Prevalence Of Urinary Tract Infection Research Articles

Bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection in the eastern part of Northern India.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infectious disease that affects men and women. It is a significant health concern due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to have a current understanding of the antibiotic susceptibility (AS) pattern of uropathogens to manage UTI effectively. Since the bacterial pathogen causing UTI and its AS vary with time and place, the prevailing AS pattern of the causative agents are essential for empirical antibiotic therapy. This study aims to determine the prevalence and AS of uropathogens isolated from UTI patients in the eastern part of Northern India. The study was carried out between November 2018 and December 2019. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and processed using standard guidelines for microbiological procedures. Positive microbiological cultures were found in 333 of the 427 patients, where 287 were gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and 46 were gram-positive bacteria (GPB). Females had a higher prevalence of UTI (60.7%) than males (39.3%) (p = 0.00024). The most susceptible age group in females was 18–50 years as compared to males, whereas at the age of 51–80 years and >80 years males were more susceptible than females (p = 0.053). The most prevalent pathogen identified were Escherichia coli (55.0%), followed by Proteus sp. (6.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.3%), of which 96.0% were MDR bacteria. The susceptibility pattern of our study also revealed that amikacin, gentamycin and imipenem were the most effective drugs against GNB. In contrast, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol were the most effective drugs against GPB. According tothe findings, MDR pathogens are very much prevalent. Since UTI is one of the most frequent bacterial diseases, proper management necessitates extensive investigation and implementation of antibiotic policy based on AS patterns for a particular region.

Sex differences in febrile children with respiratory symptoms attending European emergency departments: An observational multicenter study.

To assess sex differences in presentation and management of febrile children with respiratory symptoms attending European Emergency Departments. An observational study in twelve Emergency Departments in eight European countries. Previously healthy children aged 0-<18 years with fever (≥ 38°C) at the Emergency Department or in the consecutive three days before Emergency Department visit and respiratory symptoms were included. The main outcomes were patient characteristics and management defined as diagnostic tests, treatment and admission. Descriptive statistics were used for patient characteristics and management stratified by sex. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed for the association between sex and management with adjustment for age, disease severity and Emergency Department. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed in children with upper and lower respiratory tract infections and in children below five years. We included 19,781 febrile children with respiratory symptoms. The majority were boys (54%), aged 1-5 years (58%) and triaged as low urgent (67%). Girls presented less frequently with tachypnea (15% vs 16%, p = 0.002) and increased work of breathing (8% vs 12%, p<0.001) compared with boys. Girls received less inhalation medication than boys (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.90), but received antibiotic treatment more frequently than boys (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.15), which is associated with a higher prevalence of urinary tract infections. Amongst children with a lower respiratory tract infection and children below five years girls received less inhalation medication than boys (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.89; aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.90). Sex differences concerning presentation and management are present in previously healthy febrile children with respiratory symptoms presenting to the Emergency Department. Future research should focus on whether these differences are related to clinicians' attitudes, differences in clinical symptoms at the time of presentation and disease severity.

Assessment of Bacterial Isolates from the Urine Specimens of Urinary Tract Infected Patient.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) maintained a serious public health concern, as did the growth in antibiotic resistance both between uropathogenic microorganisms. A regular assessment of the microbiological agents that cause UTIs, as well as their antimicrobial resistance, is essential for a tailored empirical antibiotic response. Knowing the variables that cause UTIs can help you intervene quickly and simply to get the condition under control. The most common infecting species in acute infection is Escherichia coli (E. coli). To strengthen infection control strategies, it is necessary to know the prevalence and location of UTI. The goal of this research is to measure the frequency of microorganisms isolated from patients with UTIs as well as the antimicrobial sensitivity characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria. The purpose of this research has been to evaluate the frequency of UTIs by extracting and characterizing the various bacterial etiological organisms, as well as to assess the factors linked to UTIs. The goal of this research is to identify, characterize, and establish the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria linked to urinary tract infections. Fresh collected urine specimen was taken from inpatients or outpatients in UTI cases and bacteriologically tested using conventional microbiological methods. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to create the antibiogram. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus (28%), and Escherichia coli (24.6%) were the most common isolates (20%). The evaluated agents' antibacterial activity was all in the following order: cefixime, ciprofloxacin, augmentin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, and cefuroxime. It was discovered that each and every one of the microbes exhibited varied degrees of resistance to the antibiotics nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Every type of bacteria, with the exception of those belonging to the genus Streptococcus, has a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) that is more than 0.2. The first-line therapies for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the region would consist of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. Lower urinary tract infections almost never result in problems if they are diagnosed and treated as soon as possible and in the correct manner. However, if treatment is not sought, a urinary tract infection can lead to serious complications.

Paediatric emergency departments should manage young febrile and afebrile infants the same if they have a fever before presenting.

AimOur aim was to evaluate the risk of bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants ≤60 days who presented to paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) after having fever at home. We also investigated any differences between infants who were afebrile or febrile on presentation.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective study of infants ≤60 days presented to four Swedish PEDs during 2014–2020 with reported fever at home. We used relative risks (RR) to compare the prevalence of UTI, bacteremia, and bacterial meningitis between the infants who were afebrile and the infants who were still febrile when they presented to the PED.ResultsThe cohort comprised 1926 infants, and 702 (36%) were afebrile on presentation. The prevalence of UTI in the afebrile and febrile infants was 6.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5–8.2] versus 14.2% (95% CI 12.3–16.2), corresponding to an RR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.31–0.59). In infants ≤28 days, the RR for meningitis was 1.05 (95% CI 0.18–6.23) for afebrile versus febrile infants. Five times more febrile infants underwent a lumbar puncture.ConclusionInfants who were afebrile on presentation underwent fewer lumbar punctures, but they had similar rates of bacterial meningitis to febrile infants. Different management approaches are not justified.

Characteristics and risk factors of urinary tract infection in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: A retrospective study.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute decompensation, organ failures, and high short-term mortality. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main cause of liver failure in China. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common bacterial infections in patients with HBV-ACLF. However, few studies concerning the risk factors and epidemiology have been published. A retrospective analysis of 539 patients with HBV-ACLF was performed. The prevalence, bacterial profile, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern were investigated and associated risk factors of UTI in patients with HBV-ACLF were evaluated with a logistic regression model. The overall prevalence of UTI among the study participants was 26.53% (143/539), and 64.34% (92/143) of them were asymptomatic. One hundred thirty-five strains of bacteria, including 74.07% (100/135) gram-negative bacteria and 53.33% (72/135) multidrug-resistant organisms, were cultivated from 143 patients with HBV-ACLF. Escherichia coli 46.67% (63/135) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.33% (18/135) were the most common bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility test pattern showed that 92.93%, 81.63%, and 81.63% of the gram-negative isolates were sensitive to imipenem, tigecycline, and piperacillin/tazobactam, respectively. Meanwhile, all the gram-positive isolates were sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Compared with non-UTI group, the patients with UTI had higher serum creatinine, lower educational status, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and albumin. Finally, educational status and albumin were independent risk factors in the prevalence of UTI in patients with HBV-ACLF. UTI is one of the common bacterial infections seen in patients with HBV-ACLF. Gram-negative bacteria account for the majority of cultured bacteria, and multidrug-resistant bacteria are common. UTI is determined by a diverse set of complex factors, which lower educational status and hypoalbuminemia predict the more prevalence of UTI.

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Ujjain M.P. (India)

Urinarytract infection is one of the most prevalent frequently found disorders in pregnant women caused by bacteria and if it is not diagnosed then untreated UTI can causes serious maternal and fetal complications. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women of Ujjain and to identify uropatogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women of Ujjain. A total of 120 midstream urine samples of pregnant women were collected aseptically and cultured on different growth media. The isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological procedure and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was recorded using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 120 urine samples, 78 samples tested positive for UTI suggesting that (65%) of pregnant women suffered from UTI and most prevalent bacterial pathogen was (41.0%) followed by (23.0%), (11.5%), (14.1%) and (10.2%). Majority of the isolated uropathogens were showing high sensitivity towards Doripenem, Meropenem and Imipenem while very less sensitivity towards Ampicillin and Penicillin. The study shows high prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and occurrence of high resistance towards antibiotics. So routine screening of the pregnant women having UTI and proper selection of antibiotic for treatment is needed for reducing the risk of serious complications during pregnancy.

Prevalence of ESBL Producing Bacteria in Community-Acquired UTI from Eastern Part of India

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in the community is a common infection in humans. The causative microorganisms for UTIs may vary in different places and also vary in their antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns. This study aimed to find out the incidence of gram-negative bacteria along with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in community-acquired UTIs and to calculate the existence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positivity among them. A Sum of 515 urine samples was tested and the causative organisms were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were executed where it had shown growth for bacteria by both manual and automated methods. ESBL tests were performed to identify ESBL-producing isolates. From a total of 515 samples, 65 (12.65%) were culture positive for UTIs. The rate of infection was higher in females than in males. The most prevailing bacteria were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of total culture-positive isolates, only 43.08% were ESBL positives. The study found that the organisms displayed resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Cefixime and sensitivity to Gentamicin, Ertapenem, and Nitrofurantoin. Females have a higher prevalence of UTIs than males. Mostly, females suffer from UTIs in their reproductive years whereas males suffer in their old age. The prevalence of gram-negative bacteria is higher in community-acquired UTIs. These pathogens though present in the community, becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Cefixime because of overuse and misuse of antibiotics at the community level.

Characterization of the health-care-associated urinary tract infections at the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common health-care-associated infections (HCAIs) and one of the top-ranking microbial infections. In the community, about 80% of UTIs are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), but there is a high variability of etiological agents involved in hospital-acquired UTIs. With this context in mind, the current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of the main etiological agents responsible for UTIs and their susceptibility profile at the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, a high complexity reference hospital in the Southeast region of Brazil. This retrospective and descriptive study analyzed all positive inpatient cultures [100,000 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL] from November 2016 to April 2017. The most prevalent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (23 isolates), equivalent to 37.7% of positive urocultures. The second most prevalent agent was UPEC, with 19 isolates (31.1%). The risk factors evaluated in these inpatients showed that 17.5% underwent a urologicalprocedure on admission, 31.6% were using a urinary catheter; 26.2% were using immunosuppressive drugs during the period in which the clinical diagnosis was made. Our results demonstrate the prevalence of UTI causes in the hospital context and the main risk factors for them and will be pretty helpful in guiding empirical treatment in severe UTIs inside the hospital as well as reflect on the actual need and time duration of invasive procedures inthe hospital environment.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections Among Students Residence in Nicon Hostel, Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are serious health problems affecting millions of people each year. It is cause by both certain fungi, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and occurs in both acute and chronic forms. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The uropathogens include UPEC, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. This study is based on the determining the presence or absence of bacteria in the urine sample, isolation and identification of the most prevalent bacteria associated with UTI and to identify the drug sensitivity patters of the isolates. Methods: This involves determination of sample and sample collection, urinalysis, isolation and identification of uropathogens and antibiotic sensitivity test. One hundred and ninety (190) female students residing in the hostel of the Federal Polytechnic Bida were examined for significant bacterial indicators of urinary tract infections. Results: Analysis of their clean voided, midstream urine revealed that 57 (30%) isolates were positive for bacteria while 133 (70%) were negative. The fifty-seven (57) bacterial isolates were tentatively characterized into six genera. The frequencies of occurrence of the bacterial species are in the order: Escherichia coli (35.09%), Proteus sp. (10.53%), Klebsiella sp. (19.29%), Staphylococcus sp. (22.81%), Candida sp. (21.05%) and Pseudomonas sp. (7.02%) whereas mixed culture (15.79%). A total of 57 (100%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 51 (89.47%) to Pefloxacin, 41 (71.93%) to Sparfloxacin. Zinnacef, Gentamycin and streptomycin had a relatively fair activity on the isolates with sensitivities of 37 (64.91%), 30 (52.63%) and 24 (42.1%) respectively. However, bacterial isolates obtained from this survey generally showed a similar pattern of resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI is high among the student resident of Nicon hostel of the Federal Polytechnic Bida.

A STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES FROM SUSPECTED CASES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN JHARKHAND

This study is based on urine culture and sensitivity of the samples collected from the suspected cases of urinary tract infection visiting the outdoor of MGM Medical College and Hospital, Jamshedpur. The isolates are subjected to biochemical identication and susceptibility testing and the result is correlated with microscopic ndings. This data can be used to determine the prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection and study the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of the isolated bacteria. In this study 309 urine samples were collected over a period of 6 months and culture sensitivity was performed using conventional methods. 44.6% of the urine samples showed growth. The predominant isolate was Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Methenamine Hippurate With Cranberry Capsules Versus Cranberry Alone for Urinary Tract Infection Prevention in a Short-Term Indwelling Foley Catheter Population After Urogynecologic Surgery: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2022;28:e55–e61) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) after pelvic reconstructive surgery (PRS) can result in high rates of readmission, morbidity, and mortality. The prevalence of UTI ranges from 10% to 76%, and postoperative urinary retention due to catheterization can occur in up to 43% in this population.

DISTRIBUTIONOF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS BY SEX, AGE GROUP AND TYPE OF BACTERIA IN POPULATION OF ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections leading to significant morbidity, hospital admissions and cost. Our objectives were to determine the distribution of urinary tract infections by sex, age group and type of bacteria in population of Islamabad, Pakistan. Materials &amp; Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Nephrology, Khan Research laboratories Teaching Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan from June 2018 to May 2020. A sample of182 UTIs cases was selected from population at risk consecutively. Sex, age groups and type of bacteria were variables. All variables were nominal except age group which was ordinal. Distribution was analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion at 95%CL for population. Results: Out of 182 patients with UTIs, 90 (49.45%) were men and 92 (50.55%) women, 19 (10.44%) were in age group 18-40 years, 75 (41.21%) in age group 41-60 years and 88 (48.35%) in age group of &gt;60 years. Most common bacteria was Escherichia coli 116 (63.74%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 20 (10.99%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15 (8.24%), Enterococcus faecalis 15 (8.24%), Staphylococcus aureus 7 (3.85%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (2.20%), Acinetobacter 2(1.10%), Enterobacter 2 (1.10%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 (0.54%). Conclusion: In our population, the prevalence of UTIs was similar in men and women, while it was higher in age group &gt;60 years, followed by 41-60 years and 18-40 years. The most common bacteria were E.coli, followed by K.pneumonia, P.aeruginosa, E.faecalis, S.aureus, P.mirabilis, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter and S.epidermidis.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Some Gram-Negative Bacteria Among Pregnant Women in Kirkuk Province – Iraq

The increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women, coupled with the increase in the incidence of type various uropathogens worldwide in recent years, may impose a substantial burden on medical costs. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of UTIs caused by some gram-negative bacteria among pregnant women in Kirkuk province. 217 women (aged between 16-65 years old-117 pregnant and 100 nonpregnant women) with urinary tract infections were subjected to this study. Their ages were ranged between ages 16 &amp; 65 years. A sufficient amount of (10-20 ml) of Mid-stream, clean catch specimens were collected in a sterilized container for urine culture and Bacterial Susceptibility Test to Antimicrobial Agents. The results revealed a significant (p,0.05) incidence of UTI in pregnant than in non-pregnant women and the highest percentage of patients was within the age group 36-45 years old. Regarding isolated gram-negative bacteria among pregnant women, there were E. coli which constituted 40.8 followed by K. pneumonia which constituted 26.7. Most of the gram-negative bacteria showed high sensitivity to ceftazidime, amoxiclav, cefotaxime, and nitrofurantoin. It is concluded that the high prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and urine culture are very necessary for diagnosis along with antibiotic sensitivity tests.

Significance of C-reactive Protein Levels in Categorizing Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Adult Patients.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most commonly encountered infections in outpatients. The distinction between upper UTI and lower UTI is significant as it has therapeutic and prognostic importance. The accurate diagnosis of UTI, especially its anatomical location, is essential for administering anti-microbial therapy successfully. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) increase 1,000-fold during bacterial infections. Elevated CRP levels are often seen in acute pyelonephritis and rarely in cystitis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role of serum CRP in upper and lower UTI in adult patients along with correlating its role in UTI patients.Materials and methods: The study included 81 patients who were >18 years old, diagnosed with UTI by microbiological culture and ultrasonography of the pelvis. Demographic data along with findings of the systemic examination, complete blood count, random blood sugar, urine analysis, and CRP levels of all patients were recorded. Data were analyzed using R Studio.3.5.3 software, and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The prevalence of UTI was higher among females (60.49%). About 53.09% of patients exhibited upper and 46.91% exhibited lower UTI. The prevalence of Escherichia coli was higher among cases of both upper (88.37%) and lower (65.79%) UTI. The most common final diagnosis in upper UTI patients was acute pyelonephritis (90.7%) and that in lower UTI was cystitis (65.79%). The difference in the CRP levels between the upper and lower UTI patients was significant (p=0.02). Thirty-four patients had CRP levels >100 mg/L, all exhibiting upper UTI.Conclusion: About 53.09% of patients exhibited upper UTI and were diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis. A significant increase in the CRP levels in upper UTI can help determine the anatomical location and can help in targeting effective management of the infection by anti-microbial therapy.

العلاقة بين التهاب المسالك البولية والمخاض الباكر للنساء الحوامل في سوريا

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women with preterm labor. In addition to, estimating the association between UTI and occurrence of preterm labor. Patients and Methods: Descriptive Case- Control Study conducted for the period one year (June 2020 –June 2021) at Tishreen University Hospital in Lattakia- Syria. The study included 125 pregnant women without risk factors for preterm labor who were divided into case group (70): with preterm labor, and control group (55) with full term labor. Investigations for presence of UTI were performed in two groups. Results: The mean age was 25.5±5.3 years in the case group and 26.2±4.89 years in control group without significant difference. Previous history of preterm labor was more frequently in case group (17.5% vs.2.7%, p: 0.03). E.COLI was more frequently in the two groups. It was found that 16 patients (22.8%) in the case group and 4 patients (7.3%) in the control group had UTI with significant difference (p&lt;0.05). In the multivariate regression model, UTI was significantly associated with preterm labor (OR: 3.7[1.18- 12.05], P: 0.02. Conclusion: UTI is associated with the risk of preterm labor. Therefore, early detection and treatment of the infection can reduce effectively the risk of preterm labor.

Prediction of Urinary Tract Infection in Neonates with Unexplained Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia

Background: Neonates with urinary tract infection (UTI) are susceptible to higher rates of morbidity and mortality, specifically when presented with hyperbilirubinemia. Screening for UTIs in jaundiced neonates is a cost-effective strategy. The aims of this study were to investigate the pattern of UTI (prevalence, etiology, and susceptible antimicrobial agents) in neonates admitted to the NICU with unexplained indirect hyperbilirubinemia, as well as to identify early predictors of UTI in order to reduce the present morbidity and long-term consequences in NICU patients.&#x0D; . Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study that included 140 neonates diagnosed with unexplained indirect hyperbilirubinemia in the first 4 weeks of life. A questionnaire was applied to obtain demographic and clinical data. A number of laboratory parameters were assessed with clinical examination. Bacterial growth of 1 × 103 colony-forming units/mL of a single uropathogen was used to identify the existence of UTI. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the predicting factors of UTIs. Results: In the NICU group investigated, 25.7% of subjects had a culture-proved UTI. The most frequently isolated organism was Escherichia coli. Amikacin was the most common antibiotic that the isolates were susceptible to. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, a positive urine culture was statistically associated with an increase in WBCs (OR= 6.90, p= 0.001), pyuria (OR= 5.55, p= 0.001), small for gestational age (OR= 4.07, p= 0.021), prolonged phototherapy duration (OR= 3.50, p= 0.034), and the presence of obstetric complications (OR= 2.92, p= 0.001). Conclusion: UTI is substantially prevalent among neonates admitted to the NICU with unexplained indirect hyperbilirubinemia. The importance of routine UTI screening (urine culture) as part of the clinical assessment of unexplained hyperbilirubinemia was highlighted in this study, particularly in neonates with leukocytosis, pyuria, small for gestational age, prolonged phototherapy, and those born from mothers with a history of obstetric complications.&#x0D;

Comprehensive assessment of holding urine as a behavioral risk factor for UTI in women and reasons for delayed voiding

BackgroundWomen of reproductive age group have greater predilection to urinary tract infections (UTI). Various risk factors increase the prevalence in women. Emergence of multidrug resistant uropathogens make clinical management of UTI challenging. Here we assess holding of urine as risk factor of UTI in women and reasons for delayed voiding. We also investigate the relationship between frequency of UTIs and overall behavioural features, menstrual hygiene and attitude of women towards their own health issues.MethodsA questionnaire based cross-sectional study was performed with 816 hostel residents with written consent. Self-reported data was statistically analysed using SPSS software. Urinalysis and urine culture were done for 50 women by random sampling to obtain the information on leading causative agents of UTI in the study population and their antimicrobial resistance profile.ResultsThe prevalence of UTI among the participants without risk factors was found to be 27.5 (95% CI: 24.4–30.7). Attitude of women towards their own personal health issues and use of public toilets showed a correlation with prevalence of infection. Delay in urination on habitual basis was found to be associated with UTI. Uropathogens isolated by random sampling were resistant to multiple drugs that are generally used to treat UTI.ConclusionsHolding urine for long time had proven to be an important risk factor and amongst different reasons of holding urine, holding due to poor sanitary condition of public toilets was the most common. Higher frequency of self-reported UTIs is related to holding of urine, behavioural features and attitude of women.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children Admitted to Benghazi Children’s Hospital

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are predictable bacterial infections which occur frequently especially during infancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns among infants and children who approached our hospital for the treatment of UTIs. In this observational study which was carried out from January 2009 to December 2010. Two hundred and six (206) urine samples, which were collected from children admitted to Benghazi Children’s Hospital (Nephrology department) with suspected UTIs, were studied. Demographic characteristics, etiological agents, and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated. 58 patients (28.2%) had a positive urine culture, and the majority of UTIs were occurring in females. The most common presenting symptoms were fever, dysuria, and abdominal pain. The most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli (67.2%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (20.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.4%), Proteus mirabilis (3.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.7%), Enterobacter casseliflavus (1.7%) and Enterobacter cloacae (1.7%). In the current study, most of the infected cases were females, and fever was the most common presenting symptom. All isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to Meropenem (98.1%), Imipenem (96.3%), Amikacin (96.2%), Cefoxitin (81.1%), and Ciproflaxacin (80%), and had a high resistance rate to Ampecillin (89.1%) and Cephalothin (60.4%). This phenomena may be contributed to the frequent useage and miss-use of antibiotics without medical prescription.

Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Graft Pyelonephritis with Bacteremia Due to Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli among Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Acute graft pyelonephritis (AGP) is the leading cause of bloodstream infection in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. The prevalence of urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacilli is increasing. This 14-year prospective observational study sought to determine the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of AGP with bacteremia due to MDR Gram-negative bacilli. Overall, 278 episodes of AGP with bacteremia due to MDR Gram-negative and non-MDR Gram-negative bacilli were identified and compared in 214 KT recipients; MDR Gram-negative bacilli were the cause in 28.4%. Overall 30-day mortality was low (1.1%). Risk factors independently associated with AGP due to MDR Gram-negative bacilli were male sex (OR 3.08; 95%CI 1.60–5.93), previous episode of bacteremic AGP (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.09–4.09), prior antibiotic therapy in the preceding month (OR 2.47, 95%CI 1.33–4.57), and nosocomial acquisition (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.14–3.62). Forty-three percent of MDR Gram-negative episodes received inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. The risk factors identified in this study may help physicians when selecting empirical antibiotic treatment for AGP. Previous antibiotic use was the main modifiable factor. Its presence highlights the importance of avoiding unnecessary antibiotics in order to bring down the high rates of MDR Gram-negative bacilli infections in this population.

Urinary Tract Infection among Post-renal Transplant Patients in the Department of Nephrology of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Urinary tract infection is the most common infection among renal transplant recipients and increases the risk of hospitalization or even death. The study aimed to find the prevalence of urinary tract infection among post-renal transplant patients in the Department of Nephrology of a tertiary care centre. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted among 217 post-renal transplant patients at the Department of Nephrology of a tertiary care centre from 1st November, 2017 to 31st October, 2018. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 245(6-11-E)2074-75). Convenience sampling was used. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2011 and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and mean with standard deviation for continuous data. Among 217 patients, urinary tract infection was seen in 27 (12.44%) (8.05-16.83 at 95% Confidence Interval). One (3.70%) patient had the infection within three months of transplant, and 17 (62.96%) had infection after more than a year of transplant. The prevalence of urinary tract infection among kidney transplant recipients in our study was lower than previous studies done in similar settings. Escherichia coli; hypertension; kidney; transplants.