Pressure-State-Response Research Articles

Analysis of oasis land ecological security and influencing factors in arid areas

AbstractArid oasis areas are typical ecologically fragile areas, and Land ecological security (LES) reflects the relationship between oasis land use and socio‐economics. At present, the evaluation of oasis LES is still in the exploration stage, and there is a lack of dynamic evaluation of LES from a spatial and temporal perspective, and the interaction between influencing factors is not considered, which often affects the reliability of LES evaluation results and the optimization of land scenarios. This study analyzes the dynamic changes in land use in the Tarim River Basin (TRB) oasis from 1990 to 2020 and constructs a pressure‐state‐response (PSR) model to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of the LES. Then, the spatial correlation and spatial divergence of the LES were explored using the Moran index. Finally, the geographical detector analysis was used to reveal the drivers of the spatiotemporal divergence of LES patterns in the TRB oasis and the interaction effects of the influencing factors. The results reveal that there is significant spatial and temporal variability in the LES level of TRB oases, with the eastern region continuing to deteriorate while the western region continues to improve. Between 1990 and 2020, the largest increase in TRB oases was 24,089.52 km2 of cultivated land and the largest decrease was 47,117.03 km2 of grassland. Also, there are interactions between the variables. The greatest associations between the three variables‐the forest coverage raste, the proportion of the tertiary industry, and rural per capita net income‐all reached over 0.88. This study evaluates the LES and analyzes the affecting factors, which contribute to the development of refined land optimization countermeasures and offers a foundation for the realization of sustainable land use in oases and the establishment of oasis ecological civilization.

Multi-objective development path evolution of new energy vehicle policy driven by big data: From the perspective of economic-ecological-social

With the sustainable development of new energy vehicle industry, there are problems of policy such as unbalanced policy structure, invalid detailed rules, and lack of objectives. While previous studies are lack of multi-objective development under the complex causal effects of various policies. Based on the paradigm driven by big data, this study deals with the multi-source and heterogeneous data of policy and multi-objective, constructs and trains PSR(Pressure-State-Response)-Bayesian network model. Then it completes the prediction of multi-objective development, cause diagnosis of policy in uncertain environment, and explores the evolution process of policy effect path. Results show that: (1) The multi-objective development of each policy in various stages changes dynamically, and unbalanced policy structure is found through results prediction; (2) Each objective development requires various policy priorities in each stage, and policy bottleneck problem due to invalid detailed rules having identified by cause diagnosis; (3) The effect path of policy mix to multi-objective development evolves dynamically, and exists lack of policy effect path. (4) According to the characteristics of industrial development stage, multi-objective development for sustainability should be realized through the spiral advancement of policies’ dynamic optimization.

Ecological security assessment and ecological management zoning based on ecosystem services in the West Liao River Basin

Ecological security (ES) can express the health and integrity of regional ecosystems; hence, a better understanding of regional ES levels and their influencing factors can help to specify sustainable ecological management policies. Levels of ES in the West Liao River Basin were computed for the years of 2000 to 2020 at both the grid and county scale by using the pressure–state–response model, with ecosystem services also included in the assessment system. From 2000 to 2020, the area of both the forests and grasslands increased, due to the Grain for Green Project, which augmented net primary productivity (NPP), an ecosystem production service, and enhanced the overall habitat quality of the basin and promoted improvements to the regional ecological environment. The ES levels in most areas of the West Liao River Basin were improved over time, in that >90% of its area was above the middle level in 2020. The coordinates of “very insecure” moved to the basin's southeast, while “very secure” moved to its northwest, which indicated serious ES problems in the southeast of the basin. When compared with the most economically developed areas or remote areas having societal progress and human activities, generally the moderately developed areas have better ES levels. Further, human factors are more important to ES than natural factors, though all driving factors had enhanced impacts on the change in ES via their interactive effects. By determining the ES levels of the basin, four ecological management zones were then derived for it. We identified the main environmental problems in each ecological management zones and put forward the corresponding management measures, which would make the results more useful for supporting resource management and ecological protection of ecologically fragile areas in the agriculture and pasture interlaced landscape of northern China.

Systematic Evaluation and Influencing Factors Analysis of Water Environmental Carrying Capacity in Taihu Basin, China

Systematic evaluation of water environment carrying capacity (WECC) is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, which reflects the water environment comprehensive condition of lake basin under the current economic development scenario. Therefore, taking the Taihu Basin as a case study, a scientific comprehensive evaluation index system of WECC was established based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) assessment framework, which included water resources (WR), pollution emission (PE), water quality (WQ), water ecology (WE), and land use (LU) sub-systems. An expert group was invited to determine the weights of each indicator using the group analytic hierarchy process (G-AHP) method, and the indicators in the WR, PE, WQ, WE, and LU sub-systems were 6.5%, 21.8%, 27.9%, 11.1%, and 32.9%, respectively. According to the evaluation results, the WECC index of Taihu Basin increased by 51.4% from 2007 to 2019, but it still slightly exceeded the carrying capacity of the water environment; the water quality and pollution discharge indices had the most significant improvement. Algal blooms are a major factor challenging WECC in the Taihu Basin. Therefore, the overall restoration of the water eco-system must receive more attention in the future.

Vulnerability assessment of coastal tourist attractions to oil spill stress based on a pressure-state-response framework: A case study of the Bohai Sea, China

The protection of coastal tourist attractions under oil spill stress requires a more detailed vulnerability assessment approach. In this study, an assessment model for estimating the vulnerability of coastal tourist attractions to oil spills along the Bohai Sea’s coastlines was developed, natural environmental and socioeconomic data were collected, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used. As many as 26 factors were selected for the vulnerability analysis of typical tourist destinations in the littoral area. All of the factors were grouped into different categories according to a pressure-state-response (PSR) framework (pressure parameters, state parameters, and response parameters), and a different rank of importance was assigned to each factor via the analytical hierarchy process. The comprehensive analysis results were calculated and visualized using GIS. The results show that the state and response together strongly affected the vulnerability of the various coastal tourist attractions, while the pressure had less effect on the vulnerability. There were obvious spatial variations among the different coastal tourist destinations. Overall, the coastal tourist attractions surrounding the Bohai Sea were characterized by a high oil spill pressure, high sensitivity, low emergency response capabilities, and high vulnerability. This study provides a reference for vulnerability assessment of tourist destinations under oil spill stress, provides a scientific decision-making basis for the protection of coastal tourist destinations, and is conducive to promoting the healthy development of the coastal tourism industry.

Watershed health and ecological security modeling using anthropogenic, hydrologic, and climatic factors

AbstractAssessing the health and security of natural ecosystems is unavoidable to regulate and manage deterioration and prioritize management and conservation activities. As a result, the current study was conducted to assess the health and ecological security of the Galazchai Watershed in Oshnavieh Township, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, utilizing criteria linked to various hydrologic, anthropogenic, and climatic aspects. In the conceptual pressure–state–response (PSR) method, 26 criteria with acceptable variance inflation factor and Durbin–Watson statistics were chosen. The Galazchai Watershed's ecology's health and security status and spatial differences were also chosen and analyzed at 17 subwatersheds. The contributions of the pressure (P), status (S), and reaction (R) indices to the watershed health index were 38.3, 30.1, and 31.6%, respectively, according to the findings. The health index for the watershed ranged from 0.388 to 0.688. Almost 64% of the watershed's area was in relatively healthy conditions. Additionally, the maximum and the minimum values of the ecological security index were 0.608 and 0.236, allocating 58% of the area to moderate ecological security. The northern part of the watershed had healthier and moderately desirable ecological security than the southern part, with unhealthy and relatively undesirable conditions. In this sense, the main problems of the study area were primarily related to anthropogenic factors followed by hydrologic ones. The procedure used in the current study based on health and ecological security status can be applied as a practical guideline by local managers for efficient and adaptive watershed management.

Fuzzy Assessment of Ecological Security on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on Pressure–State–Response Framework

Climate change and human activities have caused a wide range of ecological risks in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) over the past two decades, such as land degradation and biodiversity loss. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the ecological security and drivers for its sustainable development. However, there still lacks a spatial understanding of ecological security in the QTP, as well as the geographic driving forces. In this study, a pressure–state–response (PSR) framework and the coupled fuzzy and obstacle degree models were used to evaluate the spatial pattern and factors that modulate ecological security of the QTP. The southeast of the plateau exhibited high pressure and state levels, indicating that population and economic development activities were concentrated in these regions owing to the good natural conditions. The ecological security evaluation value of the QTP is moderately low, with a median value of 47.4 (the full mark is 100). Seven regions with low ecological security were identified where targeted planning and governance measures should be implemented based on the local natural and economic conditions. Population density, net primary productivity index (NPP) of vegetation, and GDP per unit area were the main factors that modulated ecological security in the QTP, with obstacles accounting for 17.52%, 13.20%, and 12.97%, respectively. These results improve our understanding of the major vulnerable areas and main driving forces of ecological security, providing key information for optimization of ecological security pattern in the QTP.

Construction and Application of a Groundwater Overload Evaluation System Based on the PSR Model

Groundwater assessment has several technical deficiencies, especially because the decision-making platform for basic data collection, analysis, and evaluation has not been established. Based on the computer architecture theory and business processing logic, we designed a set of groundwater resource overload evaluation systems using the ArcGIS platform and Python language based on the comprehensive analysis of many research schemes. According to the pressure–state–response (PSR) theoretical programming model, the system pre-sets the evaluation index from three aspects: overexploitation, bearing capacity, and overload. The entropy weight method was used to determine the factor weight. The system was used to evaluate and analyze the groundwater overload in Xi’an, and the performance and accuracy of the system were also verified. The results showed that the serious overload area of groundwater in Xi’an was located in the alluvial fan area of Yanliang District, Gaoling District, and Huyi District, and the alluvial fan area of Lintong District, City Six Districts, and Zhouzhi County. The general overload area was located in the alluvial plain area of City Six Districts, Chang’an District, the flood plain and the first terrace of Huyi District, the loess tableland area of Zhouzhi County, and the alluvial fan area of Lantian County. The remaining areas were not overloaded. The evaluation results matched the study, which confirmed that the evaluation system was stable and that the results were reliable.

Social–Ecological System Understanding of Land Degradation in Response to Land Use and Cover Changes in the Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality

Land degradation is a major risk to the sustainability and functioning of socioecological systems (SES), especially in arid/semiarid regions. By understanding a system and its interlinkages, the socioecological approach offers an innovative way to explore degradation. This is achieved through a synergistic analytical approach to improve the ability of identifying and understanding systems, predicting their behaviour, and modifying them to achieve the desired effects. This research provides a roadmap for an integrated interdisciplinary approach that is a critical factor in understanding the drivers of land degradation. It can be used to determine appropriate land management action. The aim of this study was, therefore, to apply an integrated SES approach to a degraded rural semiarid context to address the land degradation problem using the Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality in South Africa as a case study. The Drive Pressure State Condition and four Responses (DPSCR4) framework (modified from Drive Pressure State Impact and Response (DPSIR)) was used as the SES to assess land degradation. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions with local pastoralists and traditional authorities, and the scientific literature were triangulated to systemically analyse DPSCR4. Land degradation neutrality (LDN) was integrated into the framework to draw conclusions on sustainable land management (SLM). The results show that the main anthropogenic activities driving land degradation are overgrazing, land tenure, poverty and disenfranchisement, unsustainable land use, and cropland abandonment, which favour bush encroachment. Natural factors such as topography, dispersive duplex soils, and climate variability and change predispose the district to soil erosion and gully formation. In combination with human activities, this exacerbates land degradation. The study recommends measures to enable informed integrated land use planning and management using the DPSCR4 and LDN frameworks to improve landscape conditions in rural semiarid regions and provide sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor in developing countries who depend on natural resources.

Ecological Environmental Quality in China: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics, Regional Differences, and Internal Transmission Mechanisms

In recent years, ecological environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect, soil erosion, climate change, and biodiversity reduction have become more and more salient, and ecological environmental quality has gradually become a research hotspot. This paper constructs an index system for evaluating ecological environment quality based on the pressure–state–response (PSR) model, which contains three elemental layers, natural resources, ecological environment, and government inputs, measures the ecological environment quality index by using the “vertical and horizontal layer by layer” scatter degree method, and discusses the spatial and temporal evolution trends of ecological environment quality in each province and six regions in China during 2005–2020. This paper further measures the regional ecological environment quality differences by using the Thiel index and analyzes the transmission mechanism within the pressure–state–response model by using the mediation models. The results show that the ecological environment quality of all Chinese provinces and six regions has improved significantly during the period under study, the response system and state system scores have improved significantly, the unbalanced development of ecological environment quality within north China has improved the most, and there are significant direct and mediation effects among the subsystems within the ecological environment quality with high system transmission efficiency. Therefore, the government should improve the quality of the ecological environment by seeking cross-provincial linkage development, improving the level of pollution control, and formulating relevant standards and laws and regulations.

A Hybrid Evaluation Method of Ecological Environment Quality Based on Entropy and Matter-Element Extension Model

The ecological environment of China is facing much more pressure with the continuous growth of population and energy usage. China pays more attention to improving the ecological environment quality with the ecological civilization development in the situation. The key problem is to construct a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation index system guiding the ecological environment quality improvement. This paper creates a comprehensive evaluation index system of ecological environment quality based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework and uses a hybrid model with the entropy weight method and matter-element extension to evaluate China’s ecological environment quality from 2016 to 2020. The results show the overall ecological environment quality evaluation level in China is continuously improved. The results also show that China should pay much attention to the four main factors, which are population density, carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, and per capita arable land, it should take some policies to improve the four factors. The case study has proven the effectiveness and practicality of the hybrid method and the comprehensive evaluation index system.

Towards flood risk reduction: Commonalities and differences between urban flood resilience and risk based on a case study in the Pearl River Delta

Despite traditional measures to prevent disasters, climate change and urbanization increase flood risk. Thus, flood resilience has attracted increased global concern. Understanding the commonalities and differences between flood resilience and risk is arguably important for flood risk reduction. However, these factors have been seldom reported in previous studies, and discussions on the role of flood resilience in flood risk analysis, assessment, and management are lacking. In this study, the association between flood resilience and risk is discussed using a case study in the Pearl River Delta. Flood resilience is quantified using a pressure-state-response (PSR) model, while flood risk is assessed based on the hazard-vulnerability framework and the extension catastrophe progression method. The implications of considering flood resilience in flood risk analysis, assessment, and management are proposed. The results suggest that the overall flood resilience (risk) in the study area is greater (lower) than that in the highly urbanized areas, and areas with low (high) flood resilience (risk) are mainly concentrated within the highly urbanized areas. Indices extracted from human society and highly related to human activities have the same attributes in both frameworks, while indices associated with climate and geography contribute to the two concepts differently. Flood resilience supplements the concept of flood risk, and can be incorporated into risk assessment as an index. Moreover, pre-disruption (post-disaster) measures should follow flood risk (resilience) assessment, and strategies that foster flood resilience should be included in flood risk management. This study provides references for flood resilience improvement and risk mitigation.

Quantitative Evaluation Method for Construction Disturbance and Ecological Restoration of Waterway Engineering and Its Application

With the increasing emphasis on the ecology and environment of rivers, the construction of ecological waterway projects has become a development trend in China. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the ecological effects of ecological waterway construction. Based on pressure-state-response (PSR) and driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) logical frameworks, this paper established a state-pressure-impact-response (SPIR) conceptual model. The model took the river ecology and environment state as the main line, and described the disturbance pressure of the engineering construction on the river state, the impacts of the project on the river comprehensive function, and the positive responses taken in the full lifetime cycle of the project. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy evaluation model were used to study the changes of the river ecosystem status after suffering from the construction pressure and taking positive responses. Taking the 12.5 m deep water waterway project in the Taicang-Nantong section of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as an example, the disturbance on the ecology and environment at different stages of the project construction and the effort of relieving the negative impacts of the project on the ecology and environment were evaluated by the health level of the ecosystem. The paper can provide a scientific method for the evaluation of ecological projects in river ecosystems.

Assessment of the urban waterlogging resilience and identification of its driving factors: A case study of Wuhan City, China

With rapid urbanization and extreme rainstorm events associated with climate change, urban waterlogging has become one of the most frequent and severe disasters globally. In this study, a multi-dimensional and multi-process index system based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework was developed to measure the level of urban waterlogging resilience (UWR). The spatial distribution of UWR on a block scale was explored based on the entropy weight method with the natural breakpoint method (EWM-NBM) in the central district of Wuhan City, China. In addition, the effects of the runoff control facilities and early warning measures on UWR were also quantified. Further, the Geodetector was used to investigate the main driving factors of UWR and their interactions. Results showed that the constructed index system for UWR based on the PSR framework performed reasonably, and the EWM-NBM was validated to be effective in the integrated assessment. In terms of the validation results, 82.72 % of the recorded waterlogging points belonged to high and very-high risk levels. The spatial heterogeneity of UWR was significant in the study area where the higher-level UWR mainly appears in the areas near the undeveloped suburban and water bodies (lakes and rivers), and the lower-level UWR was concentrated in central urban areas with more impervious surfaces. There was a clear increasing trend in UWR after the implementation of runoff control facilities and early warning measures, but its spatial distribution remained almost invariant. Among all the indexes, the impervious surface percentage had the strongest (69.58 %) explanatory ability for the UWR, and mean annual precipitation (15.51 %), GDP (14.03 %), and population density (11.98 %) also demanded attention. Most driving factors of UWR showed nonlinear interactions. This research could provide a benchmark for urban planning to enhance UWR to mitigate the waterlogging within the main urban area.

内蒙古自治区沙漠化敏感性时空演变格局和趋势分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 内蒙古自治区沙漠化敏感性时空演变格局和趋势分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202112183592 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重大专项（04-H30G01-9001-20/22-03）；国家自然科学基金项目（211035210511）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目；陕西省科技计划项目重点研发项目（211435220242） Analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution pattern and trend of desertification sensitivity in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以内蒙古自治区为研究区，基于压力-状态-响应模型（PSR）分析框架，耦合空间距离指数模型（SDIM）构建土地沙漠化敏感性评价体系（LDSES），结合沙漠化敏感性时空演变图谱，定量探讨内蒙古自治区土地沙漠化敏感性在2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年期间的时空演变，并引入元胞自动机-马尔科夫（CA-Markov）模型模拟沙漠化敏感性未来演变机制，进而采用地理探测器揭示了前20 a演变进程中主要驱动因子对其演变的影响特征及解释力。结果表明：（1）内蒙古自治区沙漠化敏感性整体上呈现由东北向西南递增的趋势，低敏感区位于大兴安岭和阴山山脉周边林草地覆盖区，高敏感区则位于西南部的巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠、库布其沙漠、毛乌素沙漠等沙地和戈壁地区；（2）从沙漠化敏感性时空演变上来看，研究期间沙漠化敏感性改善的区域，占总面积的30.65%，沙漠化敏感性恶化的区域，占总面积的4.48%，沙漠化敏感性类型维持稳定不变的区域占总面积的52.72%，整体来看土地沙漠化潜力逐渐降低，土地生态质量逐渐好转；（3）2030年沙漠化敏感性模拟结果显示未来10年沙漠化敏感性以低度敏感为主要类型（26.43%），沙漠化潜力将大幅下降，生态工程措施将取得一个较好的结果；（4）驱动力分析表明，沙漠化敏感性对气候因素的响应尤为敏感，其中降雨量对沙漠化敏感性分异的解释力最大；在社会经济发展因素中，经济发展水平起主要影响，说明经济水平的提高在一定程度上将影响土地沙漠化敏感性，各驱动因子交互对沙漠化敏感性呈现增强作用，表明沙漠化敏感性的分异是由多种因素共同作用的结果。研究可为半干旱区沙漠化防治和策略的制定提供借鉴。 Abstract:Taking the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the study area, based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) analysis framework and coupled with the spatial distance index model (SDIM), the Land Desertification Sensitivity Evaluation System (LDSES) is constructed. Then combined with the spatio-temporal evolution map of desertification sensitivity, this paper quantitatively discusses the temporal and spatial evolution of land desertification sensitivity in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. At the same time, CA-Markov model is introduced to simulate the future evolution mechanism of desertification sensitivity, and then the geographic detector is used to reveal the characteristics and explanatory power of the main driving factors in the evolution of the first 20 years. The results showed that:(1) the desertification sensitivity of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region showed an increasing trend from the northeast to the southwest. Insensitive areas were located in the forest and grassland areas around Great Khingan and Yin Mountains. Highly sensitive areas were located in sandy land and the Gobi Desert such as the Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, Urumqi Desert, Rambuh Desert, Kubuqi Desert, and Mu Us Desert in the southwest. (2) From the perspective of the temporal and spatial evolution of desertification sensitivity, the areas with improved desertification sensitivity during the study period accounted for 30.65% of the total area. Areas with deteriorating desertification sensitivity accounted for 4.48% of the total area, and areas where the type of desertification sensitivity remained stable accounted for 52.72% of the total area. On the whole, the potential for land desertification is gradually decreasing and the ecological quality of the land was gradually improving. (3) The simulation results of desertification sensitivity in 2030 showed that in the next 10 years, low sensitivity will be the main type (26.43%), the desertification potential will be greatly reduced, and ecological engineering measures will achieve a good result. (4) The driving force analysis showed that the sensitivity of desertification was particularly sensitive to climatic factors, among them, rainfall had the greatest explanatory power for the differentiation of desertification sensitivity. Among the factors of social and economic development, the level of economic development played a major role, indicating that the improvement of economic level would affect the sensitivity of land desertification to a certain extent. And the interaction of various driving factors enhanced the sensitivity of desertification, indicating that the differentiation of desertification sensitivity was the result of a combination of multiple factors. The research can provide reference for the formulation of desertification control and strategies in semi-arid regions. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Construction of wetland ecosystem model framework in Phoenix Mountain National Forest Park Nature Reserve in Harbin and application case studies

Context The wetland ecosystem of Harbin Fenghuangshan National Forest Park Nature Reserve is fragile. Aims To establish a scientific and reasonable model framework for dynamic monitoring and ecological health assessment of wetlands, which is conducive to early warning, protection and management of wetland ecosystems. Methods On the basis of the full consideration of energy flow, material circulation, ecological environment and interspecific relationship, this paper proposed an ecosystem model framework. The pressure–state–response (PSR) model was used to build the evaluation index system of wetland-ecosystem health in Harbin Fenghuangshan National Forest Park. The data of each indicator are extracted and standardised through the analytic hierarchy process. Key results The results showed that the ecosystem pressure index of Harbin Fenghuangshan National Forest Park wetland was 0.52, indicating that it is in a subhealth state. The degree of health was 0.603, indicating a good condition. The comprehensive response index was 0.615, which was a positive response. The comprehensive degree of health was 0.577, indicating a subhealth state. Conclusion and implications The management and protection of wetland ecosystem in Harbin Fenghuangshan National Forest Park need to be strengthened urgently.

Wetlands ecological security assessment in lower reaches of Taoerhe river connected with Nenjiang river using modified PSR model

Over the past two decades, with the implementation of a series of ecological restoration projects and the comprehensive improvement projects of agriculture, most of the ecological environments in Western area of Northeast region have been significantly improved. Therefore nearly all the wetlands have been significantly improved from the perspective of landscape and vegetation cover. In particular, China has just promulgated a Wetland protection law to further promote the concept of wetland protection into society. How safe the wetlands will be after the changes is a priority. The objective of this paper is to construct an improved comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the wetland safety situation based on several types of data. In this paper, a typical wetland area situated in the Momoge National Protected Area is selected, based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the mathematical method of catastrophe progression theory, geographical information system (GIS) approach is involved to improve the model parameters, the ecological security situation within the study area is evaluated from 2000 to 2020. The results show: (i) the ecological security in study area varied nonlinearly, and has been turning worse from 2000 to 2009, while during 2009 to 2020 has been turning better; (ii) the ecological security levels in Momoge wetlands region were in moderate and primary warning during the past two decades, with higher value of ecological security comprehensive index in the middle region and lower value in the east and west region in the area; (iii) the area with lower value of eco-security index is corresponded with the distribution of settlements and river valleys where the the intensity of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) is much wider and deeper than the other area. From above, it is clearly that even within national protected areas, wetlands are mostly at a moderate ecological level and unevenly distributed in study area. Influenced by human factors, wetlands are at a lower security level. From that, wetlands protection only is in the initial stage, and wetlands protection and restoration still has a long way to go.

Assessing the impact of ecological security and forest fire susceptibility on carbon stocks in Bo Trach district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam

An assessment index of landscape ecological security (LES), different from other ecological models namely Pressure-State-Response (PSR), will be more accurate to capture temporal and geographic changes in landscape as well as ecosystem resilience and resistance to interference. In the present study, the impact of ecological security and forest fires on the carbon stock of forests in Bo Trach district, Quang Binh province, central Vietnam was evaluated and analyzed based on remote sensing data and a hybrid model of ant colony optimization (ACO) and neuro-fuzzy system (NFS). The present study indicated that forest fires are generally high throughout the study area, concentrating on areas exposed to and affected by human reclamation and production activities. The artificial neural network (ANN) model based on principal component analysis (PCA) combined Sentinel-1A data performed a higher prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.74), being much greater than biomass estimation using optical data. It reveals that there is a reliability in estimating the aboveground carbon stocks (AGCs) from the aboveground biomass (AGB). The calculated data suggest the AGCs in the study area is high, but these parameters will loss severely in the coming years due to the nature and humans impacts. These results show that utilizing remote sensing combined with PCA-ANN model would have increased the accuracy of forest fire susceptibility, and detected assessment of the LES and forest fires on the AGCs. The above obtainings supply helpful information for managers and forest rangers to guard the forests in the study area better, and to limit human encroachment, thereby offering actions that contribute to sustainable development.

Study on Urban Land Ecological Security Pattern and Obstacle Factors in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Land ecological security is the material basis of the sustainable development of human society. The coordinated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is a major national strategy of China. Land ecological security is of great significance to the coordinated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and the maintenance of China’s ecological security. In this paper, the pressure–state–response (PSR) model is used to construct an evaluation index system of land ecological security, an entropy-weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used to calculate the land ecological security index in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, and an obstacle degree model is used to reveal the obstacle factors. The results show that the overall level of land ecological security in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was low, and that the security level presented a pattern of “high in the north and low in the south”. The land ecological security level was mainly affected by the state subsystem and response subsystem, and the average index of the pressure subsystem was 0.543, which reached the safe state. The main obstacle factors are per capita grassland area, per capita forest area, green land rate of built-up area, urbanization rate, per capita cultivated land, etc. This study provides a theoretical basis for the construction of the land ecological security system, sustainable utilization of land resources and regional sustainable development in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and promotes the formation of a benign circulation pattern of land ecosystem and effective prevention and control of land ecological and environmental risks in the region.

Evaluation and Prediction of Land Use Ecological Security in the Kashgar Region Based on Grid GIS

Predicting trends in land use/cover change (LUCC) and assessing future ecological security (ES) can help effectively balance regional ecological conservation and economic development. In this study, a land use simulation model was used to predict the spatial-temporal variation in land use in Kashgar in 2030 under three scenarios (inertial development, agricultural land protection, and forest and rangeland conservation). Subsequently, by combining the pressure–state–response model and predicted land use, the ES of the Kashgar region in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were evaluated. We found that (1) only agricultural land and built-up land in the Kashgar region increased from 2000–2020 by 4174.79 and 434.44 km2, respectively. (2) The area of the region belonging to a generally safe level or above decreased from 38.36% in 2000 to 36.89% in 2010 and then increased to 37.71% in 2020. (3) In 2030, the ES status under the three scenarios will be improved, among which the agricultural land protection scenario corresponds to the best ES status. This research is valuable for deeply understanding the interaction mechanism between LUCC and ES in typical artificial oases in arid areas of the Kashgar region and sustaining relatively stable internal structures and socioeconomic activities in the arid oasis of the Kashgar region.