Prevalence Of Abuse Research Articles

Prevalence of non-accidental burns and related factors in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-accidental burns (NABs) in children had some adverse effects, such as severe burns, requiring skin grafting, and mortality. Previous studies reported NABs in the form of neglect, suspected abuse, and child abuse. Also, different statistics were estimated for the prevalence of NABs in children. Therefore, the current study aimed to comprehensively review and summarise the literature on the prevalence of NABs in children. Also, factors related to NABs as a secondary aim were considered in this review. Keywords combined using Boolean operators and searches were performed in international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Only studies in English were considered from the earliest to 1 March 2023. The analysis was performed using STATA software version 14. Finally, 29 articles were retrieved for the quantitative analysis. Results found that the prevalence of child abuse, suspected abuse, neglect, 'child abuse or suspect abused', and 'abuse, suspect abused, or neglect' was 6% (ES: 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05-0.07), 12% (ES: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.09-0.15), 21% (ES: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.35), 8% (ES: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.07-0.09), and 15% (ES: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.13-0.16) among burns victims, respectively. Also, factors related to NABs are categorised into age and gender, agent and area of burns, and family features. Considering the results of the current study, planning for rapid diagnosis and designing a process to manage NABs in children is necessary.

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries in children of abuse

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries in children of abuse

Assessing Association between Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) Initiative and Alcohol Abuse among Youth in Murang’a County, Kenya

Introduction: Alcohol abuse and its associated disorders have been a public health challenge, especially among youth resulting in serious psycho-social- economic problems worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the association between the Youth Enterprise Development Fund initiative and alcohol abuse among youth in Murang’a County, Kenya.
 Method and Materials: This was a comparative cross-sectional study design with the application of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods carried out in 2019. A sample size of 141 YEDF beneficiaries and 141 non-beneficiaries was determined. The systematic sampling method was applied in selecting YEDF beneficiaries with a random start. YEDF beneficiary participants identified non-beneficiaries using non-relative matching peers. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administered through a questionnaire while Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interviews were applied in qualitative data collection. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 22 and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant while Manual thematic analysis was applied to the analysis of qualitative data.
 Results: The prevalence of alcohol use was 21.3% while the prevalence of alcohol abuse among study participants was 7.4% with a significantly higher percentage in YEDF beneficiaries (10.6%) compared to non-YEDF beneficiaries (4.2%), (p=0.041). Among those who were consuming alcohol, 34.9% of YEDF beneficiaries and35.3%of YEDF nonbeneficiaries were alcohol abusers (p=0.976) with no statistically significant difference. Qualitatively, the study indicated that alcohol abuse among youth has significantly decreased since the YEDF initiative was introduced among the youth.
 Conclusion: The study concludes that alcohol abuse among youth has significantly dropped since the YEDF initiative. According to the participants, the small-scale enterprises put up by the funds beneficiaries have contributed to this decrease. For a better outcome, there is an urgent need to step up awareness and sensitization of the YEDF initiative since most youths within the lower age bracket were not aware of the loan funds as well as more input in training the youth in matters regarding business planning and management.

Preliminary support for the use of narrative exposure therapy in a child protection context: Collective case‐study narratives

AbstractThe present paper attempts to provide preliminary support for the use of narrative exposure therapy (NET) in a child protection context. The prevalence of violence, abuse and neglect (VAN) within New South Wales is outlined as well as the current perspectives in trauma definition and symptomology, and the prevalence of trauma symptomology among birthparents and young people within child protection services. NET is introduced including its theoretical background, methodology, applications and research. Four applications of NET within a child protection context are presented, including lifelines and narrative excerpts. Specific themes presented included experiences of physical abuse, domestic and family violence, parental drug use, suicidal ideation and child removal. Statistical analysis including reliable change, clinical and statistical significance of pre‐ and post‐PCL‐5 outcomes measures are presented to infer preliminary support for NET within a child protection context. Limitations and future considerations for future research are discussed.

CANNABIS AND MALE FERTILITY : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Cannabis is a class of psychoactive substances derived from Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica that can induce euphoria in the user. Cannabinoids are the term used to refer to the active component of cannabis, which contains 400 active compounds. DSM criterion 5 characterizes cannabis use disorder. Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance worldwide. The annual prevalence of cannabis abuse ranges from 2.9% to 4.3% of the global population aged 15 to 64. Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis are the three varieties of cannabis. These three cannabis varieties contain varying amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The THC content of Charas and hashish ranges between 7% and 14%. Cannabis and Sinsemilla are found in female shoots with an average THC concentration of 4-5% (rarely >7%). Low-grade Bhang preparations are derived from the 1% THC-containing residue of desiccated plants. Hashish oil, a concentrated liquid extracted from hashish distilleries, contains between 15 and 70 percent THC. Semen parameters provide the strongest evidence of cannabis-induced alterations in male fertility. Cannabis reduces sperm count and concentration, induces abnormalities in sperm morphology, reduces sperm motility and viability, and inhibits capacitation and fertilizing capacity, according to research.

Prevalence, Correlates, and Sequelae of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) among Indigenous Canadians: Intersections of Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a severe and concerning public-health problem globally, but some children are at higher risk of experiencing it. The harms caused by colonization and particularly the inter-generational legacy of residential schools would presumably increase the vulnerability of Indigenous children in former British colonies. Among 282 Indigenous participants in Canada recruited from Prime Panels, CSA was reported by 35% of boys, 50% of girls, and 57% of trans and gender non-conforming participants. These rates are substantially higher than global meta-analytic estimates (7.6% of boys and 18.0% of girls). There was evidence of intersectionality based on socioeconomic status. CSA was associated with a variety of other indicators of negative childhood experiences and significantly predicted numerous negative outcomes in adulthood, including mental-health issues (e.g., PTSD), unemployment, and criminal legal-system involvement. Sexual abuse of Indigenous Canadian children is a public-health crisis, and layers of marginalization (e.g., gender, social class) exacerbate this risk. Trauma-informed services to address the harms of colonization are severely needed, in line with recommendations from Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Determining the Prevalence of Child Maltreatment Among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia Using ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool.

Background Child maltreatment is an important public health issue, thus determining its prevalence is critical to recognize the extent of the problem and mandate efforts to combat child abuse. We aimed to investigate child maltreatment prevalence among special populations of young adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods We used the retrospective version of the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool (ICAST-R). The survey included Saudi students of both genders aged between 18 to 24 years old and attending King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS). The questionnaire was provided electronically using Survey Monkey (Momentive Global Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA). Results A total of 713 students completed all sections of the questionnaire.The prevalence of any type of child maltreatment was estimated to be 42%. Physical abuse was the most prevalent (51.1%), followed by emotional abuse (49.9%), lack of protection and safety (38%), and sexual abuse (29.6%). The most common form of physical abuse was being hit or punched at 77.5% followed by 'beaten very hard with an object' at 58.8% while touching was the most common form of sexual abuse at 68.7%, and only 13.7% encountered penetrating form of sexual abuse.In comparison to female victims, male victims were more likely to be physically abused (odds ratio (OR)=1.5; confidence interval (CI)=1.1-2.0). Participants who lived with a single parent were more likely to be victims of a lack of protection and safety than those who lived with both parents (OR=1.9; CI=1.0-3.7). Most participants reported the abuse to occur after the age of nine years, and the perpetrator was the parents in 17.5% of cases. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated a high prevalence of child maltreatment among the young adultpopulation in Saudi Arabia. It is vital to obtain more information on the prevalence and risk factors of child maltreatment in various populations and regions of Saudi Arabia to raise awareness and improve services for the victims of abuse.

Abstract 581: Impact Of Iron Deficiency Anemia On Venous Thromboembolic Diseases: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia has been associated with venous thromboembolic diseases however, there is paucity of data on the subject. We sought to assess this association using a national database. Methods: The National inpatient sample database 2018-2020 was queried to identify adult patients (age>18 yrs) with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Baseline risk factors and occurrence of venous thromboembolic diseases were compared between patients with and without IDA. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of IDA on VTE. Results: A total of 6417659 patients with IDA were identified with a mean age of 61 years. Patients with IDA had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, tobacco abuse and obesity while they had a lower prevalence of hypertension. The occurrence of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chronic DVT, acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and chronic PE was higher in patients with IDA than patients without (Table1). Multivariate regression analysis revealed a higher odds of developing acute DVT and acute PE in adult patients with IDA (Table 2). Conclusion: In sync with findings from a few other population studies, this analysis also reveals an association between IDA and VTE. Reactive thrombocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers have been proposed as few contributing factors. However, further research is warranted to prove these findings to aid prevent and treat VTE effectively.

PO-05-164 IMPACT OF ARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOCHROMATOSIS: A NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE (NIS) ANALYSIS

Hemochromatosis is a relatively rare genetic disease that results in restrictive cardiomyopathy caused by the deposition of iron. Iron has a higher affinity to deposit in the conduction system of the heart resulting in a lower threshold for developing arrhythmias. We sought to assess the data on the burden of arrhythmias in hospitalized patients with hemochromatosis. To study the impact of arrythmia in a special study cohort i.e. adults with hemochromatosis The national inpatient sample (NIS) from 2018-2020 was queried for adult patients (age>18 yrs) admitted with a secondary diagnosis of hemochromatosis. These patients were stratified for arrhythmias [atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutters, SVTs, heart blocks (first degree, second degree, complete heart blocks [CHB], ventricular tachycardia (VT), and fibrillation(VF)]. Baseline risk factors and cardiac complications were compared. Multiple regression analysis was performed using mortality as the primary outcome. Results were further validated with propensity-matched analysis. A total of 141755 adult patients hospitalized from 2018-2020 had hemochromatosis with a mean age of 55 years. Of these, 33.84% were females and 16.59% had an underlying arrhythmia. In the cohort of hemochromatosis, patients with concurrent arrhythmias had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (27.67% vs 18.55%; P<0.0001), hyperlipidemia (41.08% vs 22.83%; P<0.0002), tobacco abuse (30.5% vs 24.05%; P<0.0001) and obesity than those without arrhythmias (14.77% vs 10.98%; P<0.0001). The prevalence of valvular abnormalities (36.39% vs 24.55%; P<0.0001), old myocardial infarction (6.91% vs 3.25%; P<0.0001), and coronary artery disease (28.06% vs 10.68%; P< 0.0001) was also significantly higher in these patients. Multivariate regression analysis revealed higher odds of mortality with AF, VF, and VT in adult patients with hemochromatosis (Table 1). Propensity-matched analysis confirmed these findings. (Table 2) The odds of mortality were not significant with CHB in these patients. Hemochromatosis portends worse outcomes with arrhythmias compared to without it. Arrhythmias in hemochromatosis should be better managed to improve patient outcomes. Further studies are warranted to determine the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in patients with hemochromatosis to develop therapeutics and mitigate complications.

Prevalence and factors associated with disrespect and abuse among women who delivered in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with disrespect and abuse during childbirth among women who delivered in a University Teaching Hospital using a validated tool. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Participants included women who presented for the 6-week postnatal visit. The primary outcome was the experience of disrespect and abuse by the women in any of the thematic domains in the tool, namely friendly care, abuse-free care, timely care, discrimination-free care, abandonment, and non-consented care. In all, 200 participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of disrespect and abuse among the study population was 36.5%. Verbal abuse and untimely care were the commonest (15.5%). Nurses were mostly the perpetrators of disrespect and abuse. Maternal age, parity, and marital status among others were not significantly predictive of disrespect and abuse by respondents. Disrespect and abuse from health workers during childbirth is a prevalent problem among women who delivered in the hospital. This undesirable experience of childbirth needs to be addressed by stakeholders in maternal health.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide analysis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening immune dysregulation disease. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can become profoundly immunocompromised due to immunosuppressive therapy, hence increasing the risk of viral infections that can trigger HLH. However, data on the association between IBD and HLH remains limited. We used data from the National Inpatient Sample (2012-2019) utilizing International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 or ICD-10 codes to identify individuals with IBD, either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), and HLH. The primary outcome was to compare the prevalence of HLH among patients with IBD with those without IBD. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, mean hospital length of stay, and description of HLH-associated triggers in IBD patients. A total of 513,322 hospitalizations included a diagnosis of IBD, 188,297 had UC and 325,025 had CD. Compared to the general population, patients with IBD were older (median age of 52 vs. 49years, p < 0.05), more likely to be male, and of Asian/Pacific Islander descent, and had a higher median household income. There was also a higher prevalence of liver disease, autoimmune diseases, tobacco abuse, and hypothyroidism (all had p-value of < 0.001) in IBD patients. There were 94 hospitalizations identified with a diagnosis of HLH in IBD patients. Compared to patients without IBD, patients with IBD had increased odds of developing HLH (0.02% vs 0.01%, p-value < 0.001). After adjusting for various demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, and HLH-related conditions, IBD was an independent predictor for developing HLH (adjusted OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.847-2.866, p-value of < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between CD and UC in the odds of developing HLH. Compared to IBD patients without HLH, patients with IBD and HLH had a lower mean age at diagnosis (38 vs 52, p-value of < 0.001), higher in-hospital mortality (14.9% vs 1.5%, p-value of < 0.001), and longer mean hospital length of stay (days) (17 vs 5.4, p-value of < 0.001). Prevalence of different HLH-associated illnesses was identified in HLH patient's discharge data. Lymphoma was the most common associated malignancy (18.1%) and cytomegalovirus infection was the most common associated infection (16.0%). Our population-based study suggests that IBD is independently associated with developing HLH. Early recognition of IBD patients presenting with features suggestive of HLH is warranted to aide early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.

Modeling Opioid Abuse: A Case Study of the Opioid Crisis in New England.

For the past two decades, the USA has been embroiled in a growing prescription drug epidemic. The ripples of this epidemic have been especially apparent in the state of Maine, which has fought hard to mitigate the damage caused by addiction to pharmaceutical and illicit opioids. In this study, we construct a mathematical model of the opioid epidemic incorporating novel features important to better understanding opioid abuse dynamics. These features include demographic differences in population susceptibility, general transmission expressions, and combined consideration of pharmaceutical opioid and heroin abuse. We demonstrate the usefulness of this model by calibrating it with data for the state of Maine. Model calibration is accompanied by sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to quantify potential error in parameter estimates and forecasts. The model is analyzed to determine the mechanisms most influential to the number of opioid abusers and to find effective ways of controlling opioid abuse prevalence. We found that the mechanisms most influential to the overall number of abusers in Maine are those involved in illicit pharmaceutical opioid abuse transmission. Consequently, preventative strategies that controlled for illicit transmission were more effective over alternative approaches, such as treatment. These results are presented with the hope of helping to inform public policy as to the most effective means of intervention.

Comparative analysis of the pattern of intimate partner violence against women admitted to a tertiary hospital in Sri Lanka during and after the periods of COVID-19 lockdown.

Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in restrictions on people's ability to move, allowing more time for intimate partners-this increased opportunities for intimate partner violence (IPV), especially against women. The study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of IPV against women during and after the lockdown period.A prospective, descriptive study on female victims of IPV presented from March 2020 to February 2022 to a leading teaching hospital in Sri Lanka.Out of the 876 patients admitted during the period, details could be obtained from 300 victims. Ninety-four (31%) were during the lockdown, while 206 (69%) were post-lockdown admissions. The mean age of the victim in both groups was 33.5years. Even though physical abuse was high throughout, the prevalence of sexual abuse was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) during the lockdown period (31.9%) than during the post-lockdown period (3.4%). Financial problems (46.6%), followed by substance abuse (35%), were the most common risk factors during the post-lockdown period, while morbid jealousy (34%) was the most common risk factor, followed by extramarital relationships (33%) during the lockdown. Psychological consequences due to IPV were observed in 76.5% of victims during the lockdown period and only 11.2% during the post-lockdown period.The prolonged lockdown has significantly influenced mental and sexual health, changing the pattern of IPV against women. The need to have services to ensure the mental and sexual well-being of the community was highlighted.

Androgen Receptor (AR) Depletion Underlies the Reproductive Dysfunctions in Male Rats Exposed to Alcohol and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)

The prevalence of alcohol abuse and HIV/AIDS is high in males of reproductive age; unfortunately, a high incidence of alcohol intake has been reported in HIV/AIDS patients including those on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Incidentally, alcohol and cART use have each been implicated in male reproductive dysfunction. Therefore, the interactive effects of alcohol and cART on reproductive hormone levels, testicular connective tissue, and androgen receptor and Ki-67 expression were evaluated in HIV naïve adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: control, alcohol (A), cART, and A+cART. Animals were terminated after 90 days of treatment; then, the blood and testis were extracted for analysis. Special staining for testicular connective tissue, immunoassay for reproductive hormones, and immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor and Ki-67 were conducted. The study found significantly ( p &lt; 0.05 ) increased thickness of seminiferous tubule basement membrane in the cART group and testicular capsule in the A+cART group. Collagen, reticulin, and elastin fibers decreased significantly in all the treated groups, except for reticulin in the testis of A group animals. With exception of luteinizing hormone in the cART group, all the treated groups had significantly elevated levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, but no significant ( p &gt; 0.05 ) difference was found in their testosterone and inhibin B levels. The number of Sertoli and Leydig cells expressing androgen receptor reduced significantly in all the treated groups, except for A group’s number of Sertoli cells expressing androgen receptor. Further, in all the treated groups, Ki-67 expression significantly reduced relative to control. In this study, with exception of seminiferous tubule basement membrane, all study parameters were greatly altered in the A+cART group; we suggest that the exacerbated androgen receptor depletion recorded in the A+cART group might have led to the observed severe testicular structural alteration and spermatogenesis derangement.

Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among Patients in the Psychiatry Unit of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital in South Western Uganda

Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that, there are 2 billion people worldwide who consume alcoholic beverages. The burden of alcohol use is a public health concern. In South, East and West Africa, prevalence of alcohol abuse ranges between 10%- 70%. Uganda has previously reported that, annual per capital alcohol consumption was 23.7 litters. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders among patients attending psychiatry unit of KIU-TH. The researcher used a retrospective study in patients admitted at KIU-TH psychiatry unit within a period of six months from January, 2017 to June, 2017. From the results of this study, mental health problems were on the increase and up to 34% of admissions were due to alcohol related mental disorders, 70.6% are new admissions. Alcohol induced psychosis is the most prevalent diagnosed alcohol related mental illness with 41.2%, followed by Alcohol abuse with 23.5%, then alcohol withdrawal with 17.6%. Stress was the number one factor associated with alcohol use mental disorder with 70.6%. However, when treated, alcohol related mental disorders has a good prognosis of 82.6%. It is recommended that KIUTH in collaboration with the University section should create awareness of alcoholism as a mental health disorder that can be managed and treated. Youths should abstain from alcohol completely or limit their intake of alcohol. Alcohol sale and use should be strictly limited to few licensed shops. Keywords: Alcohol, Youth, psychiatry, mental disorders

Perception of Female Undergraduates on Drug Abuse in Kano State, Nigeria: Implications for Counselling

The abuse of drugs by female undergraduate students is becoming alarming, posing serious repercussions for society in general. This study examined the perception of female undergraduates on drug abuse by female university students as perceived by female undergraduate students in Kano State. The study used a sample size of 306 female undergraduate students (selected using proportionate sampling technique) from Faculty of Education in BUK1, KUST2 and YUMSUK3. A validated instrument, DAI4 was used to collect relevant data. The reliability of DAI was established using the test-retest method. PPMC was used to compute the correlation coefficient of the instrument and reliability index of 0.79 was obtained. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, while t-test for independent sample and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the three null hypotheses of the study. The findings of the study indicated that Benylin is the most commonly abused drug among female university students in Kano State, there is a difference in the perception of female undergraduates on drug abuse prevalence among female university students in Kano State based on university, in favour of BUK with the highest mean score of 8.04. Based on the findings, it is recommended among others that: the sales of benylin and other commonly abused drug within university campuses should be controlled by university authorities.

Resolve the identified and unidentified causes- Promote healthy living and well-being among all ages

“The Brundtland Report (1987) states" development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is sustainable development." Considering the deteriorating lifestyle, well-being, and destruction caused to the earth, after careful attention to detail and existing discrepancies, gaps, and irregularities, the United Nations prepared Agenda 2030 for a global transformation that can heal the world and improve its place to live. Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to improve the health and well-being of individuals from all walks of life and all age groups in both developed and developing countries with a special emphasis laid on the following: Mortality, Rising Population, Climate Change, Disease Outbreaks, Unhealthy and Sedentary Lifestyle, Social Inequalities, Urbanization and Communicable and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases. These burdens not only impact mankind but also the flora, fauna, and environment as a whole. Our research concentrates on identifying and uncovering the causes behind the prevalence of drug abuse among decadent and broken youngsters, the rising mortality rates, the unknown sources of STDs, the incidence of maternal deaths, the unavailability of global healthcare facilities, and rapid environmental contamination that affect the living beings. As a result, there lies a need to address these burdens at the earliest to avoid further degradation and deterioration that can turn the earth into a massive graveyard. The study aims to not only identify the causes but also lay forward measures that can be implemented to tackle the rising problems that deprive mankind of leading complete life.

Pharmacist Experience in Discovering Forged Prescriptions in Pharmacies In the Special Region of Yogyakarta

Pharmacies were a source of narcotics and other addictive agents by 2.1% of respondents to a survey conducted by BNN and LIPI in 2019. One way for drug abusers to obtain drugs is to use forged prescriptions. Therefore, the accuracy of pharmacists in prescription's screening is needed to reduce the prevalence of drug abuse. Research on prescription counterfeiting has been carried out in various developed countries, but similar research has never been conducted in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the patterns, characteristics, and experience of pharmacists in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) pharmacy in responding to counterfeit prescription findings. This research is an observational study with a survey method using a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire. A total of 152 pharmacists in DIY were involved as respondents and filled out questionnaires both online using the Google Form and offline from November to December 2019. The research data were analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of the study, most of respondents 85%) had encountered counterfeit prescriptions. They were identified by the following characteristics, including the doctor's writings that were not the same as usual (60%), the amount of medicine was irrational/added with 'iter' (59%), absence of doctor’s registration number (41%), stamp (44%), and doctor's signature (32%). The most common drug classes written on fake prescriptions include psychotropics, followed by other drug classes, namely drugs that are often abuse, narcotics, antibiotics, and other ethical drugs (misoprostol and levonogestrel). In identifying counterfeit prescriptions, pharmacists need a guideline, training, and coaching. In addition, clear supervision and reporting channels are needed so that prescription counterfeiting can be reported and seriously followed up by involving Indonesian Pharmacist Association (IAI), Health Office (Dinas Kesehatan), and Indonesia Food and Drug Administration (POM).

The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia: findings from a national survey.

To estimate the prevalence in Australia of each type of child maltreatment; to identify gender- and age group-related differences in prevalence. Cross-sectional national survey; mobile telephone interviews using random digit dialling (computer-generated), Australia, 9 April - 11 October 2021. Retrospective self-report data using validated questionnaire (Juvenile Victimisation Questionnaire-R2 Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study). People aged 16 years or more. The target sample size was 8500 respondents: 3500 people aged 16-24 years and 1000 respondents each from five further age groups (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65 years or more). Proportions of respondents reporting physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence to age 18 years, assessed with the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2 Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study), overall and by gender and age group, and weighted to reflect characteristics of the Australian population aged 16 years or more in 2016. Complete survey data were available for 8503 eligible participants (14% response rate). Physical abuse was reported by 32.0% of respondents (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.7-33.3%), sexual abuse by 28.5% (95% CI, 27.3-29.8%), emotional abuse by 30.9% (95% CI, 29.7-32.2%), neglect by 8.9% (95% CI, 8.1-9.7%), and exposure to domestic violence by 39.6% (95% CI, 38.3-40.9%). The proportions of respondents who reported sexual abuse, emotional abuse, or neglect were each statistically significantly larger for women than men. The reported prevalence of physical abuse by respondents aged 16-24 years was lower than for those aged 25-34 years, and that of sexual abuse was lower than for those aged 35-44 years, suggesting recent declines in the prevalence of these maltreatment types. Child maltreatment is common in Australia, and larger proportions of women than men report having experienced sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect during childhood. As physical and sexual abuse may have declined recently, public health policy and practice may have positive effects, justifying continued monitoring and prevention activities.

A new era in child maltreatment prevention: call to action.

A new era in child maltreatment prevention: call to action.