Pressure-State-Response Research Articles

Evaluation of the implementation of marine functional zoning in China based on the PSR-AHP model

A comprehensive evaluation of marine functional zoning (MFZ) implementation has aided in further strengthening marine comprehensive management. This evaluation is significant for summarizing the implementation experience, zoning establishment improvement and perfecting the zoning system. In this study, the MFZ evaluation index system, which includes three first-level indicators, 7 s-level indexes, and 23 third-level indexes, was arranged based on the systematic nature and hierarchy of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) analysis framework involving pressure (P), state (S) and response (R). The Delphi and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) methods were used to determine the weight of each evaluation index. The results revealed that the status index has the greatest weight, indicating that zoning implementation benefits and sea use efficiency are important in the MFZ implementation evaluation standard. Then, the PSR-AHP model was constructed and applied first to MFZ evaluation in China. The MFZ comprehensive evaluation value, calculated using the geometric average method, was 0.79 (medium), which revealed that the zoning implementation achieves the desired objectives. However, MFZ implementation evaluation requires further strengthening. Subsequently, suggestions were made to strengthen the evaluation theories and research methods. Simultaneously, the MFZ evaluation system was established in this paper to provide new ideas for MFZ implementation evaluation and management.

Regional Land Eco-Security Evaluation for the Mining City of Daye in China Using the GIS-Based Grey TOPSIS Method

Regional ecological security assessment is a significant methodology for environmental protection, land utilisation, and human development. This study aims to reveal the regional constraints of ecological resources to overcome the difficulties and complexities in quantification of current models used in land ecosystems. For this purpose, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) was linked to a grey relational analysis and integrated with a geographic information system. The obtained method was used to construct a land eco-security evaluation on a regional scale for application in a traditional mining city, Daye, in central China. Parameter analysis was introduced to the method to produce a more realistic spatial distribution of eco-security. Subsequently, based on the pressure–state–response framework, the eco-security index was calculated, and the carrying capacity of land resources and population for each sub-region were analysed. The results showed that: (i) very insecure and insecure classes comprised 5.65% and 18.2% of the total area, respectively, highlighting the vulnerable eco-environmental situation; (ii) moderate secure classes areas comprised a large amount of arable land, spanning an area of 494.5 km2; (iii) secure areas were distributed in the northwest, containing mostly water and wetland areas and accounting for 426.3 km2; and (iv) very secure areas were located on the southeastern region, involving traditional woodland with a better vegetation cover and an overall higher eco-environmental quality. In addition, for each sub-region, the extremely low and low ecological security areas were mainly arable and urban lands, which amounted to 305 and 190 km2, respectively. Under the current ecological constraints, sub-region 1 cannot continue supporting the population size in Daye City. The present results demonstrate the accuracy of our methodology, and our method may be used by local managers to make effective decisions for regional environment protection and sustainable use of land resources.

Landscape changes and their ecological effects of Miaodao Archipelago with human disturbances and under natural conditions in the past 30 years

The modern landscape patterns of islands usually show obvious spatial heterogeneity and complex ecological effects due to the vulnerability of ecosystems with natural characteristics under increasing human activities. In this work, we studied the variation in landscape pattern of the Miaodao Archipelago in Bohai Sea, North China, from 1990 to 2019, and an evaluation index system was established to explore the impacts of natural conditions and human disturbances on the ecological effects in the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. Empirical analysis was conducted on the natural conditions, human disturbances, and ecological effects. The results show that forest was the main component of the landscape pattern in the archipelago. Both of the areas of forest and construction land were increasing, and the areas of cropland and grassland were declining. Other landscape types changed slightly, and the landscape fragmentation was increasing. The natural condition exhibited positive effects while human disturbance showed negative effects on the local ecology. Human disturbances come mainly from shoreline use while the natural conditions were mainly from the elevation change. The ecological effects were resulted mainly from the net primary productivity and water yield.

Study on the spatial-temporal differences and evolution of ecological security in the typical area of the Loess Plateau.

The development and utilization of energy in the Loess Plateau has caused a wide range of ecological security issues, and Yan'an has become a typical area for ecological security research on the Loess Plateau. Ecological security evaluation research can provide data support and scientific reference value for the sustainable development, which is of great significance to the overall social and economic development of the region. In this study, the pressure-state-response (PSR) model was used to establish the evaluation index system in the evaluation of ecological security in Yan'an region (YAR), then the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to determine the internal index weight of each element, and finally the ecological security index value (ESI) was calculated. The GIS technology was used to simulate the distribution map of ecological security in YAR and then analyzed the temporal and spatial changes and evolution of ecological security in YAR. The results showed that from 1997 to 2016, the ecological security in the western part of Luochuan County and the eastern part of Yanchuan County was still very high, while the ecological security index was relatively low in the southern part of Huanglong County. The ecological security index of Baota District had increased significantly, from 1.85 in 1997 to 2.76 in 2016. The proportion of III and IV ecological security regions had increased significantly, and the ecological security of the entire YAR was generally in a good situation. This study could clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics of ecological security and provided some reference for the study of ecological security evolution in typical regions of the Loess Plateau.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Marine Environment Changes: A Case Study in Laizhou Bay and Its Adjacent Waters, China

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity identifications of marine environment and its changes have great significances in marine spatial planning and offshore pollution control. In this study, considering the integration of marine ecological environment and sea-land interaction, we built a spatialized evaluation model named Marine Environment Change Spatial Assessment (MECSA) to quantify the marine environment status and changes. In MECSA, we applied the geospatial model and the pressure-state-response (PSR) model for processing and integrating evaluation indicators. A case study in the Laizhou Bay showed that the marine environment quality was generally in a declining state from 2009 to 2015. In 2015, the Marine Environment Index (MEI) had decreased by 0.1 compared with 2009, although the two years all reached a ‘Good’ level. The spatial MEI layers of the two years showed a same distribution: the southwestern part was in poorer status, with a fan ring shape gradually getting better to the northeast. The Marine Organisms Response Index (MORI) contributed the most to the MEI. Therefore, future marine environmental assessment and spatial planning should focus on the identification the marine environment with its changes from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity and systemicity. Based on single indicators and comprehensive evaluation results, we can propose spatially targeted policies and recommendations scientifically.

南水北调中线工程水源地南阳市生态安全评价研究

以南水北调中线工程水源地南阳市为研究区，结合统计数据与遥感数据，基于GIS平台和压力-状态-响应（Pressure-State-Response，PSR）模型，选取了16个关键指标，从生态压力、生态状态和生态响应3个方面构建了生态安全评价体系。对2000年、2010年和2015年南阳市-丹江口水库汇水区-水渠缓冲区3个维度的生态安全水平进行评价，并对其时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000年、2010年和2015年，南阳市生态安全指数（Ecological Security Index，ESI）均值分别为48.88、49.76、50.60，丹江口水库汇水区ESI均值分别为51.52、52.80、53.70，干渠周边ESI均值分别为47.98、49.57、51.02，均呈现缓慢增加的趋势，总体上南阳市生态安全水平有所改善。（2）从空间来看，南阳市生态安全水平总体上呈现出西北高、东南低的空间分布特征。2000—2015年，南阳市西部地区整体呈现增加趋势，而东部地区整体呈减小趋势。（3）南阳市各行政单元生态安全水平具有明显的区域差异。2000—2015年，ESI均值最大的是淅川县，最小的是新野县，处于一般安全的区县共6个，较低安全水平的县区共6个。淅川县、内乡县、邓州市和市辖区生态安全水平有所提高，社旗县生态安全水平明显下降。（4）南阳市生态安全水平与生态状态指标的相关性整体较高，与生态响应指标的相关性较低。研究结果可为南水北调水源区其他城市的生态安全建设和规划提供参考。;Combining the statistical data and the remote sensing data in Nanyang, China, the water source of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer, we selected 16 key indicators to construct ecological security assessment system from three aspects of ecological pressure, ecological status and ecological response.. This system was established by GIS platform and Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. We evaluated the ecological safety level of the three dimensions of Nanyang City-Danjiangkou Reservoir Catchment Area-Water Canal Buffer Zone in 2000, 2010 and 2015, and analyzed its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics. Results showed:(1) In 2000, 2010 and 2015, the mean values of the Ecological Security Index (ESI) of Nanyang City were 48.88, 49.76, and 50.60, respectively. The mean values of ESI in the catchment area of the Danjiangkou Reservoir were 51.52, 52.80, and 53.70, respectively.The average ESI values of the buffer zone of main canal were 47.98, 49.57, 51.02. Resculs have shown a slow increase trend, and the overall ecological security level of Nanyang City has improved. (2) From a spatial perspective, the ecological security level of Nanyang City from 2000 to 2015 showed a trend of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The western region of Nanyang showed an overall increasing trend, and the eastern showed a decreasing trend. (3) There are obvious regional differences in the ecological security level of various administrative units in Nanyang City. From 2000 to 2015, the largest average ESI was Xichuan County, and the smallest was Xinye County. There were 6 districts in general safety levels, and 6 districts in lower safety levels. The level of ecological security of Xichuan, Neixiang, Dengzhou and Nanyang city area have been significantly improved. The level of ecological security in Sheqi County has been significantly reduced. (4) The overall correlation between the ecological security level of Nanyang and the ecological status indicators is relatively high, but the correlation with the ecological response indicators is low. The research results can provide references for the ecological safety construction and planning of other cities in the water source area of the South-to-North Water Diversion.

北方寒冷干旱地区内陆湖泊生态安全评价指标体系研究——以呼伦湖为例

呼伦湖作为我国北方寒冷干旱地区内陆湖泊的典型代表，在涵养水源、调节气候、防风固沙及维系呼伦贝尔草原生态系统平衡乃至我国北方生态安全屏障等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。准确识别呼伦湖流域主要生态安全问题、完善其生态安全评价指标体系对于科学研判呼伦湖生态环境状况、维持区域可持续发展及精准实施底线管控政策具有重要意义。在遥感影像、地面调查、实验模拟等多尺度数据分析基础上，结合历史资料收集、专家咨询、部门访谈等方式分析识别了呼伦湖区域生态安全问题及成因：（1）气候暖干化及超载放牧等因素使得草地退化显著，土地沙化、盐碱化面积扩大；（2）草原退化增加了干草入湖、大气干湿沉降及水土流失等水环境污染负荷；（3）气候暖干化造成湿地萎缩，加之长期的过度捕捞等人类活动使得渔业资源枯竭、鱼类小型化特征显著，水生生态系统稳定性下降，蓝藻水华频发。在全面诊断分析区域生态安全问题的基础上，以山水林田湖草系统方法论为理论指导，以改善呼伦湖流域生态环境质量为核心目标，依据评价指标的针对性、科学性、可操作性及系统性原则，采用压力-状态-响应（Pressure-State-Response，PSR）模型，以气象条件、人口、水资源、水环境压力及人类活动等5个一级指标构成的压力子系统，以水环境状况、水生态状况、陆域生态状况、生态系统服务功能和敏感性、景观格局及生态风险等6个指标构成的状态子系统，以生态治理措施及生态治理投入等2个指标构成的响应子系统，共同组成了一套包含13个一级指标38个二级指标的天空地一体、陆湖统筹的生态安全评价指标体系，以期为呼伦湖及北方寒冷干旱区类似湖泊的生态安全评价研究提供借鉴。;Hulun Lake, as a typical representative of inland lakes in the cold and arid areas of northern China, plays an irreplaceable role in water conservation, climate regulation, windbreak, and sand fixation. This lake maintains balance in the Hulun Buir grassland ecosystem and even the ecological-security barrier of northern China. Thus, identifying the main ecological-security problems in Hulun Lake Basin and improving its ecological-security evaluation index system are highly significant. The obtained data can be used for the scientific research and assessment of the ecological environment status of Hulun Lake, the maintenance of regional sustainable development, and the accurate implementation of bottom-line management and control policy.Based on remote-sensing imagery, ground survey, experimental simulation, and other multi-scale data analyses, this paper aims to analyze and identify the ecological-security problems of Hulun Lake area and their causes by combining historical data collection, expert consultation, and department interview. The results are as follows:(1) warm and dry climate, overgrazing, and other factors induce significant grassland degeneration, so land desertification and salinization area expand. (2) grassland degradation increases water-pollution load, such as hay into lake, atmospheric dry and wet settlement, and soil erosion. (3) climate warming and drying cause wetland shrinkage. Long-term overfishing and other human activities lead to the depletion of fishery resources and significant fish miniaturization. Consequently, the stability of aquatic ecosystem is reduced, and blue-green algal blooms occur frequently. Based on the comprehensive diagnosis and analysis of regional ecological-security problems, together with theoretical guidance by the methodology of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, and grass-system methodology, and improving the ecological environment quality of Hulun Lake basin as the core goal, the pressure-state-response (PSR) model is adopted in the present study according to the principles of focalization, scientific nature, operability, and systematicness of evaluation indices. The pressure subsystem comprises five first-class indicators, namely, meteorological conditions, population, water resources, water environment pressure, and human activities. The state subsystem comprises six indicators, namely, water environment, water ecology, land ecosystem, ecosystem service function and sensitivity, landscape pattern, and ecological risk. The response subsystem comprises two indicators, namely, ecological-management measures and ecological-management investment. Then, they jointly form an ecological-security evaluation index system with the integration of sky and land and the overall planning of land and lake, which includes 13 first-class indicators and 38 second-class indicators, to serve as a reference for studying the ecological-security evaluation of Hulun Lake and similar lakes in cold and arid areas.

Ecological Security Assessment Based on Remote Sensing and Landscape Ecology Model

The various ecological processes of human beings are not only restricted by the landscape pattern on the regional scale but also affect the local and regional landscape together with global climate change. To date, most of the research on ecological security is based on the pressure‐state‐response (PSR) model, while there were a few studies based on the landscape ecology model approach. In addition, there has been little literature focus on the dynamic change process of ecological security, especially the simulation and prediction of the future development trend of ecological security. The purpose of this research is to establish a landscape ecological security evaluation method based on grid division, be aimed at breaking the inherent drawbacks of the administrative region as a unit mode approach, anticipated to better reflect the landscape ecological security status of the study area. A complex framework was constructed by integrating random forest algorithm, Fishnet model, landscape ecology model, and CA‐Markov model. Multitemporal remote sensing data were selected as a data source, and land use maps of the study area were obtained through the random forest machine learning algorithm firstly. And then, the study area is divided into 307 grids of 2 km × 2 km using the Fishnet model. Next, the landscape disturbance index, landscape vulnerability index, and landscape loss index are used on the grid scale to establish a landscape ecological security evaluation model. Finally, ecological security assessment of Zhengzhou city was carried out, and the distribution map of the landscape ecological status in 1986, 1996, 2006, 2016, and predicted for 2026 was obtained. The results of the study showed that, as time goes by, the areas with high ecological safety gradually decrease. It is predicted that by 2026, the ecological security level of Zhengzhou will be dominated by lower ecological security areas. The research results can provide basic information and decision support for government agencies and land use planners to ensure responsible and sustainable development of the urban environment and ecology.

Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Optimization of Industrial Park Customers Based on PSR Model and Improved Grey-TOPSIS Method

Energy efficiency evaluation of industrial park customers is carried out to help customers develop optimization strategies and improve the energy efficiency level. The evaluation indexes are proposed based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the redundant indexes are selected by combining principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis. Thus the dynamic energy efficiency index system is constructed. The weight of indexes is calculated by the entropy weight method (EWM). An energy efficiency evaluation model based on improved Grey-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed, which replaces the Euclidean distance by weighted grey correlation degree and can accurately evaluate customers’ energy efficiency level. An energy efficiency optimization model is proposed, which can maximize optimization benefits while improving energy efficiency. The validity of the evaluation and optimization models is verified by the case study of an industrial park.

Evaluation of conservation effectiveness of Lake Shengjin, lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 1989-2019

湿地保护有效性是实施湿地保护政策与措施后，湿地生态系统质量、健康与受胁情况的反映，是对保护目标的衡量.生态压力是影响湿地保护目标实现的重要因素，因此可以从湿地生态系统压力、状态和响应角度评价湿地保护有效性.本文以升金湖湿地为研究对象，以0.01°×0.01°经纬格网为评价单元，选择10项负向指标、5项正向指标，通过压力-状态-响应模型构建指标体系，格网赋分评价升金湖1989—2019年30年间的保护有效性.结果表明：升金湖湿地保护有效性呈下降趋势，非常有效等级格网单元占比由32.50%下降到11.07%，保护无效等级由3.57%增加到8.57%，30年间保护有效性等级中等均占较大比例，保护无效等级占比均最小；从功能区看，30年间3个功能区保护有效性均下降，保护有效性为核心区>缓冲区>实验区；从行政单元看，一些地点如长安村、东湖村、六联村、塘和村、白联村等地的保护有效性较低，主要分布在缓冲区与实验区，存在的主要生态压力是围垦.不同时期影响升金湖湿地保护有效性的主要生态压力因子不同，1989年围垦现象较突出，1999年围坝现象较突出，而2009年围网现象突出，至2019年围网拆除后，围垦和围坝问题仍没有得到充分解决.建议将格网作为管理单元，落实到行政单元，通过河长制、湖长制和林长制加强属地管理，管控生态压力，增强湿地保护地的管理及保护有效性.;Effectiveness of wetland conservation is a reflection of the quality, health and threatened situation of wetland ecosystem after the implementation of wetland conservation policies and measures, and also an important reflection of the degree of achievement of wetland protected goals. Ecological pressure is an important factor affecting the realization of the wetland protected goals. It can be evaluated from the perspective of wetland ecological pressure, state, and response. Lake Shengjin is a typical floodplain lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which has been facing ecological pressure caused by human factors for a long time, which has seriously affected the achievement of wetland protection goals. In this paper, Lake Shengjin was taken as the research object, and the 0.01°×0.01° longitude and latitude grids were taken as the evaluation units. Ten negative indices and five positive indices were selected in this area. The index system of conservation effectiveness was established based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model that can be used to evaluate the conservation effectiveness of Lake Shengjin in the past 30 years from 1989 to 2019. Results show that the conservation effectiveness has declined in the past 30 years, with the proportion of very effective level grid units decreased from 32.50% to 11.07%, and the ineffective conservation level increased from 3.57% to 8.57%, and the middle level accounted for a large proportion, and the proportion of ineffective level was the least in all the 30 years. From the perspective of functional aeras, the conservation effectiveness of the three functional areas decreased in the past 30 years, and the conservation effectiveness of the core zone is higher than that of the buffer zone and experimental zone. From the perspective of the administrative village units, some sites have low conservation effectiveness, such as Chang'an Village in Dongliu Town, Donghu Village, Liulian Village, Tanghe Village, Bailian Village in Zhangxi Town, and these villages mainly distributed in the buffer zone and experimental zone, and the main ecological pressure is reclamation, and these villages need to strengthen the supervision of ecological pressure. The dominant ecological pressure factors in different periods are different over the past 30 years. The main ecological pressures were reclamation in 1989, dikes in 1999, purse seine in 2009, and still the original reclamation and dikes after removing the purse seine in 2019. It is suggested that the grid monitoring and management unit should be implemented into the administrative unit, and the apanage management should be strengthened through establishing the management system of the river, lake, and forest chief, to control the ecological pressure and enhance the management and conservation effectiveness of wetland protected areas.

Resilience Assessment of Urban Emergency Management for Emergencies

In recent years, urban emergency management and urban resilience have gradually become the main focus of research on the sustainable development of cities in the future due to the huge impact brought by the outbreak of epidemics and urban emergencies. Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, this study attempts to longitudinal evaluate the time series of Xuhui District in Shanghai from the pressure layer, state layer and response layer. Based on the understanding of the current situation of the city and the change trend of the past years in advance, and combining with the urban evaluation system, a scientific conclusion is drawn that the resilience of Xuhui District of Shanghai is declining year by year, which provides a scientific basis for the decision-making of urban future development and urban resource allocation.

九寨沟自然保护区生态安全动态评价及障碍因子

生态安全是国家安全体系的重要基石，自然保护区在涵养水源、维持生态平衡等方面发挥着重要作用，可有效缓解社会快速发展对自然环境的破坏，是维持区域生物多样性的重要安全屏障。九寨沟自然保护区地处生态脆弱敏感区，在自然灾害和人类活动叠加影响下的生态安全状况备受各界关注。基于此，采用PSR模型和障碍因子分析法，从资源环境、人类活动、社会经济等方面选取23项指标构建评价体系，综合评价九寨沟保护区20年来的生态安全动态变化，探明主要影响因素。研究表明：（1）2001-2019年九寨沟生态安全指数呈曲折上升趋势，从0.7933增加至0.8623，其中压力和状态安全指数呈波动下降趋势，响应指数呈逐年波动上升趋势。（2）总体而言，保护区处于"安全"状态，仅个别年份受地质灾害影响，降至"临界安全"水平，安全等级演变历程为"安全-临界安全-安全-临界安全-安全"。（3）保护区生态安全的障碍主要来自于响应层，主要障碍指标为保护区居民数年增长率（C2）、地质灾害发生次数（C6）和法律完善程度（C22），障碍度分别为12.63%、10.53%和9.47%。（4）随着灾害防治措施和管理体制的不断优化完善，最大障碍因子经历了由法律完善程度（C22）、污水处理设施完善程度（C20）和地质灾害防控措施完善程度（C17）到地质灾害发生次数（C6）、保护区居民数年增长率（C2）的变化。未来需加大环境保护投入力度、提升灾害防治技术和保护管理应对措施，进一步优化社区共管体制，探索自然保护与社区居民和谐可持续发展的科学路径，稳步提升九寨沟保护区生态安全水平。;Ecological security is an important cornerstone of the national security system. Nature reserves are important safety barriers to maintain regional biodiversity, which play an important role in water conservation and ecological balance, and can effectively alleviate the damage of social development to the natural environment. Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve is located in a sensitive area, the ecological security status of the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve under the impact of natural disasters and human activities has attracted much attention. On the basis of comprehension and analysis of eco-security, 23 assessment indexes were selected by the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model and obstacle factors analysis from the aspects of natural environment, human activities and social economy to evaluate the ecological security status of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve and identify the main obstacle index of Jiuzhaigou from 2001 to 2019. The results show that (1) the level of ecological security in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve has been gradually improved from 2001 to 2019, with the index increasing from 0.7933 to 0.8623. Among them, the pressure and state index indicated a downward trend of fluctuations, and the response index presented an upward trend. (2) In general, Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve was in a safety state, and only a few years were affected by geological disasters and fell to the critical safety level. The evolution of the safety level is in the order of safety, critically safety, safety, critically safety and safety. (3) In criteria layer, the main obstacle of the ecological security came from the pressure layer, and the main obstacle index were the annual growth rate of residents in nature reserve (C2), the frequency of geological disasters (C6) and the degree of legal revision (C22), with the degree of obstacles 12.63%, 10.53% and 9.47%, respectively. (4) With the improvement of disaster prevention and management system, the main obstacle factors changed from the degree of legal revision (C22), the degree of sewage treatment (C20) and the degree of geological disaster prevention (C17) to the frequency of geological disasters (C6) and the annual growth rate of residents in nature reserve (C2). To improve the ecological security, the environmental investment should be increased, environmental protection intensified, prevention of natural disasters improved. At the same time, measures should be taken to optimize the system of community co-management, explore the scientific path for harmonious and sustainable development of natural protection and community residents, and steadily improve the level of ecological safety of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve.

Green Development Assessment of a Stainless-steel Industrial Park Based on Material Flow Analysis (MFA)

Based on the material flow analysis method, the green development index system of industrial park was constructed. By using the PSR model, 13 indexes were divided into pressure layer, state layer and response layer, the indexes were standardized, weight distribution and synthesis. The green development level of industrial park was divided into 5 grades combined with the pressure state response factors. The results show that the energy consumption per unit industrial output of a stainless-steel industrial park is 0.7116 tons of standard coal per million yuan, the water consumption per unit industrial output is 6.1466 cubic meters per million yuan, the wastewater discharge per unit industrial added value is 3.12 tons per million yuan, the reduction rate of carbon emissions per unit industrial added value is 19.53%, and the green development index is 0.65, which belongs to the third level of green development. The problems are reflected in particulate emission, resource recycling, energy efficiency, industrial structure, and park greening. In the future, the stainless-steel industrial park should focus on industrial restructuring and transformation, environmental protection infrastructure construction, new policy guidance, and ecological environment construction of the park.

Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Ecological Security Pattern: A Case Study of Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration.

Urbanization adversely affects the ecological environment and reduces the quality of life in China. In view of the current situation, this study aims to determine the dynamics of the ecological security pattern of urban agglomerations using the Yangtze River urban agglomeration (YRUA) as a case study. We used the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework to establish an ecological security assessment system, combined with the technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method and gray correlation method, to estimate a comprehensive ecological security index, and we analyzed its evolution trends and driving mechanisms. The results indicated that the distribution of the regional ecological security level had a linked effect and that industrial pollutants posed the greatest threat to ecological security. Moreover, the main factors affecting the YRUA were urbanization, ecopathology, economic development, population pressure, land pressure, and water resource pressure. For the protection of ecological security, it is necessary to establish an ecological security governance mechanism. Moreover, the study stresses changing the traditional sewage discharge model and establishing an ecologically safe market system. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:573-583. © 2020 SETAC.

Research on ecological environment impact assessment based on PSR and cloud theory in Dari county, source of the Yellow River

Abstract In order to reasonably evaluate the ecological environment of Dari County in the source region of the Yellow River, the characteristics and actual conditions of Dari County's ecological environment are taken into account, and the principles of representativeness, scientificity, operability and systematicness of index are followed. An evaluation index system is established for Dari County based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) conceptual framework. Combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the cloud model, an ecological environment evaluation model for Dari County is established, and the ecological environment of Dari County is quantitatively evaluated. The model organically combines the ambiguity and randomness of the uncertainty concept. It not only describes the ambiguity of the evaluation level with a membership function, but also considers the randomness of the membership itself using the concept of superentropy, which is more in line with the actual evaluation object. The results indicate that the ecological situation of Dari County is in a ‘general’ state that should be urgently protected for sustainable development, and land degradation is the most important factor affecting the ecological environment of Dari County.

Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China

Urban agglomeration is the core area of not only regional economic development and urbanization but also human–land contradiction. Based on the population–economy–society–spatial model and the pressure–state–response model, this study develops an evaluation index system for the urbanization and eco-environment of 13 urban agglomerations in China. The urbanization index and eco-environment index are determined using the coefficient of variation method. The coupled coordination of the two indices is measured with the coupled coordination model, and the influence of the indicator factors is calculated with a geographical detector. The results reveal the following: (1) The urbanization indices of the 13 urban agglomerations in China increase year by year, and the spatial distribution pattern is high in the east and low in the west. (2) The eco-environment index shows an “S-shaped” variation trend, and the spatial difference between urban agglomerations gradually decreases. (3) The coupled coordination is mainly characterized as a mild imbalance, and the spatial distribution pattern is “balance in the east and imbalance in the west”. (4) The coupled coordination degree between urbanization and eco-environment is affected by many factors. Among such factors, economic urbanization, social urbanization, spatial urbanization, and eco-environment response are the main controlling factors. The impact of population urbanization, eco-environment pressure, and eco-environment state presents a gradual increase.

Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Coastal Cities along the Yangtze River Based on PSR Model

Xu, M.; Chen, M.; Li, Y., and Jiang, Y., 2020. Analysis of water resources carrying capacity of coastal cities along the Yangtze River based on PSR model. In: Wan, Z. (ed.), Coordinated Sustainable Development in Coastal Areas: Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 109, pp. 110–113. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The coastal cities along the Yangtze River are relatively rich in water resources but the economy is developed, therefore the contradiction between economic society and water resources still exists. According to the characteristics of coastal cities along the Yangtze River, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for water resources carrying capacity based on the Pressure-State-Response(PSR) framework. Based on typical examples of Nantong City's 2010-2018 relevant index data, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and with the help of YAAHP software, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) There are pressure state response mechanisms in each element of the water resources carrying capacity system of coastal cities along the Yangtze River. The key to the operation of the system is the limit of water resources carrying capacity. 2) Domestic water demand has the greatest impact on water resources carrying capacity. Domestic water demand has the greatest impact on the carrying capacity of water resources, but in the allocation of water resources, it is important to optimize the production water use of the industrial economy and provide sufficient funds to guarantee.3) During the period of 2010-2018 in Nantong City, with the development of industrial economy, the discharge of industrial wastewater was significantly reduced. Moreover, the investment in the treatment of industrial pollution, especially industrial waste water pollution, has been significantly increased, and the carrying capacity of water resources has been constantly optimized.

Ecological security evaluation of marine ranching with AHP-entropy-based TOPSIS: A case study of Yantai, China

In response to deterioration of the marine environment and depletion of marine resources, governments around the world have developed marine ranching to conserve fishery resources and restore degraded marine environments. Marine ranching ecological security (MRES) reflects whether the ecosystem has the ability to recover from a certain extent of threats and maintaining a healthy state. In this study, an MRES index system was developed based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model, and the AHP-entropy–based TOPSIS method was established to evaluate the MRES. Seven national marine ranching enterprises and four provincial marine ranching enterprises in Yantai were studied using the developed method. The research findings demonstrated that the overall level of MRES in Yantai is relatively low. The MRES performances of the marine ranching enterprises varied substantially. Among 11 investigated marine ranching enterprises, 18% were in the security status, 18% were in the relative insecurity status, and 64% were in the extreme insecurity status. The pressure subsystem had the lowest security index, and it therefore requires more attention. The national marine ranching enterprises generally performed better than the provincial marine ranching enterprises. The assessment of MRES can provide a scientific basis for marine ranching management and ensure that it plays a more effective role in ecological restoration.

Assessment and forecasting of eco-environmental early-warning system for shale gas production in a pressure-state-response framework

ABSTRACT Shale gas plays a significant strategic role in improving energy security and optimizing the energy mix for China. However, the potential environmental impacts are becoming an extremely serious problem with the rapid development of shale gas in China. This paper presents how to select and optimize a set of tailored eco-environmental early-warning indicators coupled with subjective and objective methods in a pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. An early-warning methodology is proposed based on the composite index method and gray prediction model to assess and predict eco-environmental problems of shale gas production. Meanwhile, the early-warning signals are designed based on the status quo of Changning shale gas play, one of the most favorable plays in China, which could send the different signals timely once the early-warning tipping points are broken. We find that Changning shale gas play had a severe warning with yellow signals from 2018 to 2019 and red signals from 2020 to 2023, and the projects have to be stopped if there are no more powerful and effective actions since 2020. The positive effects at the response level cannot offset the increasing negative influences at the pressure level, and methane emissions might be the potent greenhouse gas when extracting shale gas. The results show that the workers or managers on site could take more proactive actions and make better decisions to curb environment deterioration since the early-warning system is more practical and easier to understand and use for non-experts in practice.

Reviewing the measurement methods for Green Development in Cities – a proposal for Polish cities

Abstract The issues of sustainable and green development is becoming more important, both in scientific analyses and in city policies. The aim of this article was to attempt to create The Green Polish Cities Index. The Index consists of two main parts - Sustainable Development and Green Development, and was based on a review of previous indices and the OECD typology - the PSR (pressure-state-response) model. The article compares and critically analyzes 6 indices used by the European Environment Agency, OECD or other European Units. The selection of indices was connected with a wide application and the diversity of variables used. In total, 226 variables were analysed. Due to a lack of comparative research for Polish cities, The Green Polish Cities Index was constructed. The Index consists of 31 variables representing the most important dimensions of a green and sustainable city. The availability of data and specific conditions of Polish cities were taken into account. An overview of indices and preparation of The Green Polish Cities Index led to the conclusion that implementation of the green city idea under Polish conditions requires, amongst other things, greater cooperation between the Central Statistical Office, universities and city decision-makers.