each country.

Application of SARIMA model to forecasting the natural rubber price in the world market

Application of SARIMA model to forecasting the natural rubber price in the world market

Unravelling the link between global rubber price and tropical deforestation in Cambodia.

Tropical forests continue to undergo a rapid transformation. The expansion of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations has been reported as a major driver of forest loss, linked to a boom in market demand. Distant commodity markets have spurred a surge of large-scale economic land concessions granted throughout tropical Southeast Asia. Using satellite imagery, we show the impact of rubber tree plantations on Cambodian forest cover and analyse how annual forest-to-rubber conversion rates relate to global rubber prices from 2001 to 2015. We found that 23.5 ± 1.8% of national forest cover was cleared in this period, with 23.2 ± 3.6% of cleared forest converted to rubber plantations. Annual forest-to-rubber conversion rates closely correlated with global rubber prices, with a time lag of 8-9 months (Pearson's r = 0.93). Our results reveal a strong link between global commodity markets and tropical forest loss, particularly in countries with land policies geared towards rapid development.

Effort to increase rubber farmers’ income when rubber low prices

Rubber is a plantation crop that has high economic value and the largest foreign exchange producer 10. Rubber producers in Indonesia consist of the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Indonesia is one of the largest rubber producers after Thailand with the number of people involved in rubber farming reaching 2.2 million households. The recent decline in rubber prices has affected the decline in rubber farmers' income. So a strategy is needed to increase the income of rubber farmers. This paper provides an overview of the strategies that rubber farmers need to increase their income. The strategy that was carried out was an increase in the adoption of superior clones at the farmer level, optimization of rubber plantations by modifying the distance of rubber plants to be wider so that they could be used to plant intercrops during the rubber crop cycle and farmers using rubber marketing through UPPB (row rubber material processing and marketing unit)because it could increase the share price received by farmers so farmers get high prices.

MARKETING CHANNELS OF RUBBER WOOD AND THE INFLUENCE OF RUBBER PRICES ON THE INCOMES OF RUBBER WOOD SUPPLIER: CASE STUDY OF SEMBAWA VILLAGE, SOUTH SUMATERA

This study aims to determine replanting potential and marketing channels of rubber wood and the influence of rubber prices on the revenues of rubber wood supplier. As a case study, the study was conducted in Sembawa Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra. Data was collected through interview technique with respondent by using structured questionnaire. The respondents consisted of rubber smallholders and large estate that undertake rubber replanting, as well as rubber wood suppliers who take rubber wood from rubber replanting. Respondents were selected purposively. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicated that the minimum rubber replanting area per annum was 917 hectare with the rubber wood potential resulted from such replanting was 73,360 m per year. The observed marketing channels of rubber wood was planters-suppliers-wood processing factories / brick industries. The incomes of rubber wood supplier were influenced by rubber resin prices changes. The rubber prices declined by 40%, the supplier’s incomes of rubber wood from large estates was also decreased by 59%, and the suppliers' incomes of rubber wood from smallholder decreased by 54%.

Anthropocentrism: The Importance of Traditional Oil Mining in Sustainable Development

This study shows the interaction between the natural environment and human. Starting from the revelation of the rubber price implicate on the global changes in the relationship between the physical environment with the complex social (population, technological constraints, organization, culture, and social system) at the local level. It is important to see a variation of mutual dependence and modification of social-economic changes, especially traditional oil mining (illegal). Economic interests and environmental degradation threaten the fulfillment of the next generation needs. Data collection for this study through qualitative research method with in-depth interviews as primary data and is located in the three villages (Keban 1, Macang Sakti, and Lubuk Bintialo) Musi Banyuasin District). Social inequality triggered the exploitation of natural resources widely. Local community relations with nature is very instrumental to achieve welfare. For that, need to social engineering project system that future-oriented with the collaboration of local communities, corporation, and government. But the political will to achieve sustainable development should be started by the government (state).

The asymmetric response of farmers to an expected change in the price of rubber: The roles of sunk costs and path dependency

This study examines the impacts of sunk costs and path dependency of rubber farming on farmers’ production responses to expected changes in the price of rubber based on a simple choice experiment implemented in the upper Mekong region in March, 2013. The results show that nearly 73% of farmers choose to adjust their production behaviors when the price of rubber is hypothesized to increase by 50%, while only approximately 55% choose to adjust their behaviors when the price of rubber is hypothesized to decrease by 50%. The responses of farmers to these two hypothetical changes in the price of rubber are significantly asymmetric. The estimation results of empirical models consistently indicate that higher sunk costs and a longer path dependency of rubber farming significantly hinder the probability that smallholders will adjust their production behaviors in response to the two hypothetical changes in the price of rubber. The significant difference in the impacts of sunk costs and path dependency on the choice of response behaviors under the two hypothetical situations may, to some extent, help explain the observed asymmetric responses. Additionally, the impacts of sunk costs and path dependency on the specific adjustments to production behaviors are heterogeneous. The findings provide essential empirical evidences for the roles of sunk costs and path dependency in farmers' production behaviors in the context of the price volatility of agricultural products.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTARA COPING STRATEGI DENGAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN PETANI KARET DI KECAMATAN MESTONG KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI

This research aims to: 1) to know the income level of rubber farmer in Mestong Sub-district of Muaro Jambi Regency; 2) to know the correlation between income level of rubber farmer with coping strategy In Mestong District Muaro Jambi Regency. The research was conducted in Suka Maju Village, Muaro Sebapo Village and Nyogan Village, Mestong District Muaro Jambi Regency. The sampling was conducted in two stages, the first stage is the stratified sampling method (Stratified Cluster Sampling), the second stage is the sampling is done by Non Probability Sampling with a total sample of 44 people. From the research results can be concluded that, 1) Rubber prices fluctuate, the highest price of rubber is in 2011 at the price level Rp 17.025 / Kg, while the lowest price is in 2015 at the price of Rp 4,500 / Kg. The difference between the highest and lowest price is Rp 12,525 or 333.3%. 2) There is a difference of income of rubber farmers in the research area with the expected, the amount of income is not sufficient so that need to do strategy to adapt to the economic pressure to meet the needs 3) There is a real relationship between the income level of farmers with "coping strategy" In overcoming the dynamics of rubber prices in Mestong Sub-district of Muaro Jambi Regency, where low-income farmers tend to do active.

MODEL PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PERKEBUNAN KARET SEBAGAI SEKTOR BASIS DI PROVINSI JAMBI


 
 
 This research entitled "Model of increasing rubber plantation production as the base sector in Jambi Province". This research started from the problem of low PDRB of regency / city in Jambi Province which has the potential to produce rubber. This phenomenon is related to the low productivity of rubber plantations in Jambi Province. In terms of rubber plantation has the potential to become the base sector in the region's economy. The production improvement model developed so far is still limited to multiple linear regression models. The problem of increasing rubber plantation productivity is much more complex. Therefore, this research will develop model of increasing rubber plantation production with simultaneous equation model and analyzed by Multiple Regression Model to obtain Model of productivity improvement of rubber plantation. This study will use secondary data released by institutions and related agencies, especially BPS. Data analysis will be done with eviews application program. The results of research will be useful as information for the next author's research in order to write a dissertation that the author is carrying out. The results of this study can also be used for policy making in increasing rubber plantation productivity. The results showed that 1) The development of rubber plantation production in Jambi Province is quite rapid, that in 2001 the production amount was 239,330 tons and in 2015 the production of rubber plantation increased to 350,457 tons. The growth rate is also quite convincing, ie an average of 2.65% per year. 2) The results showed that the regression model used in data analysis is good enough so as to explain the effect of independent variables of 96%. It can be explained also that the factors of rubber plantation area and the number of rainy days have a significant influence on rubber plantation production, while the variables of rubber farmers and rubber prices do not significantly affect the production of rubber plantations in Jambi Province. 3) The results also showed that the model of rubber price increase to two independent variables, the length of asphalt road and the capacity of rubber plant. However, the regression model obtained is not good enough to explain, where the variable length of the asphalt road and the capacity of the rubber plant is only able to explain 58% to the variable of rubber price in Jambi Province. 
 
 

ANALISIS KETERKAITAN PENDAPATAN DENGAN MUTU BOKAR YANG DIHASILKAN PETANI KARET RAKYAT DI PROVINSI JAMBI


 
 
 ome research showed that the quality of natural rubber produced by smallholder in Jambi Province is getting worst, while the international rubber market on the other hand needs higher quality. This research is aimed to find out whether the natural rubber price received by farmer is linked to the rubber quality marketed in Jambi Province. The research was undertaken in four regency main rubber producing samples. Data was both primary and secondary data. The research found that the natural rubber was marketed in monopolistic manner, in which the natural rubber price was mainly controlled by trader. Majority (81,33 %) smallholder farmer sold their natural rubber to certain local trader. The natural rubber quality was range from low (50.09 %) to medium (76,14 %) grade, with the average grade was 62,27 %. Furthermore, the research was also showed that the price ranges from Rp. 5000/Kg to Rp. 10.800/Kg and the average price was Rp. 7.499,02/Kg. The research was also found that there is a weak correlation between price paid to the farmer and the natural rubber quality sold by the farmer in Jambi Province. 
 
 

INCOME TARGETS AND POVERTY OF RUBBER SMALLHOLDERS IN FOUR STATES OF MALAYSIA

Both rubber and oil have contributed significantly to Malaysia’s revenues and job creations especially for those in the rural areas. Malaysia now stands at third after Thailand and Indonesia in natural rubber production. However, the country’s natural rubber productivity began to decline since late 2011 and would probably deteriorate through 2016 as consumption growth weakens in China - the largest importer, curbing prices of the raw material used in everything from tyre to medical gloves and condoms. The declining rubber price has moved the smallholders who mostly live in rural areas into serious poverty. This has led the smallholders, who sustain latex production, to suffer and find alternative jobs to sustain. This has dampened the government’s intention to ensure smallholders earn at least RM2,500 per month by 2015 and further to RM4,000 by 2020. The key objectives of this paper are to determine the poverty level, whether this policy has been met, and the impact of the reducing price of the commodity on the smallholders’ spending patterns. The study finds a large proportion of this group fall into the hardcore poverty category, which deviates very much from the national poverty levels pronounced by the government. More needs to be done to assist this impoverished group.

INCOME TARGETS AND POVERTY OF RUBBER SMALLHOLDERS IN FOUR STATES OF MALAYSIA

Both rubber and oil have contributed significantly to Malaysia’s revenues and job creations especially for those in the rural areas. Malaysia now stands at third after Thailand and Indonesia in natural rubber production. However, the country’s natural rubber productivity began to decline since late 2011 and would probably deteriorate through 2016 as consumption growth weakens in China - the largest importer, curbing prices of the raw material used in everything from tyre to medical gloves and condoms. The declining rubber price has moved the smallholders who mostly live in rural areas into serious poverty. This has led the smallholders, who sustain latex production, to suffer and find alternative jobs to sustain. This has dampened the government’s intention to ensure smallholders earn at least RM2,500 per month by 2015 and further to RM4,000 by 2020. The key objectives of this paper are to determine the poverty level, whether this policy has been met, and the impact of the reducing price of the commodity on the smallholders’ spending patterns. The study finds a large proportion of this group fall into the hardcore poverty category, which deviates very much from the national poverty levels pronounced by the government. More needs to be done to assist this impoverished group.

ENTREPREUNARIAL AND FAMILY BUSINESS FARMS IN THAILAND: WHO TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE RUBBER BOOM?

Following the high rubber prices in the second half of the 2010s, rubber plantations expanded greatly especially in Southeast Asia. Smallholders were important actors of the recent rubber boom. However, large landholdings and foreign investments were also very present in some Southeast Asian rubber producing countries leading some researchers to ask whether we are witnessing resurgence of plantations in tropical Asia. Looking at entrepreneurial rubber farms in Thailand, the first producer of natural rubber in the world, where very little information is available on this type of farms, is one way to contribute to the debate. After identifying large rubber holdings using secondary data completed by some field explorations, we conducted a survey on a limited number (13) of large rubber holdings. Qualitative analysis revealed that the recent development of large plantations in the rubber sector was actually limited in Thailand, and that this (limited) expansion of large rubber plantations mainly involved family business farms. Together with family farms, these family business farms largely contributed to the recent expansion of rubber plantations rather than entrepreneurial farms. In addition, these large landholdings shared several similar technical and organizational patterns with smaller family farms. Finally, Thailand represents a specific pattern of change in farm structure in which family farms have always persisted over enterprise farms. Family business farms are a type of farm structure that now appears to be expanding. In addition to continuing to support small and medium family farms, government policies should consider such changes in farm structure and provide support to improve the technical management of these developing forms of production. In parallel, support should be provided to help maintain the smallholdings thereby limiting land concentration when it is not wanted by the owners.

Sustainability and Competitiveness in Thai Rubber Industries

This article assesses the economic, legal and environmental conditions that Thai rubber farmers face and evaluates actions they can take to increase incomes.Statistical analyses determine relationships between prices of oil, natural and synthetic rubber. Pearson correlation tests found a strong positive relationship (r = 0.887) between the price of Brent crude and Thai ribbed smoked sheets, and a moderate positive relationship between price changes in Brent and synthetic rubber (r = 0.648). Regression analysis showed Brent oil price is a good predictor of natural rubber price. Moderate to strong positive relationships were also found between natural rubber price and the gross domestic products of Japan, China and the United States. Criminal antitrust behaviour in the rubber industries appeared to interfere with normal pricing in rubber markets. No significant bivariate correlation was found between rainfall in Thailand and natural rubber price, production or export, although fl ooding and other environmental issues clearly affected rubber farms. A survey of options showed that Thai rubber farmers can best improve their livelihoods through the collective purchase and use of new technologies and by integrating into downstream supplychain industries. At the very least, farmers are urged to abandon monocrop methods and supplement their incomes with fruit, fi sh, livestock or pigs.

Kajian Distribusi Pemasaran dan Harga Pokok Produksi Karet Rakyat di Kalimantan Selatan

This research was conducted to study on marketing distribution and analyze cost of rubber production in South Kalimantan Province. The research focused to farmers in Balangan Regency. Research showed that the marketing distribution of rubber from farmers to factories went through several stages. The rubber is sold by farmers to small collectors, small collectors sell to large collectors, large collectors sell rubber to the factory. Farmers have not calculated the cost of production of rubber. The selling price does not consider the cost, it based on the market price. Farmers still sell the rubber to the collectors, when the price decrease. Cost calculation analysis is needed to find out how the actual costs incurred by farmers in an effort to produce rubber. So it is known how much is actually a decent price for farmers to sell rubber. During 2017, the selling price of rubber decreased, below the cost of production at the farmer. Keywords: Cost of product, Rubber, Production

Rubber plantation labor and labor movements as rubber prices decrease in southern Thailand

A decrease in rubber prices can initiate labor migration trends from rubber production to industrial or service sectors, which could further cause labor shortages in rubber production. This case was not studied in the different communities with a long history of rubber such as the center city of southern Thailand. This study analyzes the source of labor and movement of laborers working in rubber plantations in the context of decreasing rubber prices. We selected 3 representative areas, namely rural, suburban and urban communities in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province. Owners of rubber holdings were the target group for the survey, and individual interviews were conducted. We collected data between March and July 2015, engaging with 207 owners. The results showed that family labor and hired labor were widely used in rubber plantations in the three communities. Locally hired laborers and laborers from other countries were the main sources of hired labor for rubber plantations. The transnational laborers were a secondary source of labor for all communities, especially the rural ones. Family labor was the main source of labor for smallholder rubber plots, especially for the urban and suburban areas. Hired labor was used in all sizes of rubber holding in rural and suburban communities and were very common in the small rubber holdings in urban areas. This shows that the rubber production sector creates employment for local people and for migrants. Furthermore, low rubber price conditions did not significantly impact labor movement in rubber plantations. However, rubber plantations in urban and suburban communities lacked labor supply due to their proximity to the larger urban center of Hat Yai city. Therefore, the low tapping intensity and generate the diversified source of income to attract young labor generation to work on the farms should be policy to maintain natural rubber production in Thailand

Forecasting Natural Rubber Price In Malaysia Using Arima

This paper contains introduction, materials and methods, results and discussions, conclusions and references. Based on the title mentioned, high volatility of the price of natural rubber nowadays will give the significant risk to the producers, traders, consumers, and others parties involved in the production of natural rubber. To help them in making decisions, forecasting is needed to predict the price of natural rubber. The main objective of the research is to forecast the upcoming price of natural rubber by using the reliable statistical method. The data are gathered from Malaysia Rubber Board which the data are from January 2000 until December 2015. In this research, average monthly price of Standard Malaysia Rubber 20 (SMR20) will be forecast by using Box-Jenkins approach. Time series plot is used to determine the pattern of the data. The data have trend pattern which indicates the data is non-stationary data and the data need to be transformed. By using the Box-Jenkins method, the best fit model for the time series data is ARIMA (1, 1, 0) which this model satisfy all the criteria needed. Hence, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) is the best fitted model and the model will be used to forecast the average monthly price of Standard Malaysia Rubber 20 (SMR20) for twelve months ahead.