Prevotella Spp Research Articles

Distinct Polysaccharide Utilization as Determinants for Interspecies Competition between Intestinal <i>Prevotella</i> Spp

Prevotella spp. form one of the most dominant bacterial genera in the human gut. Multiple Prevotella spp. can co-exist in some but not all individuals consuming plant-based diets. To functionally investigate the relationship between Prevotella competition and diet, we isolated several novel Prevotella spp. from the mouse gut, performed genome and metatranscriptome analysis as well as a series of competition experiments under different dietary conditions. These experiments revealed that diverse dominant Prevotella species compete for similar metabolic niches in vivo, which is linked to the upregulation of specific Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PULs). Complex plant-derived polysaccharides are required, and particularly arabinoxylan is sufficient, for the expansion of Prevotella spp. The most dominant Prevotella species encodes a specific tandem-repeat trsusC/D PUL, which is conserved in highly abundant Prevotella copri strains further expanded in humans consuming a vegan diet. Our data suggest efficient (arabino)xylan-utilization as a factor contributing to Prevotella dominance.

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infections in a tertiary hospital, Bayelsa, South southern, Nigeria

Introduction: Infected wounds in particular, those associated with antimicrobial resistant microorganisms constitute a significant source of physical, psychological, and economic burden to patients in particular, and the society at large in terms of the huge resources spent in treating such wounds as well as time/days lost at workplaces leading to increased morbidity and mortality globally. The present study sought to investigate and identify the common bacteria associated with wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Material and Methods: A total of 130 wound samples were collected by doctors in ward using Sterile Swab Sticks over a period of 6 months from February-July 2019. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated, identified and their antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed. Results: Among 130 cases, 108 (83.08%) were culture positive for bacterial pathogens, while 22 (16.92%) were bacteriologically sterile (Negative). Rate of infection was high in males (56.15%) than females (43.85%). Of the 108- culture positive, 164 isolates were recovered of which 28 (17.07) were anaerobes, while 136 were aerobes of which 106 (64.64%) were Gram-negative species and 30 (18.29%) Gram-negative species. The predominant isolates among the facultative aerobes, were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 28 (17.07%), followed by E. coli 19 (11.58%), Klebsiella pneumonia 17 (10.37%) while the least were amongst Morganella morgani, Providencia rettgeri and Serretia marcescens with 2 (1.22%) individually. Among the Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus 10 (6.10%) were most common, followed by Enterococcus spp 4 (2.44%), Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 4 (2.44%) while the least were amongst Streptococcus Group B, Streptococcus Group C, Streptococcus Group G with 2 (1.22%) separately. Amongst the anaerobes, Bacterioides fragilis 16 (9.75%) is the most common, followed by Peptostreptococcus spp., and Prevotella spp with 4 (2.44%) each, while Fusobacterium spp and Veillonella spp were the least, 2 (1.22%) each. Amikacin and nitrofurantoin are the most efficacious for managing wound infections, with all the isolates being susceptible to them. Resistance was moderate to Levofloxacin (49.39%). On the other hand, resistance were above average among Ciprofloxacin (96.34%), Cloxacillin (94.51%), Ceftriaxone (91.46%), Ceftazidine (91.46%), Cefotaxime (87.20%), Erythromycin (59.15%), Ofloxacin (58.54%) and Chloramphenicol (51.22%). The least resistance shown to Gentamicin (16.46%), Streptomycin (16.46%), Imipenem (7.93%), Metronidazole (7.93%), and Piperacillin-tazobactam (7.93%). Conclusion: Antibiotic susceptibility test is suggested prior to administration of antibiotics for successful treatment and intermittent monitoring is also encouraged to check emerging multidrug resistant trends as a guide to health authorities.

Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing.

Background:The Sanger sequencing technique has been questioned and challenged by advanced high-throughput sequencing approaches. Sanger sequencing seems to be an obsolete technology. However, there are still research problems that could be answered using the Sanger sequencing technology. Fastidious obligate anaerobic bacteria are mostly associated with abscesses in animals. These bacteria are difficult to isolate from abscesses and are frequently excluded due to the bias of conventional bacterial culturing.Aim:This study demonstrated the usefulness of a broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Sanger sequencing to identify the majority population of bacteria in abscesses from exotic pet animals.Materials and Methods:This study performed a pilot investigation of abscesses from 20 clinical cases (17 rabbits, 2 hedgehogs, and 1 sugar glider) using standard culture methods for both aerobes and anaerobes and broad-range nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene followed by the Sanger sequencing technique.Results:The standard culture and PCR techniques detected bacteria in 9 and 17 of 20 samples, respectively. From the 17 sequencings of the 16S rRNA, 10 PCR products were found to be closely related with obligate anaerobes including Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp. Phylogenetic analysis using the rpoB gene revealed that the species for the Bacteroides was thetaiotaomicron and for the Fusobacterium was varium and nucleatum. However, the amplification of the rpoB gene for the Prevotella spp. was unsuccessful. Correlations between the standard culture and PCR techniques were found in 9 (6 positive and 3 negative samples) of 20 samples. Eleven samples were discordant between the standard culture and PCR techniques which were composed of eight samples negative by culture but positive by PCR and three samples had different bacteria by the culture and PCR techniques.Conclusion:According to this study, broad-range PCR combined with Sanger sequencing might be useful for the detection of dominant anaerobic bacteria in abscesses that were overlooked based on conventional bacterial culture.

Determinación in vitro del efecto antimicrobiano de las pastas CTZ y 3 MIX-MP en abscesos de dientes deciduos

Introducción: Los tratamientos odontológicos en pacientes pediátricos se presentan con gran complejidad debido a muchos factores como el comportamiento del paciente, la anatomía bu- codental, la habilidad del odontólogo y los materiales que se utilizan; todos estos influyen para la obtención del éxito en el tratamiento a realizar. Los procedimientos aplicados en pediátricos deben ser de corta duración y se debe mostrar eficacia de los mismos. Objetivos: Determinar la eficacia in vitro de las pastas CTZ y 3MIX-MP frente al crecimiento de microorganismos presentes en absceso dental deciduo. Materiales y métodos: El estudio es cuantitativo, transversal y experimental. Consiste en la preparación de antibiogramas en 14 cajas Petri con agar Mueller Hinton, de cada pasta, con sus 3 dosis diferentes dando un total de 18 resultados, más 9 pruebas del control positivo, quedando un total de 27 muestras observables y medibles, para medir el halo de inhibición creado por las pastas antibióticas CTZ y 3MIX-MP frente a microorganismos presentes en absceso dental deciduo. Resultados: Se encontró la diferencia entre la efectividad de las pasta 3MIX-MP a las 24 horas y a las 48 horas, notándose que la pasta aumenta su efectividad con el tiempo. La pasta 3 MIX- MP demuestra significancia ente la dosis 1, 2 y 3 siendo esta última con menor efectividad y la pasta CTZ muestra una diferencia significativa entre la dosis 1 y dosis 3 Conclusiones: Las pastas antibióticas aplicadas en este trabajo de investigación, a pesar de no tener el mismo componente activo, cuando se combinan formando las pastas CTZ y 3MIX- MP, tiene un efecto antibacteriano contra microorganismos patógenos presentes en los abcesos, principalmente bacterias cocos gram positivos (Streptococos spp, enterococos spp, prevotella spp, staphylococos spp) de dientes deciduos; proponiendo una alterativa al material de obtu- ración convencional en un tratamiento de pulpectomía e infección odontogénica de dientes deciduos (hidróxido calcio, yodoformo, sulfato de bario).

Occurrence and Function of the Na+-Translocating NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase in Prevotella spp.

Strictly anaerobic Prevotella spp. are characterized by their vast metabolic potential. As members of the Prevotellaceae family, they represent the most abundant organisms in the rumen and are typically found in monogastrics such as pigs and humans. Within their largely anoxic habitats, these bacteria are considered to rely primarily on fermentation for energy conservation. A recent study of the rumen microbiome identified multiple subunits of the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) belonging to different Prevotella spp. Commonly, the NQR is associated with biochemical energy generation by respiration. The existence of this Na+ pump in Prevotella spp. may indicate an important role for electrochemical Na+ gradients in their anaerobic metabolism. However, detailed information about the potential activity of the NQR in Prevotella spp. is not available. Here, the presence of a functioning NQR in the strictly anaerobic model organism P. bryantii B14 was verified by conducting mass spectrometric, biochemical, and kinetic experiments. Our findings propose that P. bryantii B14 and other Prevotella spp. retrieved from the rumen operate a respiratory NQR together with a fumarate reductase which suggests that these ruminal bacteria utilize a sodium motive force generated during respiratory NADH:fumarate oxidoreduction.

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. Dutch clinical isolates

ObjectivesThe prevalence of resistance genes in two important anaerobic genera, Bacteroides and Prevotella, was assessed by applying PCR specifically directed to genes of interest. MethodsA total of 101 Bacteroides spp. and 99 Prevotella spp. human clinical isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The presence of the resistance genes cfxA, cepA, cfiA, tetQ, ermF and nim, was assessed. Prevalence of resistance genes was compared with the phenotypic resistance against amoxicillin, clindamycin, meropenem and metronidazole. ResultsEven though the majority of the Bacteroides isolates (95.0%) showed resistance towards amoxicillin, only 52/101 of the isolates harboured one of the resistance genes, accounting for this resistance. Within the genus Prevotella the presence of cfxA (50/99) almost perfectly matched the amoxicillin resistance (48/99). No difference in prevalence of the ermF gene (16/101 and 9/99) and clindamycin resistance (16/101 and 10/99) was observed within Bacteroides and Prevotella, respectively. Two isolates of Prevotella were resistant to metronidazole. One harboured the nim gene. One metronidazole-susceptible isolate of Bacteroides harboured a nim gene. Within the Bacteroides and Prevotella genera, 6/101 strains and 5/99 isolates harboured three different resistance genes, respectively, among them tetQ. TetQ is often located on a conjugative transposon, increasing the chance of horizontal gene transfer between isolates. ConclusionsAn unknown mechanism in Bacteroides non-fragilis isolates causes resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The fact that the prevalence of the tetQ gene among Prevotella is increasing and the existence of isolates harbouring three resistance genes are worrisome developments.

Azithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility and macrolide resistance genes in Prevotella from patients with periodontal disease.

To study oral Prevotella spp. isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis, to determine their susceptibility to azithromycin and erythromycin and to screen the presence of macrolide resistance genes therein. Isolates with a Prevotella-like morphology were obtained from subgingival samples of 52 patients with chronic periodontitis. Each isolate was identified to the species level by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In 100 Prevotella spp. isolates, azithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility was determined using the E test method, and the screening of erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), erm(G), erm(Q) and mef(A) genes was done by PCR. Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens were the most identified species (33% each). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranges for both antibiotics were 0.016/0.032 to >256μg/ml. MIC50 values for azithromycin and erythromycin were 1.5 and 1μg/ml, respectively, and MIC90 values were >256μg/ml for both antibiotics. Nineteen per cent of the isolates carried erm(B), and 51% carried erm(F). The MIC values found were high compared to previous studies. erm(F) was greatly prevalent, and we describe for the first time the erm(B) gene in Prevotella spp. The presence of either of the genes seems to be associated with a higher degree of resistance to azithromycin and erythromycin.

Translocation of dead or alive bacteria from mucosa to joints and epiphyseal bone-marrow: facts and hypotheses.

The recent demonstration that DNA from several mucosal bacteria, including Prevotella spp, could be found in numerous tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, serum, liver, lung, eye and ankle joints), either in HLA-B27 rats with or without arthritis, or control rats without HLA-B27, could be a revolution in our understanding of spondyloarthritis and close disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis. Indeed, similar translocations of dead or alive bacteria or fungi from mucosa to joints, could contribute to the onset and flares of inflammatory rheumatisms. This state of the art article addresses six questions revived by this finding: 1-How does this bacterial DNA or living bacteria traffic from mucosa to joints? 2-Can some mucosal bacteria remain alive in those tissues, including joints? 3-Could bacteria from the gut microbiota ('self-bacteria') protect the host cells from invasion by more pathogenic bacteria (like dog-shepherds protect from wolves)? 4-Does the composition of the joint or bone marrow microbiota depends on local metabolism, which might differ from gut metabolism? 5-Could bacterial antigens from mucosal microbiota be sufficient to trigger trained immunity of presenting cells in joints, or does such phenomenon (with lasting epigenetic changes of presenting cells) require intra-cellular infection of presenting cells or their ancestors? 6-In which subsets of cells could living bacteria preferentially persist for a long period in the joint area? Transient or dormant infections within bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells leading to trained immunity of some of their daughter cells in joints or enthesis, lasting after clearance or the invader, is an attractive hypothesis to test.

The nasopharyngeal microbiota in patients with viral respiratory tract infections is enriched in bacterial pathogens

The nasopharynx is the primary site of colonization by respiratory pathogen that constitutes the port of entrance in the respiratory tract. The role of mucosal respiratory microbiota in infection has been recently emphasized; therefore, we aimed to assess if a specific respiratory microbiota profile was associated with symptomatic infection and/or with presence of respiratory viruses. We performed a case-control study to characterize the healthy respiratory microbiota and its alteration during acute viral infections. Next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to 225 nasopharyngeal samples from 177 patients with viral respiratory infection and 48 matched healthy controls. We evidenced an important decrease of bacterial alpha-diversity in patients with symptomatic respiratory infection and a loss of the healthy core microbiota, specifically anaerobes and Prevotella spp. Moreover, eight respiratory pathogens were enriched in these patients, including Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Dol osigranulum pigrum and Corynebacterium propinquum/pseudodiphtheriticum, whose role in respiratory infection is unclear. The asymptomatic carrier of influenza harbors a microbiota similar to healthy subjects, suggesting a critical role of microbiota in the clinical expression of viruses. These data suggest that the commensal microbiota plays a significant role in susceptibility to viral infection. The frequent co-detection of virus and bacteria raises the question of a strategy to prevent bacterial disease, focusing on the prevention of nasopharyngeal colonization through effective antibiotic treatment. In addition to antibiotics, further studies should test preventive or therapeutic interventions for maintaining or restoring a healthy nasopharyngeal microbiota.

Does lung microbiome play a causal or casual role in asthma?

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. The pathogenesis of asthma is multifactorial and is thought to include environmental factors interacting with genetics during pregnancy and in the first years of life. In the last decades, a possible role of gut microbiota in allergic disease pathogenesis has been demonstrated. Next generation sequencing techniques have allowed the identification of a distinct microbiome in the healthy lungs. The lung microbiome is characterized by the prevalence of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes (mostly Prevotella and Veilonella spp) in healthy subjects and to the phylum Proteobacteria in asthmatics (mostly Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Neisseria spp). In asthma, as well as in other diseases, the lung microbiome composition changes due to a disruption of the delicate balance between immigration and elimination of bacteria. The lung microbiome can interact with the immune system, thus influencing inflammation. Early infections with viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus, may alter lung microbiome composition favoring the emergence of Proteobacteria, a phylum which is also linked to severity of asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity. Lastly, antibiotics may alter the gut and lung microbiota and potentially disturb the relationship between microbiota and host. Therefore, antibiotics should be prescribed with increasing awareness of their potential harmful effect on the microbiota in young children with and without asthma. The potential effects of probiotics and prebiotics on lung microbiome are unknown.

Etiological and pathogenetic aspects of non-specific bacterial vaginosis

The aim of this review was the biological properties analysis of microorganisms known as the main contributors to the non-specific bacterial vaginosis development. The mechanisms of anaerobic vaginal microflora pathogenic action have been found out to be the main cause of non-specific inflammatory processes. Special attention was given to the genera of Mobilunkus spp., Atopobium spp., Prevotella sp. representatives , which were studied as vaginal flora due to the modern diagnostic methods and techniques development. The homeostasis of the vaginal ecosystem results from complex interactions and synergies among the host and different microorganisms that colonize the vaginal mucosa and healthy vaginal microbiota is generally dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacilli which have been known to be antagonistic toward a variety of microorganisms. In cases of bacterial vaginoses, the proportion of Lactobacilus spp sharply decreases, while the share of anaerobic microorganisms increases: Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium sp., Mobiluncus sp., Prevotella sp . The virulence factors of Gardnerella vaginalis pathogenicity are: its ability to form biofilms; the presence of genes responsible for cytotoxicity. The ability of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium sp., Mobiluncus sp., Prevotella sp . to produce short chain volatile fatty acids isomers results in the vaginal mucosa irritation (itching or burning) and discharge with unpleasant odour in BV associated with these microorganisms. Atopobium vaginae , together with Mobiluncus spp . and Prevotella spp ., provoke the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The whole mechanism leads to an inflammation worsening in BV and stimulates the chronic process development. Both microorganisms Mobiluncus spp . and A. vaginae are competitive lactobacilli in relation to the glycogen consumption. Conclusions. Analysis of literature shows that pathogens of non-specific bacterial vaginosis have wide range of pathogenicity factors. This provides pathogenesis and clinical signs of the disease.

Dentification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Odontogenic Abscesses

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the bacterial composition of the microbiota from odontogenic abscesses and their antimicrobial susceptibilities.Study Design: An aspirate of pus from 37 patients with odontogenic abscesses was obtained by needle aspiration and processed aerobically and under anaerobic conditions. Bacteria were isolated and identified by standard Laboratory methods. Then antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria was determined by using disc diffusion method.Results: Out of 37 aspirates, 100% yielded positive culture, 34 aspirates contained a mix of microorganisms. A total of 90 strains of bacteria were isolated.Out of 90 strains, 63 strains were anaerobes and 27 strains were aerobes and facultative anaerobes. The mean number of strains per sample was 2.4, two samples were purely anaerobes, 9 samples were mixed anaerobes, 2 samples were purely facultative anaerobes, no purely aerobic, 17 had mixed growth of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, and 7 samples had mixed growth of aerobes and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Out of 90 isolates, 42 (46.67%) were Gram-positive cocci, 25 (27.78%) were Gram-positive bacilli, 21 (23.33%) were Gram-negative bacilli, and 2 (2.22%) were Candida albicans. The genera of bacteria most frequently isolated were viridans group streptococci, Peptostreptococcus spp., Eubacterium spp., and Prevotella spp. Invitro antibiotic sensitivity of isolated microorganisms were tested for Penicillin, Amoxillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Erythromycin, and Metronidazole by disc diffusion method. All isolates were sensitive to Amoxillin+ clavulanic acid: 27/27(100%), followed by Ampicillin: 24/27(88.89%), Amoxillin: 23/27(85.19%), Penicillin: 22/27(81.48%), Erythromycin: 12/27(44.44%), and metronidazole: 10/27(37.04%).Conclusions: The present results confirm the existence of mixed infection with predominance of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in odontogenic abscesses. Penicillin still possesses antimicrobial activity against the majority of bacteria isolated from odontogenic infections. However, if penicillin therapy has failed to be effective, the combination of penicillin with ampicillin or amoxillin with clavulanic acid is recommended.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL ON THE VIABILITY OF CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA THAT CAUSES DENTAL BLACK STAIN IN CHILDREN

Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a natural antibacterial agent with the ability to kill microorganisms whose cell membranes contain lipids, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella spp. No study on the antibacterial effects of VCO on the chromogenic bacteria that causes dental black stains.Objective: To analyze the effects of VCO, which administered in various concentrations to Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp.Methods: Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp. were isolated from the dental plaque of a child diagnosed with black stain. Each streak of bacteria was cultured on a selective medium and confirmed visually and through Gram staining. Each bacterial culture was exposed to VCO in concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Afterward, viability testing with a methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was conducted, and the results were read using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader.Results: The administration of 12.5% VCO reduced bacterial viability; however, 25% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Actinomyces sp. and 100% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Prevotella sp.Conclusion: Actinomyces sp. is more sensitive to VCO than Prevotella sp.

Maturation of the Infant Respiratory Microbiota, Environmental Drivers, and Health Consequences. A Prospective Cohort Study.

Perinatal and postnatal influences are presumed important drivers of the early-life respiratory microbiota composition. We hypothesized that the respiratory microbiota composition and development in infancy is affecting microbiota stability and thereby resistance against respiratory tract infections (RTIs) over time. To investigate common environmental drivers, including birth mode, feeding type, antibiotic exposure, and crowding conditions, in relation to respiratory tract microbiota maturation and stability, and consecutive risk of RTIs over the first year of life. In a prospectively followed cohort of 112 infants, we characterized the nasopharyngeal microbiota longitudinally from birth on (11 consecutive sample moments and the maximum three RTI samples per subject; in total, n = 1,121 samples) by 16S-rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Using a microbiota-based machine-learning algorithm, we found that children experiencing a higher number of RTIs in the first year of life already demonstrate an aberrant microbial developmental trajectory from the first month of life on as compared with the reference group (0-2 RTIs/yr). The altered microbiota maturation process coincided with decreased microbial community stability, prolonged reduction of Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum, enrichment of Moraxella very early in life, followed by later enrichment of Neisseria and Prevotella spp. Independent drivers of these aberrant developmental trajectories of respiratory microbiota members were mode of delivery, infant feeding, crowding, and recent antibiotic use. Our results suggest that environmental drivers impact microbiota development and, consequently, resistance against development of RTIs. This supports the idea that microbiota form the mediator between early-life environmental risk factors for and susceptibility to RTIs over the first year of life.

The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive

Background and aimsMicrobiota alterations are linked with colorectal cancer (CRC) and notably higher abundance of putative oral bacteria on colonic tumours. However, it is not known if colonic mucosa-associated taxa...

Bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess: the changing trend and predisposing factors.

IntroductionPeritonsillar abscess is the most common deep neck infection. The infectious microorganism may be different according to clinical factors.ObjectiveTo identify the major causative pathogen of peritonsillar abscess and investigate the relationship between the causative pathogen, host clinical factors, and hospitalization duration.MethodsThis retrospective study included 415 hospitalized patients diagnosed with peritonsillar abscess who were admitted to a tertiary medical center from June 1990 to June 2013. We collected data by chart review and analyzed variables such as demographic characteristics, underlying systemic disease, smoking, alcoholism, betel nut chewing, bacteriology, and hospitalization duration.ResultsA total of 168 patients had positive results for pathogen isolation. Streptococcus viridans (28.57%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.21%) were the most common microorganisms identified through pus culturing. The isolation rate of anaerobes increased to 49.35% in the recent 6 years (p = 0.048). Common anaerobes were Prevotella and Fusobacterium spp. The identification of K. pneumoniae increased among elderly patients (age > 65 years) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.76 (p = 0.03), and decreased in the hot season (mean temperature > 26 °C) (OR = 0.49, p = 0.04). No specific microorganism was associated with prolonged hospital stay.ConclusionThe most common pathogen identified through pus culturing was S. viridans, followed by K. pneumoniae. The identification of anaerobes was shown to increase in recent years. The antibiotics initially selected should be effective against both aerobes and anaerobes. Bacterial identification may be associated with host clinical factors and environmental factors.

Relationship between microbial endotoxemia and functional status in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure

Lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria associated with a more severe course and poor prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. However, its origin and relation to the functional status of patients remains unclear. Goal. To determine the origin and the severity of endotoxemia, and to establish its correlation with parameters of functional status of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Materials and methods. Examined 20 in-patients with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle at the age of 61±1,7 years. With the help of the standard tests in the first 3 days of treatment was assessed the functional status of patients, level and origin of endotoxin was determined using the method of mass spectrometry microbial markers. Results. The total level of endotoxin in the blood were 0,27±0,026 nmol/ml, exceeding the reference values only 10% of patients. The main sources of endotoxemia in the study sample were Prevotella spp. Kingella spp. Helicobacter pylori. Also defined components of endotoxin Fusobacterium spp./Haemophilus spp., Campylobacter mucosalis, Alcaligenes spp., Acinetobacter spp. Flavo spp. The identified significant medium-strength connection between the number of Prevotella spp. Kingella spp. level of endotoxin and indicators of functional status: the number of points on the scale of assessment of clinical status and distance test six-minute walk. Revealed a moderate increase in aspartate aminotransferase, also correlated with the level of microbial markers. Conclusion. In patients with acute decompensated heart failure failure in 90% of cases the level of endotoxin is in the range of normal values, thus there is a relationship of the level of endotoxin in the blood and the number of gram-negative microorganisms in the jejunum intestine with functional status of patients. Further accumulation of facts for a more accurate understanding of the role of the er in heart failure. The use of methods modespecific display may help to explain the diversity of biological effects of endotoxin.

The subgingival microbiomes in periodontitis and health of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis

ABSTRACTSerum anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), present in 70% of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can be detected ≤10years before the onset of clinical disease. RA and periodontitis are epidemiologically associated and we have reported a high incidence of periodontitis in people who are ACPA+ and at risk of RA. Periodontal bacteria may contribute by multiple routes to the generation of RA-autoantibodies. This study aims to characterise the subgingival microbiomes from periodontitis and health in individuals with/without RA and at risk of RA.Forty-five ACPA+ no RA (RA-at-risk; RAR), 31 healthy controls (HC) and 30 ACPA+ RA patients (RA) underwent a periodontal examination. DNA from subgingival plaque from healthy and deep pocket sites were paired-end sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq3000 and data analysed using MG-RAST + DESeq.Metagenomes in RA samples had high proportions of Actinobacteria; RAR microbiomes contained higher proportions of Bacteroidetes than HC. The relative abundance of P. gingivalis was high in periodontitis and RAR; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was detected with similar frequency in each group. Other bacteria implicated in periodontitis and/or autoantibody generation (Filifactor alocis, Prevotella spp, Leptotrichia spp.) were detected. Analyses are on-going to elucidate the diversity and functional potential of the subgingival microbiome associated with RA.

Molecular analysis of endotracheal tube biofilms and tracheal aspirates in the pediatric intensive care unit.

BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a known complication of mechanically ventilated children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Endotracheal tube (ETT) biofilms are often implicated in the development of VAP by providing a conduit for pathogens to the lower respiratory tract.MethodsA prospective cohort study from April 2010–March 2011 of children 4 weeks to 18 years of age ventilated for greater than 72 hours to determine the microbiota of ETT biofilms and tracheal aspirates.ResultsThirty-three patients were included with a mean age of 6.1 years (SD ± 5.1 years) and average length of intubation of 8.8 days (SD ± 5.0 days). Bacterial communities from tracheal aspirates and the proximal and distal ends of ETTs were determined using 16S rRNA gene libraries. Statistical analysis utilized two-part statistics and the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test for comparison of bacterial communities. Sequencing revealed a predominance of oropharyngeal microbiota including Prevotella and Streptococcus spp. Pathogenic bacterial genera including Staphylococcus, Burkholderia, Moraxella, and Haemophilus were also represented. Bacterial load was greatest at the proximal aspect of the ETT. Duration of intubation did not significantly impact bacterial load. Morisita Horn analysis across sites showed similar communities in 24/33 (72%) of patients.ConclusionsETT biofilms and tracheal aspirates of intubated patients in the PICU primarily consisted of oropharyngeal microbiota, but had a significant representation of potentially pathogenic genera. While the majority of patients had similar microbiota when comparing their ETT biofilms and tracheal aspirates, a subset of patients showed a divergence between communities that requires further investigation.

Oral Anaerobic Bacteria in the Etiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with periodontitis. Anti–Porphyromonas gingivalis and anti–Prevotella intermedia antibody titers were higher in patients with spondyloarthritis than in healthy people. Sulfasalazine is an effective antibiotic treatment for AS. Moxifloxacin and rifamycin were also found to be significantly effective. The etiology hypothesis suggests that oral anaerobic bacteria such as Porphyromonas spp and Prevotella spp contribute to the disease. These bacteria have been identified in AS, and we will discuss their pathogenic properties with respect to our knowledge of the disease. Periodontal pathogens are likely to be responsible for the development of AS in genetically susceptible individuals. This finding should guide the development of more comprehensive and efficacious treatment strategies for AS.