Prevalence Of Flatfoot Research Articles

A new methodology to estimate flat foot in skeletal remains - the example of Mediterranean collections.

Flat feet (pes planus) are considered a postural defect caused by the collapse of the longitudinal arch, producing complete or near-complete contact of the sole of the foot with the ground. Pes planus has been well-studied in clinical literature and paleoanthropology but has not been approached extensively in bioarchaeology. The main difficulty is related to the diagnosis of this pathology based exclusively on bone remains. In this work, we propose a metric and morphological method to discriminate flat foot in dry bones. Thus, we studied 390 pairs of adult feet in a fair state of preservation from archaeological contexts from Spain, Italy, and Oman. Morphological variability, angles, and dimensions of both the normal bones and the bones displaying flat foot characteristics were analyzed. We found a correlation between the presence of flat foot and some morphological and metric features, mainly in the subtalar and Chopart joints. These results are expressed through a combination of morphological and metric variables, which are useful to discriminate between these two groups. No markedly significant differences of flat foot frequencies between the Spanish and Italian series were found across centuries. However, we noticed a notable increase of the prevalence of flat foot in the contemporary collection, possibly due to the consequences of a rise in life expectancy and modern styles of footwear.

Assessment of flat foot using plantar arch index in young adults

Introduction and Aim: Flat foot or pes planus results from collapse of the arches of the foot. Etiology, however varies in different age groups. As anthropometric measurements are age dependent, their correlation with different foot postures should be age specific. Our study aimed at using Plantar arch Index (PAI) to identify prevalence of flat foot in a young student population and find any association of obesity with flat foot. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 150 medical students of a medical college. Staheli’s method was used to calculate PAI after collecting the footprints of students by ink method. Results: Prevalence of type III flat foot deformity was 6%, with a male preponderance. The PAI values ranged from 0 to 1.818. No association was found between obesity and PAI. Conclusion: Obesity was not associated with flat foot in the age group 18-25 years probably indicating different etiology for acquired flat foot in this age group. Our study also suggests that simple ink print method is a simpler method to diagnose flat feet deformity clinically using PAI.

The Prevalence Disability resulting from adult acquired Foot Flat Deformity among Middle aged population

Aim: To investigate about the prevalence of disability resulting from adult acquired foot flat deformity (AAFD) among middle aged population. Background: Adult acquired foot flat deformity (AAFD) which is also known as posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is the condition which leads to pain due to the collapse of the longitudinal (length wise) arch of the foot. Its affects women more than non, peaking age of 55 years. The prevalence of flat foot is uncertain due to the lack of exact clinical or radiographic criteria. The foot structure problem which affects the functional activity in the adult population has been poorly studied. So the present study was undertaken about the prevalence of disability resulting from AAFD which may help to develop preventive approaches, as increased awareness serve to help the patient with earlier referral and treatment by limiting their disability. Methodology: 50 subjects who was diagnosed as AAFD was included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Foot function index score was calculated for the samples. Outcome Measure: Foot function index scale. Results: The total mean score is 112.75. The prevalence of disability resulting from adult acquired foot flat deformity which affects the quality of life for samples taken is 66%.

Flatfoot and balance performance among junior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria

Adequate body balance is important in preventing falls and injuries in children during physically active play and sports at school. Thestructure of the foot is essential to the ability to balance, but findings from studies comparing balance of children with and without flatfoot have been equivocal. We investigated the prevalence of flatfoot among school children in Ibadan, Nigeria, and compared selected balance indices in participants with and without flatfoot. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 300 junior secondary school students (aged 10–14 years). The navicular drop test, single limb stance test and tandem walk test were used to assess the presence of flatfoot, and static balance and dynamic balance, respectively. Data were summarised using percentages, mean and SD and, analysed with independent t-tests and chi-squared tests. The prevalence of flatfoot was 39.7%, and while higher in boys (44.7%) than girls (34.9%), this was not significantly different. Participants with flatfoot had significantly poorer mean static balance measures than those who did not (right: 25.70 [SD 6.55] vs 27.89 [SD 4.92]; left: 26.21 [SD 6.01] vs 28.52 [SD 4.27]), but there was no significant difference in dynamic balance between the groups. When treating children with flatfoot, physiotherapists may consider measuring static balance and, where appropriate, incorporate balance activities as part of the overall management plan.

English

BACKGROUND Haemophilic patients are more prone to obesity, due to physical inactivity which is a predisposing factor for structural and functional deformities. In obese people, long term loading has negative impact on lower limb and foot, which causes deformities like flat-foot. In foot, the primary component responsible for absorption and dissipation of forces is medial longitudinal arch and in flat-foot this arch is collapsed. Flat-foot causes pain and discomfort during weight bearing activities. In Haemophilic patients, obesity and flat-foot lead to further postural complications. As no study has been conducted on this topic before, we decided to study on this. The objectives of this study were to assess obesity, flat-foot and co relate obesity and flat-foot in Haemophilic adolescents. METHODS Height and weight of participants were measured to calculate BMI. Total 36 participants were chosen for this study. The subjects were assessed for flat-foot by using Staheli’s Plantar Arch Index. Footprints were taken to calculate the plantar index. The Staheli’s Plantar Arch Index was measured by dividing the width of central region by width of heel region on footprint, which was calculated as: a line tangent to the medial edge of forefoot and heel region, then a perpendicular line was drawn medially to laterally from mid - point of tangent line in central region of footprint (A) and similarly another perpendicular was drawn from heel region (B). The plantar index was then calculated by dividing value A with value B. RESULTS Flat-foot was seen in 25 % population having BMI between 33 - 35. Our data also suggested that age affects the medial arch of foot, the elder population showed increased percentage of flat-foot than the younger group. Individuals with type A haemophilia had increased percentage of flat-foot when compared with type B haemophiliacs, as type A haemophilia is considered severe type. CONCLUSIONS The results show that there is high prevalence of flat-foot in haemophilic patients, this requires rehabilitation and can help prevent further complications. KEY WORDS Haemophilia, Obesity, Flat-foot

Prevalence of Flexible Flat Foot in Iranian Male School Children

Background: Flat foot is a deformity in which patients lack standard arches in the soles of the foot. Flat foot improves with age. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of flexible flat foot among male school children in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A total of 1539 male school children were included in this study. Students were examined for the flatness of the sole of the foot as well as its degree and type. Flat foot was diagnosed on inspecting a poor formation of the arch. The severity of flatness was classified according to Denis criteria. Results: Among 1512 children whose foot condition was recorded, 80.7% had normal/grade 1 sole, 16.7% had 2nd degree flat feet, and 2.6% had 3rd degree flat feet. Prevalence of genu varum was 16.1% and prevalence of genu valgum was 2.7% (P = 0.504). The prevalence of flat foot decreased significantly with age; in the group of 11-year-old boys and younger, 23.1% showed a grade 2 and grade 3 flat foot, whereas in the group of 12-year-old boys and older, only 13.6% hada grade 2 and grade 3 flat foot (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, a significant relationship was found between weight gain and body mass index (BMI) with flat feet. There is a significant association between passing the age of 12 years and a decrease in flat foot. Also, the association between flat foot with weight and height of children was examined separately, and it was found that weight could significantly be a poor predictor of flat feet.

Comparison of Pedal Arch Anatomy in First and Second Grade Elementary School Students in Denpasar with Flat Foot and Normal Foot

Flat foot is a condition which pedal arch is absent. This condition is count physiological if found in infants and children at a certain age due to incomplete development of bone structure and surrounding tissue. Flat foot is a common condition in pediatrics, which affects about 20% to 30% of the world's population. The prevalence of flat foot will decrease concomitantly with age. At two years old, 94% of children experience flat foot and only 4% at ten years old experience this condition. Most children will show complete and normal development of the sole foot at 12 years old. Pedal arch is one of the important parts that affect the anatomical structure of the lower limb and foot biomechanical. This study aims to compare the anatomical structure of the pedal arch in patients with flat foot and normal foot from Arch Height Index (AHI), Plantar Arch Index, Calcaneal Pitch Angle (CP), Talo-Horizontal Angle (TH), and Meary’s talus-first metatarsal (T-1MT). This study is an analytical study with a cross sectional approach using a sample of 30 elementary school students in Denpasar. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis and comparative test. In this study, we found significant differences in the plantar arch index and calcaneal pitch angle between students with normal foot and flat foot. We also found no significant differences in AHI, T-1MT and TH between students with normal foot and flat foot.

Comparison of multiple flatfoot indicators in 5-8-year-old children.

BackgroundThe foot posture is age dependent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 6-item version of the foot posture index (FPI) and other clinical, foot anthropometric, radiological measurements for the foot position in 5–8-year-old children.MethodsA total of 301 participants with a mean age of 6.4 ± 1.14 years were enrolled in the study. Children were examined physically, clinically, and radiologically to measure the FPI and navicular drop (ND) test, resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) angle, Chippaux–Smirak index (CSI), Staheli index (SI), calcaneal pitch (CP) angle, talocalcaneal angle (TCA), and the first lateral metatarsal angle. Tibial torsions, internal rotation of the hip as an indirect method of femoral anteversion, and Beighton scale were analyzed for factors associated with flatfoot prevalence.ResultsThe study included children with normal and flexible flatfeet. Statistical analysis showed a significant FPI score correlation with other parameters (SI, CSI, RCSP, ND, CP, TMA, and TCA showed strong and moderate correlations, p < 0.001). Overall, the strongest associates are CSI (β = 0.34) and ND (β = 0.28). Other indicators have relatively small relationships with the FPI.ConclusionA positive correlation was observed between FPI-6 and ND test, CSI in 5–8-year-old children. All three prominent foot posture indicators (FPI-6, ND, and CSI) might be used as a primary or preferred tool in clinical practice.

MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF PLANTAR ARCH INDEX AND THE PREVALENCE OF FLATFOOT AMONG TRIBES

Flatfoot (pes planus), commonest foot deformity caused by the absence or collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. Flatfoot results in serious health problems and postural defects. It is highly variable in different populations with many factors associated. This study was conducted to find the plantar arch index and the prevalence of flatfoot and its relationship with tribes in Ghana. A total of 278 participants (172 males and 106 females) with ages ranging from 16 to 34 years were recruited for the study. Ethical approval and participants’ informed consent were sought prior to the study. Participants were drawn from the Akan, Ewe, Ga-Dangbe and other tribes (Dagomba, Dagabaa, Frafra, Gonja, Wale Wale etc). Foot imprints were taken from each participant using the ink method. The plantar arch index was calculated using the ratio of the width of the central and the heel region of the footprint. The mean right plantar arch index was higher than the left. The prevalence of flatfoot was 15.1% (6.1% unilateral left, 5.8% unilateral right and 3.2% bilateral). The prevalence rate was 15.7% in males and 14.1% in females. The prevalence rates reported for the Ga-Dangbes and Ewes were 30.8% and 23.6% respectively. On the other hand, both Akans and individuals belonging to the other tribes recorded the same prevalence rate of 13.7%. Flatfoot was found to be high among the Ga-Dangbes. Ethnicity as an external factor has a great role in influencing foot arch structure. Also, sex has an influence on the morphology of an individual’s foot. KEY WORDS: Flatfoot, Pes planus, Foot deformity, Medial Longitudinal Arch.

Comparative assessment of flatfoot in preschool children.

The increase or reduction of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) can affect essential functions in the foot biomechanics with long-term health consequences. The aim of the present study was to determine the height of the MLA in children from 3 to 6 years of age through five methods of footprint analysis for the diagnosis of flat foot. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 367 children aged 3 to 6 years in a municipality of the State of Mexico. We conducted a complete postural evaluation, plantoscopy by Viladot classification, and footprint analysis calculating the height of the ALM using the Clarke angle (CA), the Staheli index (SI), the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSM), and the gamma angle (gA). The prevalence of flat feet using the podoscope was 57.7%. Through the angles and indexes, the prevalence was 86.9% for SI, 83.3% for CSI, 95.9% for CA, and 22.3% for gA. The gA was less sensitive for flat foot detection compared to CSI, SI and CA. Based on the present results, we propose that footprint analysis should be used for flat foot diagnosis besides the classic evaluation by podoscope. We recommend that flat foot diagnosis and surveillance should be included on in the consultation of the healthy child, as a trend for podalic architecture can be detected from early ages.

Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: A school-based study.

The Foot health of a child plays a pivotal role in their participation in play, locomotive activities, healthy lifestyle, somatic development, and weight management. The burden of flatfoot among children in Ethiopia is not known. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure of the medial foot arch using Staheli plantar arch index and investigate its associated factors among larger sample school children, aged 11-15 years in Ethiopia. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 11-15 years from eleven randomly selected primary schools. The sample size was determined proportionally across school strength and governmental and private schools to ensure variety within the sample. Data collection consisted of physical measurements, footprint-based measures whilst full weight-bearing, and a structured questionnaire on foot pain, footwear type, and physical activity. Data were analyzed descriptively and through uni- and multivariate logistic regression model. A total of 823 children participated. The overall prevalence of flatfoot was 17.6% with a significant difference between age, gender, type of school, BMI, and type of footwear. Being younger (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.7), male (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4), experiencing foot pain (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.5), wearing closed shoe (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-11.9), overweight (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-8.7), obese (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.5-10.9), and low level of physical activity (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.6) were significantly associated with flatfoot. Children who were overweight, obese, and also experiencing foot pain have a 2.8 (95% CI 1.62-5.94) and 4.1 (95% CI 2.85-8.31) times greater chance of having flatfoot respectively. The prevalence of flatfoot among 560 normal weight children was 17.5%. The findings of this study demonstrated that the overall prevalence and the prevalence of flatfoot among normal-weight children are almost the same. There is a definite need to develop a screening algorithm for diagnosis and treatment indication for this children's lower extremity disorder.

Distribution of plantar pressure and body posture in spastic cerebral palsy

Introdução: A paralisia cerebral (PC) descreve um grupo de distúrbios permanentes de movimento e postura devido a um distúrbio não progressivo que ocorre durante o cérebro fetal ou infantil, podendo contribuir para limitações na funcionalidade. Objetivo: Investigar a distribuição das pressões plantares e a postura corporal na PC espástica. Métodos: Estudo de série de casos descritivos, realizado no Setor de Reabilitação Pediátrica Ambulatorial Neurofuncional do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - RS. Sete crianças com PC espástica, nível I e ​​II, foram incluídas no Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa. As pressões plantares foram analisadas usando um sistema de baropodometria - Footwork - e o tipo do pé foi calculado pelo índice-ChipauxSmirak. O alinhamento postural foi avaliado subjetivamente nas vistas anteroposterior e lateral. Os dados foram analisados ​​por estatística descritiva. Resultados: A distribuição assimétrica das pressões plantares foi evidenciada nos PCs hemiparéticos, diparéticos e quadriparéticos avaliados e ocorreu a prevalência de pé plano. As alterações posturais mais frequentes foram inclinação frontal e frontal, elevação, inclinação e protrusão do ombro, lordose cervical e lombar, cifose torácica, anterversão e desnivelamento do quadril e pronação dos pés. Conclusões: Neste grupo de crianças, a pressão plantar e a postura mostraram-se alteradas. Esses achados podem influenciar o prognóstico das deformidades e os resultados da reabilitação funcional. O uso de fotometria e baropodometria pode auxiliar em uma intervenção terapêutica mais eficiente. CP diparética e quadriparética avaliada e a prevalência de pé chato ocorreu. As alterações posturais mais frequentes foram inclinação frontal e frontal, elevação, inclinação e protrusão do ombro, lordose cervical e lombar, cifose torácica, anterversão e desnivelamento do quadril e pronação dos pés. Conclusões: Neste grupo de crianças, a pressão plantar e a postura mostraram-se alteradas. Esses achados podem influenciar o prognóstico das deformidades e os resultados da reabilitação funcional. O uso de fotometria e baropodometria pode auxiliar em uma intervenção terapêutica mais eficiente. CP diparética e quadriparética avaliada e a prevalência de pé chato ocorreu. As alterações posturais mais frequentes foram inclinação frontal e frontal, elevação, inclinação e protrusão do ombro, lordose cervical e lombar, cifose torácica, anterversão e desnivelamento do quadril e pronação dos pés. Conclusões: Neste grupo de crianças, a pressão plantar e a postura mostraram-se alteradas. Esses achados podem influenciar o prognóstico das deformidades e os resultados da reabilitação funcional. O uso de fotometria e baropodometria pode auxiliar em uma intervenção terapêutica mais eficiente. anterversão e irregularidade do quadril e pronação dos pés. Conclusões: Neste grupo de crianças, a pressão plantar e a postura mostraram-se alteradas. Esses achados podem influenciar o prognóstico das deformidades e os resultados da reabilitação funcional. O uso de fotometria e baropodometria pode auxiliar em uma intervenção terapêutica mais eficiente. anterversão e irregularidade do quadril e pronação dos pés. Conclusões: Neste grupo de crianças, a pressão plantar e a postura mostraram-se alteradas. Esses achados podem influenciar o prognóstico das deformidades e os resultados da reabilitação funcional. O uso de fotometria e baropodometria pode auxiliar em uma intervenção terapêutica mais eficiente.

Prevalence of flat foot among 18-24 years old students studying at higher medical education institution.

Prevalence of flat foot among 18-24 years old students studying at higher medical education institution.

Foot shape analysis of professional American Football players

The goal of this paper is to quantify the shape of National Football League (NFL) players’ feet and to identify foot shape characteristics that facilitate the development and refinement of position-specific footwear for NFL players. Statistical shape analysis was performed on three-dimensional (3 D) scans of 290 NFL players’ feet obtained from 4 NFL teams during preseason training camps to identify the principal components that explain characteristics of the shape variability. Eight foot shape measurements were then defined to reflect the main principal components and were quantified. The foot volume, the arch shape in conjunction with the foot length, and the foot curvature explained more than 80% of the foot shape variation. The average foot length was 293 ± 13.7 mm and width was 110.6 ± 6.8 mm. Significant differences were observed between position groupings, primarily with regard to size. The prevalence of flat feet (defined as 0 arch depth) was greater in linemen and hybrid position groups than in the skill group. This information can facilitate improvements in the lasts used to create shoes for elite-level players and can also help inform footwear selection.

The effect of sports shoes on flat foot

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of participation in sports on the structural deformities of the foot. Methods: A total of 2013 athletes (1301 males, 712 females) who had regularly participated in sports for a minimum of three years were included in the study. Screening of the sole was performed using a podoscope as it is a reliable and practical device. The structure of the sole was evaluated with the highly valid Staheli index. Results: A significant relationship was detected between the ages of the athletes, years in sport, branch of sports variables and the prevalence of flat foot. However, no significant relationship was found between the athletes’ gender and the prevalence of flat foot. Conclusion: It is thought that the training regimes, the floor on which the sports is performed and the shoes used in sports had effects on flat foot deformity. Based on our results, we assert that redesigning the competition shoes and using sports shoes with arch support during warm-ups, running and other sportive and educational drills outside the routine activities of the sports branch may be beneficial for foot health.

Prevalence of Flat Foot and Correlation between BMI and Planter Arch Index in Obese School Children

Aims: To find out the prevalence and correlation between the BMI and plantar arch index in obese school children. Method: 50 participants (26 Girls and 24 Boys) of mean age 9.960 ± 0.925 were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was a cross sectional study among the school children. The data was obtained by using means of the footprint and the plantar arch index, which establishes the ratio between central and posterior regions of this footprint, determining a mean PAI and a limit to the flat-foot. Result: Among the 26 girls, 42%had flat foot and 58%did not have flat foot and among the 24 boys, 45%had flat foot and 55%did not have flat foot. The result shows that there was no significant correlation( r = 0.02773) of BMI and planter arch index. Conclusion: This Study concluded that there was no significant correlation between planter arch index and BMI in obese school children (P=0.6324) as indicated by correlation values (for right foot A =0.1413 B=0.1137and left foot A=0.1410 B=0.1066).

Prevalence of Flat Foot in Primary School Students Aged 7-12 Years, in Zanjan City, Iran

Prevalence of Flat Foot in Primary School Students Aged 7-12 Years, in Zanjan City, Iran

Flatfoot Prevalence in Riyadh City Saudi Arabia And Its Association with Obesity, Using Three Footprint Indices; Clark’s Angle, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index

Flatfoot Prevalence in Riyadh City Saudi Arabia And Its Association with Obesity, Using Three Footprint Indices; Clark’s Angle, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index

Prevalence of Lower Extremities’ Postural Deformities in Overweight and Normal Weight School Children

Background: The increasing trend of both obesity and postural disorders in pediatric population. Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of lower extremities' postural disorders among school children in Qom province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a representative sample of schoolchildren aged 6 - 7 years was selected by multi-stage clustering method from all urban and rural regions of Qom province. Presence of postural deformities of lower limbs, including genu valgum, genu varum and flat foot were evaluated and recorded. Prevalences of deformities in different categories of weight status (underweight, normal and overweight) were compared. Results: Out of 20000 school children 1450 students were randomly selected. Genu valgum, genu varum and flat foot was present in 256 (17.7%), 351 (24.2%) and 194 (13.38%) of studied population. 1021 (70.41%), 161 (11.1%) and 268 (18.48%) students were normal weight, underweight and overweight/obese, respectively. Prevalence of flat foot and genu valgum was significantly higher in obese/overweight students (P < 0.01). Mean of skin fold thickness was significantly higher in students with genu valgum (P < 0.001). A significant relation existed only between occurrence of lower limb postural deformities and body mass index [OR = 1.89, CI (95%) = 1.18 - 3.03]. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that prevalence of genu valgum and flat foot are higher in overweight/obese children. In addition to early diagnosis and timely treatment of the deformities, developing and validation of a multidisciplinary care for obese and overweight children to reduce the occurrence of obesity related musculoskeletal complications is of importance.

Structural, Dermal and Ungual Characteristics of the Foot in Patients with Type II Diabetes.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes is a chronic and metabolic disease, considered as an important public health problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of podiatric pathology in type II diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: An observational descriptive study of prevalence in the endocrinology service of Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC) (A Coruña-Spain) was carried out (n = 153). Type II diabetic patients included, of legal age who signed the informed consent. Sociodemographic variables were studied (age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, alcohol consumption, family history), disease variables (time of evolution of diabetes, treatments, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose), podiatric variables: measurement of the footprint, metatarsal and digital formula, nail, skin, hindfoot and forefoot alterations. The data collection was done in 2018 and the data analysis was carried out in 2019. Results: The patients with type II diabetes had greater age, obesity and arterial hypertension it compared to the general population. Diabetic patients had a higher prevalence of flat feet than the general population (71.2% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.001), with a predominance of normal foot according to the podoscope. The predominant podological pathology was the presence of claw toes (94.8%), followed by dermal (78.4%) and nail (71.9%) alterations, and the Hallux Valgus (66.0%). The Clarke angle and the Chippaux index showed a Kappa concordance index of 0.26 with the type of footprint measured with the podoscope. The Staheli index showed a Kappa index of 0.27 associated with an observed agreement of 54%. Conclusions: This study shows that foot problems continue to be prevalent in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus and for this reason, podiatry is essential in its treatment.