Prevalence Of Urinary Tract Infection Research Articles

STUDY OF BACTERIURIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PANIPAT DISTRICT, INDIA

Most common population at risk for both symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria, however, is sexually active women. Although asymptomatic infection in this group does not clearly produce serious medical problems, it may be a predictor of future symptomatic infection. Women are more susceptible to infection than men because of the shorter length of the female urethra. Perineal bacterial microbiota that originate in the gastrointestinal tract are the usual pathogens, especially if the bacteria possess factors that facilitate their binding to the uroepithelium. Sexual intercourse facilitates entry of the bacteria into the female urethra. Pregnant women are extra at risk of expand UTIs due to physiological adjustments withinside the urinary tract. UTI constitute severe threats to human health worldwide and hundreds of thousands of the humans affected every year. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates in pregnant female patients. A total two hundred pregnant and non-pregnant females patients had been included on this study after obtaining the consent. Under strict aseptic precautions midstream urine samples had been taken from all sufferers. All the samples had been processed with the aid of using the usage of standard bacteriological methods i.e. wet mount, inoculation on blood agar and MacConkey's agar after which diagnosed with the aid of using standard biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity trying out changed into completed with the aid of using Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. In this study 80 out of 200 females patient i.e. 40% were showed UTI of which a most of 20 to 30 years age group had a considerably better occurrence of UTI i.e. 56.25%, while the age group of 60 years and above suggests the lowest contamination rate i.e 2.5% as compared to others. Females belonging to lower socioeconomic status had been extra liable to UTI then others. Pregnant females were more prone to UTI then non-pregnant females i.e. 52.73% and 35.17% respectively. Amongst pregnant females, primigravida and those in the first and second trimesters had been at higher risk. All isolates had been sensitivity to ampicillin+sulbactam, sparfloxacin, and gatifloxacin. Our study mentioned that the prevalence of UTIs was 40%; the pregnant female patients were more prone to UTI than non-pregnant females. The most isolated microorganism had been Escherichia coli which was maximum accountable for UTIs. The sexually active age group 26-30 years was highly at risk of UTI. Females belonging to lower socioeconomic status had been extra liable to contamination. Pregnancy was one in each of the predisposing elements for UTI. All isolates had been confirmed sensitivity to ampicillin+sulbactam, sparfloxacin, and gatifloxacin.

A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN TELANGANA STATE

Objective: To study the Prevalence of urinary tract infections and related risk factors and to study the Management of urinary tract infections. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in General Medicine Department, Osmania General Hospital (OGH), a tertiary care teaching hospital in Telangana State, where patients presenting or highly suspicious of having UTIs were included in the study. Pregnant women, Children, Patients who are not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Data was collected in predesigned Data collection forms. Results: Over a period of 6 Mo a total of 75 UTI cases were observed in General Medicine Department of OGH, which included 33 Males, and 42 Females. High prevalence of UTI were observed in Females in the middle age group i.e. 31-45 y, whereas in Males, in senior adult group i.e.,>60 y. The age group 18-30 y have shown the dominance of Uncomplicated UTIs(19%) and Primary UTIs (17%) and the age group>60 y have shown the dominance of Complicated UTIs (25%) and Recurrent UTIs(23%). The most common causative organism was found to be E. coli (69.3%). It was confirmed that the most common risk factor was found to be Diabetes Mellitus, followed by Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. The most common antibiotic prescribed for UTI was Piperacillin+Tazobactum and for fungal UTIs, an antifungal drug i.e., Fluconazole was prescribed. Conclusion: E. coli are the major cause of UTIs among patients It is discovered that UTI is common among females. Hospitalisation, married individuals, Diabetes mellitus, genitourinary tract abnormalities, congestive cardiac failure, hypertension, prostatitis and female gender are the most important risk factors of UTIs. Appropriate measures may help to reduce UTIs due to these associated factors.

Genotypic characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing urinary isolates among pregnant women in Ho municipality, Ghana

ObjectiveThe case of antibiotic resistance has become a major global concern and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms have so far remained the biggest culprit. The consequences of urinary tract infection (UTI) and antibiotic resistance among pregnant women cannot be underestimated. We investigated UTI and ESBL production among urinary pathogens isolated from pregnant women. MethodWe obtained non-repeat, clean catch midstream urine samples from 1345 pregnant women suspected of having UTI for bacterial identification at the Ho Teaching Hospital Laboratory between June 2013 and March 2015. The isolates were taken through relevant biochemical testing for identification and then subjected to antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. We tested for ESBL production by the combined disc method and ESBL positive (+ESBL) phenotype isolates were genotyped for BlaTEM, BlaSHV, and BlaCTX-M using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed using SPSS v24 and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsOf the 1345 urine samples tested, 230 (17.1%, 95% CI: 15.1%–19.1%) yielded significant bacteriuria. The most common bacterium isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (29.6%) followed closely by Escherichia coli (28.7%) both of which were highest during the second trimester of gestation. We isolated 152 gram-negative isolates with 41.4% (63/230) being + ESBL. Of the 63 + ESBL, 45 (71.4%) possessed blaTEM, 42 (66.7%) had blaCTX-M and 2 (3.2%) possessed blaSHV genes; 38 possessed multiple ESBL genes comprising 2 with both SHV and TEM genes and 36 with both CTX-M and TEM genes. ConclusionHigh prevalence of UTI and persistent transmission of ESBLs among pregnant women in the Ho Municipality is worrying and a course for public health concern. We recommend urine culture during pregnancy as a routine laboratory investigation to avoid birth-related complications.

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase Mediated Urinary Tract Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, South East, Nigeria

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) are a class of plasmid-mediated diverse, complex and rapidly evolving enzymes which hydrolyzes penicillins, monobactams and broad-spectrum cephalosporins. There is increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria globally with higher prevalence reported in developing countries. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of ESBL producing bacteria isolates in patients with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Enugu. Urine samples were collected from a total of 284 subjects with self-reported UTI In the Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria between the periods of April to May,2019.Samples were analyzed for the presence of UTI and antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL-producing bacteria using standard methods. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp Armok, NY). A total of 145 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (n= 19). Escherichia coli (n=52), Klebsiella pneumonia (n=45), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n =12), Enterococcus faecalis (n=9) and Proteus mirabilis (n=8), were isolated from 132 subjects giving a UTI prevalence rate of 34.6%. Forty-nine (49) ESBL-producing strains comprising Staphylococcus aureus (n=5), Escherichia coli (n=15), Klebsiella pneumonia (n=16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=13), Enterococcus faecalis (n=8) and Proteus mirabilis (n=7) were implicated in UTI accounting for 46.8%ESBL-producing bacteria mediated UTI. There is a high prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria induced UTI. This portends a great danger to the management of bacterial infections.

The Predictive Role of Maternal Biological Markers and Inflammatory Scores NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, and SIRI for the Risk of Preterm Delivery.

In many countries, preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is the primary cause of infant death and morbidity. An increasing body of research suggests that inflammation (both clinical and subclinical) plays a significant role in inducing preterm labor or developing pregnancy problems that lead to premature birth. Consequently, the purpose of this research was to determine the predictive value of the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), derived Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (dNLR), Monocytes-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), Platelets-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), for premature delivery. A retrospective study analyzed a total of 243 eligible pregnancies that resulted in a preterm birth during 2020 and 2021. A control group without a history of preterm birth was matched by age and trimester of laboratory analysis at a 1:1 ratio. Although the number of comorbidities was similar among study groups, the body-mass index estimated for the week of gestation was significantly higher among the patients from the prematurity group, as well as the prevalence of urinary tract infections and smoking. Laboratory data showed that patients with a preterm birth had significantly higher white blood cell count and monocytes, but significantly lower lymphocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin. The NLR, dNLR, PLR, and MLR scores showed to be significantly higher among patients from the prematurity group, but SII and SIRI were not significantly different between the study groups. It was observed that the AUC values of NLR, dNLR, PLR, and MLR were higher than 0.600, respectively NLR had the highest value among the tested scores (AUC = 0.694) and the highest sensitivity in this study (71%). The highest sensibility was achieved by dNLR, with 70%, and an AUC value of 0.655 (p-value = 0.022). PLR had the second-highest AUC value (0.682) and the best score in terms of sensitivity (70%) and sensibility (69%) (p-value = 0.015). Lastly, MLR had the lowest significant AUC score (0.607) and lowest sensitivity/sensibility. The significant cut-off values for the inflammatory scores were 9.0 for NLR, 9.8 for dNLR, 250 for PLR, and 4.07 for MLR. After evaluating the importance of these inflammatory scores, further clinical applications should be conducted to confirm the results and improve therapy and care to reduce the burden of premature deliveries.

Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Prospective Real-World Setting Study.

Genitourinary tract infections, mycotic as well as bacterial, as defined by clinical symptoms, are one of the common adverse effects associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in clinical trials. However, Indian data in terms of the prevalence of culture-proven bacterial type of urinary tract infection (UTI), and the causative organism is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and causative agents of bacterial UTI among patients with T2DM on SGLT2i. This was a prospective longitudinal study involving all patients with T2DM who were prescribed with SGLT2i, uncontrolled on other oral anti-diabetic medications, from June 2019 to February 2020. Prevalence of bacterial UTI was evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks after initiation of SGLT2i. A total of 80 patients were started on SGLT2i. One female patient on canagliflozin had significant asymptomatic bacteriuria and the causative agent was Acinetobacter baumannii. One male patient on dapagliflozin had symptomatic UTI with negative urine culture study. Four patients developed genital mycotic infection. In this real-world study, SGLT2i as a class, was well tolerated with favorable safety profile, and risk of developing significant bacteriuria and/or symptomatic UTI was minimal.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection among Women in Arar, Saudi Arabia

Involuntary urination (IU) is recognized as a significant health problem. Urinary tract infection (UTI) can increase the risk of involuntary urination. Females are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. This study investigated the role of microbes in women suffering from UTIs and identified the causative bacteria and explored their antimicrobial resistance patterns that are of epidemiological importance regarding the spread of multi-drug resistance in Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted for a period of one year from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 1027 midstream urine samples were collected in sterile containers from pregnant women of varied gestational ages attending antenatal clinics. Each sample was divided into two parts for urine analysis and microbial culture. It was found that the most effective antibiotic for the treatment of UTIs is norfloxacin (NOR) which was found to be 100% effective against all the bacterial isolates involved in UTIs. The second most effective antibiotic was found to be ofloxacin (Of) and proven as the effective antibiotic against the bacteria. The antibiotics amikacin (AMK), nitrofurantion (NI) and ampicillin (AMP) were found to be least effective for all UTI-causing bacteria. The singly isolated fungal species Candida albicans displayed sensitivity towards fluconazole.

The aetiology and prevalence of urinary tract infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Systematic Review

Objective: This review determined and reports the prevalence of urinary tract infections and aetiological agents common in most sub-Saharan African countries. Methods: A literature search involved Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Medcrave, Google Scholar, BioMed, and Elsevier databases to identify the urinary tract infection articles published between 2000 and 2021. Results : Of 111 articles obtained from databases, 22 met the qualities to be included in the study. Overall, the prevalence of UTI was 32.12% with Escherichia coli being the most commonly isolated bacteria accounting for 86.4%. Escherichia coli is found in the GIT thus, the proximity between the anus and urinary system makes the contamination easier. Conclusion : The findings of this study provide useful information for the effective intervention of urinary tract infections. Further, it is advised women wipe from front to back whenever they attend the call of nature and or during bathing.

Prevalence And Associated Sociodemographic Factors of Obesity And Overweight among Public School Teachers in Kurdistan Region

The bacterial infection in children is urinary tract infection (UTI) delay diagnosis and treatment lead to hypertension, kidney scar, and chronic renal failure. This study aimed to make the prevalence of UTIs in constipated children under 5 years old. Methods This cross-sectional study was done for 74 children less than 5 years old with chronic functional constipation at Hivi Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Duhok Iraq. In this study children with congenital anomaly, immunocompromised, cerebral palsy and unconscious patients were excluded. Results The study showed the risk of UTI was 54.1%and the prevalence of UTI was significantly higher in females compared to males (62.96% vs. 30.00; P=0.0115), in patients with Dysuria (76.92% vs. 41.67%, P=0.0002), and frequency of urination (82.14% vs. 36.96%, P=0.0002). No association was found between UTI and age, fever, and abdominal pain. Conclusion Results of our study showed that chronic constipation have a significant impact on UTI, and children with chronic constipation have a higher risk of occurrence of UTI

Evaluation of urinary tract infections in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

We have evaluated urinary tract infections (UTI) in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Urine culture is not routinely requested in patients with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. However, debates continue about the frequency and investigation of UTI in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UTI in neonates admitted to the hospital due to pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia and whether a routine urine culture test is necessary in patients. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data from 1390 patients hospitalized to the Neonatal Unit due to pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia. One hundred and eleven of these patients with detected bacterial agents in the urine cultures were evaluated. The type of the pathogens grown in urine culture, the number of colonies, and the antibiotic resistance status were evaluated. Among 1390 patients screened, 111 (8%) were found to have UTI, 68 of whom (61.3%) were male. Out of the microorganisms that grew, Escherichia coli was the dominant microorganism with 36.1%, which was followed by Klebsiella species (23.4%), and Enterococcus species (18%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is high in the neonatal period as in all childhood and especially in patients admitted to the Neonatal Unit due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common bacterial agents that grow. Missing the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in neonates may cause renal problems. Therefore, we recommend requesting a urine culture in routine examinations of neonates who are diagnosed with pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia and admitted to the hospital due to the need for phototherapy.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Urine of the Children Suffering from UTI

Background : Use of antibiotics are important in the treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Urine culture is the most common and important laboratory test to isolate the microbial agents, their susceptibility pattern and subsequently helps in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial to treat the infection. To isolate and identify the bacterial agents in urine of children suffering from suspected urinary tract infection and determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern this research was performed.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, IAHS, Chattogram, Bangladesh from March 2019 and April 2020. Total 2100 urine specimens were collected from the children attended in IAHS Inpatients and Outpatients Department of pediatrics at BBMH with suspected urinary symptoms. Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done in all urine specimens in BBMH Microbiology laboratory. The isolated samples were classified according to their age, sex, microorganisms and antibiotic susceptibility. Patients were divided into different age groups which are 0-2, 2-6, 6-12 and 12-17 years.&#x0D; Results: Out of total 2100 urine samples, 720 samples showed bacterial growth on culture. That revealed the prevalence of UTI among child about 34%. The most common isolated bacterial agents was Escherichia coli (68.01%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (19.86%), Klebsiellaoxytoca (3.34%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.23%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.95%). In the 0-2 years age group was significantly high in this group (p&lt;0.05) in terms of infectious agents diversity and antibiotic resistance. Isolated bacterial agents shows resistance to ampicillin (70.2%), amoxicillin- clavulanate (49.0%), cefixime (38.2%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (37.1%). The frequency of UTIs were found more in girls (56.6%) than that of boys among 0-2 year age group.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, ampicillin, cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and TMP/SMX should not be empirically commenced. In order to avert a rapid resistance development that is closely associated with widespread and inappropriate antibiotic use, the use of random antibiotics should be avoided and particularly the 3rd generation cephalosporins should be used more selectively. Although our data reflect only the results of patients admitted to a single hospital, classification of pathogens and determination of resistance rates against oral and parenteral antibiotics make this study valuable as it assesses the resistance patterns in the patients.&#x0D; IAHS Medical Journal Vol 4(2), December 2021; 17-23

Bacteriological pattern of urinary tract infection in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Introduction/Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by narrowing of the prostatic urethra with resultant difficulty in passing urine, stasis, and a predisposition to urinary tract infection. The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of urinary tract infections, common organisms isolated, their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, and the relationship of co-morbidities with urinary tract infection in this population. Materials and methods: All patients who presented to our urology team with bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia between January 2020 and January 2021 were included. Information on age, occupation, co-morbid conditions, urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity patterns were obtained and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Midstream urine samples were collected from 172 BPH patients. Microscopy, culture, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out. Results: From our study, the prevalence of bacteriuria was 67.9% with the 65-74 and 45-54 age groups having the highest and the least prevalence of bacteriuria (88.9% and 33.3% respectively). The most common organisms cultured from their urine were Pseudomonas (17.9%), E. coli (14.3%), Coliforms (10.7%), and Klebsiella (10.7%). Sensitivity patterns of these microorganisms revealed the highest sensitivity to the fluoroquinolones (25.9%) followed by Nitrofurantoin (14.8%) and Ceftriaxone and Cefoxitin (7.4%). The least sensitivity was to Augmentin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Bacteriuria is common in patients with BPH. Pseudomonas spp was the commonest isolated organism in our study and most isolated organisms were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones.

New insights into smoking and urinary tract infections during pregnancy using pregnancy-pair design: A population-based register study.

Pregnancy itself predisposes to urinary tract infections (UTI). There appears to be a higher prevalence of infections and genitourinary diseases among pregnant smokers than among non-smokers. The present study is a retrospective observational register study aiming to investigate whether maternal smoking is associated with the prevalence of UTIs during pregnancy by utilizing a pregnancy-pair analysis. Information about pregnancies and maternal smoking was obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. The study sample consisted of all singleton pregnancies (n=723 433) of women giving birth between January 2006 and December 2018 in Finland. Information on maternal smoking was collected in three categories: (1) non-smoking; (2) quit smoking during the first trimester; and (3) continued smoking throughout the pregnancy. Information about maternal UTI diagnoses during pregnancy was received from the Hospital Discharge Register and the Medical Birth Register. UTIs were categorized as lower and upper UTIs according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10 diagnosis codes. Risks were calculated as odds ratios (OR) by logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) further adjusted for maternal characteristics (aOR). Finally, pregnancy-pair analyses were performed: mothers who had changed smoking status (no smoking/any smoking) between consecutive pregnancies (n=27 246 pregnancy-pairs) were analyzed as one cluster and compared with non-smokers. Smokers had UTIs more often compared with the non-smokers. The association was even stronger among those who continued to smoke (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.51-1.70) than among those who smoked only during the first trimester (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18-1.37) compared with non-smokers. In pregnancy-pair analysis, smoking was associated with upper UTIs during pregnancy (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.12) compared with non-smokers, but after the adjustments this association was attenuated (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 0.88-1.82). No association in lower UTIs was observed in the pregnancy-pair design. Maternal smoking was associated with a higher prevalence of UTIs during pregnancy in the standard comparison. The observed association was fully attenuated in the pregnancy-pair analysis, in which smoking was dichotomized. This study suggests that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and adverse maternal health effects might be more complex than previously thought.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, BOYS AND GIRLS

Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents a serious health problem. The severity of urinary tract infection depends both on the virulence of the bacteria and the susceptibility of the host. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection and demographic differentials among students, and also to treat effectively the infection, prevent urosepsis and reduce the likelihood of renal damage and provide symptomatic relief to patients. The objectives were to determine the proportion of students who have UTI, identify the common causative organism and to determine difference in UTI occurrence among students based on demographic variables. Ten students within the period of study were investigated. Personal data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Early morning midstream clean urine samples were collected from all participants who were willing to participate for analysis of UTI. Urine samples were cultured using standard loop technique on blood agar, cystein lactose electrolyte deficient medium agar and macconkey agar. Gram staining and biochemical test. After subculture the isolates were both Gram negative and positive, catalase test positive, oxidase test negative, citrate test negative, coagulase test positive, indole test negative. Total colony counts in the samples from the girls 68 105, 99 105, 21 103, 0 1 , 34 5. Then from the boys were 14 2 21 104, 18 103, 14 102, 0 101. Sensitivity test were carried out using Kirby-bauer method (disck diffusion method). The organisms were tested with antibiotics disc. . The tests were carried out on Mueller-Hinton agar, and incubated for 37degree celcius for 24hrs. All the bacteria were screened against Nitrofurantoin ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, augmentin, pefloxacin, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin,. three ( 3 ) out of all the antibiotics bacteria that was isolated were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, While 5 were resistant to the other five (5) antibiotics , ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ofloxacin, augumentin, pefloxacin, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol. Nitrofuration, ciprofloxacinand Ampicilin showed the highest zone of inhibition in the urine sample analysis .by calculating the mean of inhibition zone diameters in replicate plates. Conclusion the general results show that Screening for UTI is important in every students. Based on the results Nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin are the drug of the choice due to high resistant rate to the commonly used antibiotic we highly recommend it since is the most sensitive antibiotic and should be used.

The prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the pediatric hospital of Benghazi city, Libya.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a frequent clinical problem and may have adverse clinicalconsequences especially for infants and young children. There have been no studies conducted todetermine the incidence rate of UTIs among children in Benghazi and the guidelines for the laboratorydiagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing remained largely unmanaged. Accordingly, weinvestigated the prevalence of pediatric UTIs during the first six months of the year 2015 in the pediatrichospital of Benghazi city. About 2100 urine samples were collected from patients presented with clinicalsigns of UTIs. In both hospitalized patients admitted to different hospital units and from the outpatientdepartment (OPD), the overall bacterial UTIs rate was 15.43% (324 UTI-positive samples). In OPD, therate of UTIs in boys was 61.83% compared to 45.33% in girls. However, UTIs were more frequent in girlsthan boys as indicated from samples received from the other hospital internal units. The most commoncause of UTIs was Escherichia coli (64.32%). Other responsible agents have included Klebseilla, Proteus,Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Streptococcus. The rate of resistance to amoxicillin andnorfloxacin was about 40%. Similarly, the other antibacterial drugs routinely used for UTI susceptibilitytesting revealed less than 30% resistance. Therefore, important factors such as incidence rate of UTIs,standard laboratory diagnosis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing require a special consideration inchildren for optimal UTIs treatment.

Prevalence, etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) accounts for a significant morbidity and mortality across the world and is a leading cause for antibiotic prescriptions in the community especially in developing countries. Empirical choice of antibiotics for treatment of UTI is often discordant with the drug susceptibility of the etiologic agent. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of community-acquired UTI caused by antibiotic resistant organisms. This was a cross-sectional study where urine samples were prospectively collected from 4,500 patients at the icddr,b diagnostic clinic in Dhaka, Bangladesh during 2016–2018. Urine samples were analyzed by standard culture method and the isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by using disc diffusion method and VITEK-2. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of community acquired UTI (CA-UTI) by different age groups, sex, and etiology of infection. Relationship between the etiology of CA-UTI and age and sex of patients was analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. Seasonal trends in the prevalence of CA-UTI, multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens and MDR Escherichia coli were also analyzed. Around 81% of patients were adults (≥18y). Of 3,200 (71%) urine samples with bacterial growth, 920 (29%) had a bacterial count of ≥1.0x105 CFU/ml indicating UTI. Women were more likely to have UTI compared to males (OR: 1.48, CI: 1.24–1.76). E. coli (51.6%) was the predominant causative pathogen followed by Streptococcus spp. (15.7%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%), Enterococcus spp. (6.4%), Pseudomonas spp. (4.4%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (2.0%), and other pathogens (7.8%). Both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were predominantly resistant to penicillin (85%, 95%, respectively) followed by macrolide (70%, 76%), third-generation cephalosporins (69%, 58%), fluoroquinolones (69%, 53%) and carbapenem (5%, 9%). Around 65% of patients tested positive for multi-drug resistant (MDR) uropathogens. A higher number of male patients tested positive for MDR pathogens compared to the female patients (p = 0.015). Overall, 71% of Gram-negative and 46% of Gram-positive bacteria were MDR. The burden of community-acquired UTI caused by MDR organisms was high among the study population. The findings of the study will guide clinicians to be more selective about their antibiotic choice for empirical treatment of UTI and alleviate misuse/overuse of antibiotics in the community.

Urinary tract infections in children - a review

Introduction and purpose:&#x0D; Urinary tract infection (UTI) is very common, mostly bacterial infection in childhood. UTI may affect the lower urinary tract or the upper urinary tract. Infection typically require antibiotics for treatment. &#x0D; Brief description of the state of knowledge: &#x0D; The prevalence of urinary tract infection is between 2 and 8% and it is more common in female, infants and uncircumcised male infants. Most paediatric UTIs are caused by Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli). Symptoms of this infection are nonspecific and may be confused with signs of other clinical conditions. The most common symptoms are suprapubic pain, back pain, dysuria, urinary frequency and systemic symptoms such as fever, vomiting, lethargy. Antibiotics are the standard treatment for urinary tract infections. &#x0D; Conclusion: &#x0D; This article reviews basic informations, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: The predictors and two-year outcomes

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Our aim in this study is to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and causative microorganisms of UTI. In addition, to compare the kidney functions of the patients in the 2nd year who developed and did not develop UTI after transplantation.&#x0D; Method: Two hundred sixteen patients underwent kidney transplantation in our center between July 2012 and March 2020. A total of 206 patients with 267 episodes of UTI were included in the study. The impacts of catheterization, hemodialysis duration, gender, posttransplant prolonged hospital stay on UTI development, and UTI on two-year allograft functions, were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the study patients was 34.5±12.7, and 43.7% of them were women. At least one UTI attack developed in 38.8% (80/206) of the KTR. Thirty-one KTR developed recurrent UTI (R-UTI). UTI incidence was found 38.8% in our cohort. Female gender, posttransplant prolonged hospital stay, presence of prolonged double-j stent and foley catheter durations were found associated with UTI development. (p

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Consultations at the General Reference Hospital of Makiso in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

Infections during pregnancy are a source of premature onset of labour, of ectopic pregnancy in women and of infections, especially of the eyes and lungs, in newborns. A third of women usually suffer from urinary tract infection before the age of 24. Bacteria are the cause of most urinary tract infections. Women are much more affected than men because their urethra is shorter and facilitates the entry of bacteria into the bladder. These infections rank 2nd (15%) among the contributing causes of maternal deaths worldwide. This descriptive-analytical study aims to determine the prevalence of urinary infection in pregnant women by the presence of white blood cells and epithelial cells in the urinary sediment. Of 215 pregnant women who came to the Makiso Reference General Hospital for Prenatal Consultation, Only 85 have agreed to give their urine for microscopic examination in the laboratory during the period from September 10 to December 10, 2021. This analysis shows that out of a total of 85 respondents, 56.5% of cases are positive compared to 43.5% of negative cases. High infection was observed in pregnant women from the Makiso commune (62.5%); the most affected age group was 32-41 years (37.5%); the age group 42 years and over had only one case (2%). 32.9% of infected pregnant women have no level of study; This study provides more information on urinary tract infection in pregnant women who came for Prenatal Consultation.

Patterns and trends of antibacterial treatment in patients with urinary tract infections, 2015–2019: an analysis of health insurance data

BackgroundUrinary tract infections are among the most common reason for encounter and subsequent antibiotic prescriptions. Due to the risk of collateral damage and increasing resistance rates, explicit recommendations against the use of fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin in uncomplicated urinary tract infections have been issued. However, to what extent these recommendations were followed and if there are relevant differences between the disciplines involved (general practitioners, urologists, paediatricians and gynaecologists) are unknown.MethodsWe used anonymized data from a local statutory health insurance (SHI) company, which covered about 38% of all SHI-insured persons in the federal state of Bremen, Germany between 2015—2019. Data included demographics, outpatient diagnoses and filled prescriptions on an individual level.ResultsOne-year prevalence of urinary tract infections was 5.8% in 2015 (females: 9.2%, males: 2.5%). Of all 102,715 UTI cases, 78.6% referred to females and 21.4% to males, 6.0% of cases were younger than 18 years. In females, general practitioners were the most common diagnosing speciality (52.2%), followed by urologists (20.0%) and gynaecologists (16.1%). Overall, fluoroquinolones were most often prescribed (26.3%), followed by fosfomycin (16.1%) and the combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (14.2%). Fluoroquinolones were most often prescribed by urologists and general practitioners, while gynaecologists preferred fosfomycin. During the study period, shares of fluoroquinolones decreased from 29.4% to 8.7% in females and from 45.9% to 22.3% in males.ConclusionsDespite a clear trend toward a more guideline adherent prescription pattern, there is still room for improvement regarding the use of second-line antibiotics especially fluoroquinolones. The choice of antibiotics prescribed differs between specialities with higher uptake of guideline-recommended antibiotics by gynaecologists, mainly because of higher prescription shares of fosfomycin.