Preservation Of Memory Research Articles

Preferential preservation of constructional praxis delayed recall compared to word list delayed recall in the Amish

While studying cognition in the Amish, we have observed strong performance on the constructional praxis delayed recall (CPDR) as compared to other cognitive tests, independent of overall cognitive status. This may indicate a preferential preservation of visuoconstructive memory in this population. Here, we investigate this by comparing the CPDR to the word list delayed recall (WLDR) while controlling for relationship, genetic risk of Alzheimer disease, and other covariates.Amish individuals > 65 years of age (mean age=82) in Indiana/Ohio were examined (n=512) and assigned by consensus review to Normal, MCI/Borderline, or Impaired cognitive status. Paired t-tests were used to compare the CPDR and WLDR Z-scores. Using genome-wide genotype data, a kinship matrix and principal components (PCs) estimating population substructure were calculated. Genetic Risk Scores (GRS) were also calculated using genome-wide significant variants from Kunkle et al. (2019), weighted by log odds ratio estimates. Using linear regression adjusting for relatedness, we modeled the contribution of GRS, PC1, PC2, cognitive status, age, sex, and education level to the difference between the CPDR and WLDR Z-scores.We found a significantly better performance on CPDR over WLDR in every cognitive status group, with this difference between Z-scores being 1.02 units for Normal, 1.72 units for MCI/Borderline, and 1.58 units for Impaired. Linear regression of this difference in Z-scores found significant associations with age, sex, and cognitive status. The effect size of cognitive status was 0.65 units for MCI/Borderline and 0.50 units for Impaired, with Normal as the reference category. This indicates that MCI/Borderline and Impaired individuals have a significantly larger gap between CPDR and WLDR Z-scores than Normal individuals.These results suggest that the Amish may preserve memory of constructional praxis relative to word list, especially in MCI/Borderline and Impaired individuals. This indicates that impaired Amish individuals, including those with Alzheimer disease, may decline at a slower rate in visuoconstructive memory than other domains. Genetic Risk Score was not significantly associated with this preferential preservation of constructional praxis, suggesting that it may not be explained by known risk genes. This warrants further studies to identify genetic and other factors associated with this preferential preservation.

Sex differences in the therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin receptor signaling in a rat model of vascular cognitive impairment.

We recently demonstrated a de novo upregulation of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in astrocytes located in the peri-infarct region of both male and female subjects who died with vascular dementia (multi-infarct subtype). OXTR activation has been linked to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic signaling, suggesting that OXTR upregulation is a novel protective target for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and perhaps stroke more generally. To test this hypothesis, we modeled OXTR upregulation in a novel rat model for VCID. Four month-old spontaneously hypertensive, stroke prone rats (n = 68; 38 male, 30 female) were randomized to receive frontal cortical injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV, serotype 6) bearing either OXTR or green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA under control of the astroglial-specific GFAP promoter (n = 34/group), followed by randomization to receive injections of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) or saline vehicle in the same frontal cortical surgical site (n = 17/group, balanced for sex). Following behavioral testing, rats were analyzed postmortem for infarction lesion size and cerebrovascular pathology including white matter damage. Current studies are investigating several mechanistic indices including markers for cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress. No significant differences were observed among the groups in the open field test or the Barnes maze. By contrast, rats receiving AAV-OXTR and ET-1 spent approximately twice as much time exploring novel versus familiar objects in the novel object recognition task compared to rats receiving AAV-GFP and ET-1 (p = 0.039). Further analysis revealed that this preservation of object recognition memory was limited to the male animals (p = 0.032), with no differences in the females (p = 0.847). Postmortem histological analysis revealed a significant ∼50% reduction in infarct size in OXTR/ET-1 compared to GFP/ET-1 rats (p = 0.022), which was driven by the male animals (p = 0.014) when compared to the female animals (p = 0.527). White matter density among the groups was equivalent (p = 0.631). These data support the concept that targeting the OXTR may have a disease-modifying benefit for VCID in males.

Elements of polish culture in belarus as a constituent of the tourist potential of the stańkowo town

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The paper presents the tourist potential on the example of the small town of Stankava (Polish name: Stańkowo) in the Minsk Oblast in Belarus. Materials and methods: The research was conducted by means of the diagnostic survey method using the questionnaire as an author’s tool in 2019. The research sample comprised 196 respondents – inhabitants and tourists (including 142 women and 54 men). Results: The results of the research show that Stankava is a naturally and culturally attractive tourist area referring to the history of the former borderlands of Poland with an unused development potential. However, in the opinion of respondents, actions of local authorities regarding the preservation of historical memory and the tourist promotion of the town by means of available resources are on a very low level. When assessing the tourist infrastructure, they indicated the lack of tourist trails, services, accommodation facilities and food outlets. The insufficient marking of existing attractions and historically important places was noticed, too. In the tourists’ view, natural and cultural objects are the most important attraction during holiday in the place under analysis. Conclusions: In order to make fuller use of the tourist potential of the town, it is necessary to develop its tourist and recreational infrastructure and to increase the role of tourism and recreation in the development policy of local authorities.

Onomastic codes of the “Poem Without A Hero” by A. A. Akhmatova as hidden intertextual addressing

The subject of this research is the principles of correlation of onomastic code of the “Poem Without A Hero” with the text frame of its various editions, viewed from the communicative-pragmatic perspective. The object of this research is nine editions of the “Poem Without a Hero” and intertextual references marked within the text frame. The author dwells on such aspects as the interrelation between the literary onomastics and hidden meanings of the poem, transformations of the text frame, methods of “instilling” the authorial meanings to intertextual sources (the works of Byron, Pushkin, and Gumilyov). Special attention is given to projection of the personal myth of Anna Akhmatova, which is traced through the poem, on Western European and Russian literature and the evolution of the text frame. It is demonstrated that the ensemble of epigraphs, which represents an implicit dedication to the poet fallen in disfavor, dissolves leaving imprints in the form of mentioning of Byron and Don Juan in the text of the poem. The main conclusion lies in the establishment of a number of semantic correspondences between the text frame and the historical-cultural halo of names, which on the one hand are associated with the imagery-motif level of a particular poem, while on the other – with personal mythology of the poet. The author’s special contribution to this research lies in outlining the strategies aimed at preservation of special intertextual memory in the names. The novelty consists in determination of the semantic halo of the name, which specifies a range of implicit meanings of the poem. It is revealed that these meanings are “supported” by the corresponding references. Such reminiscences, interweaving into a complex ornamental pattern, on the one side are conceptually programmed by the very structure of the “Poem Without A Hero”, and on the other side, determined biographically.

Assessing therapeutic potential of PLD1 inhibition in dementia: Systematic assessment of behavior, electrophysiology & mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction using different parameters including sex‐specific differences

AbstractBackgroundPhosphatidyl choline phospholipase D (PC‐PLD), a lipolytic enzyme that breaks down membrane phospholipids via two isoforms ‐ a constitutively expressed PLD2 and an inducible PLD1 isoform ‐ are also involved in developmentally important signaling mechanisms that regulate synaptic function. We were the first to propose and present a systematic study that established PLD1 as the aberrantly elevated isoform in AD and related dementia using human clinical samples and provided functional proof using mouse models to demonstrate the underlying synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits.MethodsWe used different transgenic rodent models of AD‐like pathology and did a corroborative assessment of behavior, electrophysiology and biochemistry including western blots analysis, Golgi studies and immunofluorescence to assess the efficacy of treatment of the aberrantly elevated PLD1 levels using chronic regimen of a specific small molecule inhibitor.ResultChronic PLD1 inhibition is effective in ameliorating the synaptic dysfunction and associated memory deficits in the treated cohort compared to the age‐matched cohort. We also assessed and report sex‐specific changes in these responses that strengthen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and brain regions that are targeted by the therapeutic approaches.ConclusionUsing chronic administration of a well‐tolerated halopemide derivative of the specific PLD1 isoform inhibitor in the preclinical mouse models of synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits associated with amyloidogenic effects of Aβ and tau, we demonstrated neuroprotective aspects involving changes in the dendritic spine integrity that contributes to the preservation of memory with an emphasis on the sex‐specific effects.

Specific small-molecule inhibition of PLD1 prevents ADRD-like memory deficits by preserving dendritic spine integrity driven by amyloidogenic proteins.

Phosphatidyl choline phospholipase D (PC-PLD), a lipolytic enzyme that breaks down membrane phospholipids via two isoforms - a constitutively expressed PLD2 and an inducible PLD1 isoform - are also involved in developmentally important signaling mechanisms that regulate synaptic function. We were the first to propose and present a systematic study that established PLD1 as the aberrantly elevated isoform in AD and related dementia using human clinical samples and provided functional proof using mouse models to demonstrate the underlying synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits. Synaptosomal Western blot analysis on 12 month 3xTg-AD mice hippocampi were used to investigate neuronal PLD1 expression and function. Long term potentiation of PLD1 dependent changes using pharmacological approaches in ex vivo slice preparations from wildtype and transgenic mouse models were used to assess synaptic perturbations that were first studied using the novel object recognition memory (NOR) and fear conditioning (FC) paradigms. Chronic PLD1 small molecule inhibitor treatment was assessed to ascertain the efficacy against Aβ and tau-driven AD-like memory deficit progression. Lastly, brain tissues from these animals were subjected to Western Blot analyses, Golgi analysis, immunohistochemical analysis to ascertain the potential signaling mechanism(s) that is/are perturbed/altered by overexpression of PLD1 in such diseased states. Chronic PLD1 inhibition ameliorates the synaptic dysfunction and underlying memory deficits in the 3xTg-AD mouse model by specific action on preserving mushroom spine dendritic spine integrity. Further analysis using Western Blots revealed an underlying mechanism. Using chronic administration of a well-tolerated halopemide derivative of the specific PLD1 isoform inhibitor in the preclinical mouse models of synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits associated with amyloidogenic effects of Aβ and tau, we demonstrated neuroprotective aspects involving changes in the dendritic spine integrity that contributes to the preservation of memory.

Characterising spoken interactions of healthy ageing adults with CognoSpeak, a web‐based cognitive assessment tool

AbstractBackgroundAutomatic conversation analysis presents a useful aid for diagnosis and management of people with cognitive impairments, having already successfully differentiated between people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy controls. Current clinical brief cognitive tests such as Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination are influenced by age, education and practice effects but it is unknown how these factors influence automated analysis of speech. This study characterised the effects of age, education and repetition on measures of speech and language of cognitively healthy ageing adults.MethodAudio recordings of memory related questions and verbal fluency tasks from 37 cognitively healthy adults’ conversations with CognoSpeak were analysed (mean age 73.11 ± 7.97). Linguistic analysis comprised of pause to speech ratio (pause length/speech length), age of acquisition of words, phonemes per minute, words per minute and total word count. Spearman’s correlations assessed relationships with age and education. 6 participants repeated testing at an average of 4.05 and 12.25 months later. Friedman’s ANOVA and post‐hoc related‐samples Wilcoxon signed ranks tests assessed longitudinal changes.ResultPause to speech ratio was significantly higher for recent memory questions than remote memory. Age of acquisition was significantly higher for phonemic fluency than semantic fluency. A moderate negative correlation was found for age with ACE‐R score and phonemic fluency. A strong positive correlation was found with education and ACE‐R score, and a moderate positive correlation with education and words per minute. No further relationships for age or education were found. Semantic fluency showed practice effects, whereas linguistic measures did not. Further follow‐up data will be available by July 2021.ConclusionThese results support the theory of semantic memory preservation with age. It is indicated that age, education and time do not have large effects on linguistic measures, giving conversation analysis a practical advantage over the ACE‐R for longitudinal monitoring of people with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Subjective Cognitive Impairment.

FAMILY MEMORY OF THE RUSSIA’S CITIZENS IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTUAL SOCIAL CHALLENGES

Applying to the sociological data, the author examines the Russians’ perception of the family memory as a source of historical knowledge and proves that the memory about relatives and friends who have become participants and witnesses of the state’s key events seriously “feeds” the emotional citizens’ attitude towards symbols of the state identity and national pride. The actuality of the article is determinated by the global development of digital communication that seriously influences on the interest towards the reconstruction of family history and allows persons today to lift the veil of secrecy over the history of many families. Contemporary internet resources give wide opportunities for many modernized citizens to receive objective historical knowledge about their families. The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the preservation and reproduction of family memory by the Russia’s citizens. In order to achieve this goal the author implement some research tasks. The author study as the place of the family memory among a number of various historical sources as the demand for family historical knowledge that the persons from different socio-demographic groups has. The special attention is paid to the study of the social media mechanisms that are using in order to reconstruct and reproduce the family memory.

Preservation of Clothing and Memory in Cambodia: A Collaborative Model

Artifacts of genocide present a particular set of emotional, cultural, and conservation challenges. Forty years after the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), Cambodia’s Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21 Prison) is a compelling example of the struggle to balance authenticity, access, and sustainable preservation. The conservation of its genocide textiles, by far the most intimate and perishable of any genocide artifacts, has gained urgency for their repair, storage and display. A multi-year textile conservation triage and training project incorporated regional sensitivities to prioritise the victims’ clothing as a living and accessible collection. The project’s guiding principles were respect for the objects, suitability to the tropical climate, concern about future use and study, and sustainable practice. The resulting protocols modified prevailing conservation and archeological approaches, and integrated local values to apply a multi-faceted approach to reducing risks. These historic materials now carefully catalogued and better protected, are historic touchstones, revealing human stories and details of S-21. This physical connection to history gave the stakeholders a deeper understanding of conservation and why their role is essential to preserve their country’s legacies.

The Secret of the Copper Box: public experiments and the prospects of living archives of Swedish nuclear waste

Abstract. This paper approaches the question of nuclear safety in relation to the prospects of living archives, and in particular, it explores two public events where sociocultural aspects of nuclear waste management in Sweden were enacted. Drawing on an ongoing research collaboration with the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), the paper examines (1) a grass-roots play entitled Kopparkistans hemlighet (or The Secret of the Copper Box), and (2) a drawing competition hosted by schools located near a nuclear waste storage facility in the Östhammar municipality, considering how these events help reproduce certain kinds of social and cultural responsibility. Contributing to critical debates in the social sciences and humanities intersecting questions of memory preservation, nuclear waste, and post-nuclear natures, we consider how the forms of responsibility produced through these public experiments inform important, albeit unconventional, modes of nuclear waste management insofar as they suggest how long-lived nuclear waste sites might become living archives without assuming a narrow notion of heritage and human memory preservation for all time and space. To conclude, we evaluate how the legacy of the two events might be incorporated into wider strategies of nuclear waste management.

Lessons from archaeology and heritage studies for the long-term preservation of records, knowledge and memory concerning deep geological disposal sites for nuclear waste

Abstract. Safe disposal of nuclear waste in deep geological repositories requires secure knowledge transfer or knowledge recovery in time spans of many tens of thousands of years. Never before has any detailed record, knowledge or memory been reliably preserved or recovered over comparable time periods. This challenge has been extensively addressed since the late 1980s, initially during the SANDIA workshops in the USA and more recently in the Nuclear Energy Agency/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) project on Preservation of Records, Knowledge and Memory Across Generations (Schröder, 2019). Experts from many disciplines including engineering, the natural sciences, information technology, social studies of science and technology, semiotics, public management, and design as well as artists have contributed to these discussions. Some scholars from the humanities have been involved in working on these issues, especially in recent decades. At the same time, much of the existing work has drawn on assumptions about human history, archaeological monuments and cultural heritage that have been scrutinized and deemed deeply flawed by Joyce (2020). The authors of the present paper are archaeologists and cultural heritage experts. For the past decade, they have been working with the challenge of preserving records, knowledge and memory concerning deep geological disposal sites for nuclear waste (Holtorf and Högberg, 2021). From the perspective of the human sciences, in particular archaeology and heritage studies, the unique task at hand involves not only the previously recognized challenges that require consideration of long-term material durability, linguistic intelligibility, and appropriate sense-making of any communicated information but also two challenges not previously addressed: Human action as informed by cultural and social processes. In designing of various long-term mechanisms, we risk overlooking that what people will do is not going to be governed by mechanics. How human beings learn, reason, value, decide, and act is informed by specific cultural and social processes creating context and meaning. We must avoid ignoring these complexities governing human thinking and agency. This challenge requires more work on understanding how sentient and intelligent beings like humans act in variable contexts across time and space. Our anticipatory assumptions. A proverb states that “nothing ages faster than the future”. In making assumptions about future generations' understandings, meanings, and significances of our nuclear waste we risk “colonizing” the future, fail to embrace variability over time, and miss realizing multiple futures and emerging conditions. We must therefore not foreclose uncertain futures but instead create circumstances favorable for change and transformation of relevant knowledge and memory. This challenge requires more work with processes of translation between generations. The challenges of assessing our anticipatory assumptions and understanding how humans act will also need to be addressed in transmitting records, knowledge and memory for the benefit of future generations.

Educational Activities of the State Russian Museum in the 1940s

The relevance of the article is indicated by referring to archival primary sources that characterize the forms and methods of scientific and artistic educational activities of the State Russian Museum in the 1940s, in particular — during the Great Patriotic War (a museum tour, an exhibition session, a lecture, a conversation with slides). This makes it possible to more accurately identify the direction of work in the following years and at the present time and indicate the need to introduce other forms of work with visitors: lectures with slides, traveling exhibitions, concerts, cycle subscriptions, trips to villages and enterprises, lectures on the radio, cooperation with the museum’s publishing house and the country’s press bodies.The influence of the Department of Scientific and Artistic Propaganda of the 1940s on the State Russian Museum’s subsequent work on communication with the audience is expressed in the revision of the content of the excursion and lecture courses. In the 1950s—1970s, messages on the heroic past of the Soviet people, presentations of the activities of warrior artists, and communication with national unions of artists gained particular popularity. The State Russian Museum became a center for advanced training of tour guides for peripheral art museums.Documentary sources, which include archive materials, are of particular importance in the preservation of memory. Together with them, works of art created during the war or in the first post-war years play an invaluable role in restoring the truth.

Impact of APOE Genotype on Neurocognitive Outcomes in Hippocampal Avoidance Whole Brain Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases: A Secondary Analysis of Phase II Blinded Randomized Trial

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism is a well-known risk associated with Alzheimer's disease. Its role in neurocognition decline after whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for brain metastases is not well-investigated. The present secondary analysis of a prospective blinded randomized controlled phase II trial aimed to evaluate the impact of APOE genotypes upon neurocognitive outcomes after WBRT with or without hippocampal avoidance.Adult patients with brain metastases were stratified by prior radiosurgery and randomized to hippocampal avoidant conformal WBRT versus conformal WBRT without hippocampal avoidance to 30 Gy in 10 fractions from March 2015 to November 2018. Memantine was not used during or after WBRT. Standardized neurocognitive test battery (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised [HVLT-R], Trail Making Test), was performed at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 6, and every 3 months up to two years by trained independent health professionals. Both clinical trial participants and examiners were blinded to the treatment group assignment. APOE alleles were determined by the genome-wide genotyping. The association between APOE genotypes and neurocognitive outcomes was analyzed by general linear model. The role of APOE genotypes on the effect of hippocampal avoidance during WBRT was also evaluated. Factorial ANOVA was used to assess the independent factors associated with neurocognitive outcomes.Among 65 analyzable patients, APOE genotyping was available for 64.6% (n = 42) of patients. The most frequent APOE allele was ε3 homozygote (ε3/ε3, n = 24), followed by ε2 carrier (ε2/ε3, n = 11) and ε4 carrier (ε4/ε3, n = 7). No differences in baseline characteristics and cognitions between patients of different APOE genotypes. At 6-month, patients carrying APOE ε2 and ε4 allele had the best and worst preservation in HVLT-R total recall (mean difference, ε2: +3.18 versus ε4: -3.20, P = 0.008), and delayed recall (mean difference, ε2 carrier: +0.46 versus ε4 carrier: -2.40, P = 0.03), respectively. The effect of preservation in 6-month memory score is the strongest in the APOE ε2 carriers followed by the APOE ε3 homozygotes, and the least in the APEO ε4 carriers in order (P = 0.028). Only patients of APOE ε3 homozygotes showed improved preservation in late memory score by hippocampal avoidant WBRT at 6-month (mean difference, hippocampal avoidant: +3.67 versus conformal: -3.18, P = 0.037) and beyond. APOE genotyping was independent of age and hippocampal avoidance to be associated with the preservation of 6-month HVLT-R total recall (P = 0.042), and HVLT-R delayed recall (P = 0.032).The APOE genotype is associated with the risk of memory decline after WBRT. Specifically, APOE ε2 carriers exhibited better while ε4 carriers showed worse perpetuation in verbal memory function after WBRT. APOE ε3 homozygotes but not APOE ε2 or ε4 carriers benefit late memory preservation by hippocampal avoidant WBRT for brain metastases.

Language changes in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review of verb processing

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) results in language impairments and higher-level communication problems. Research into the language of people with AD (pwAD) has mainly focused on nouns; however, improved understanding of verb processing by pwAD could improve diagnostic assessments and communicative interventions. This systematic review synthesizes findings of AD’s effects on verbs from single-word, sentence, and discourse tasks. Review of 57 studies revealed that pwAD were less accurate than controls on single-word tasks and less accurate with verbs than nouns on these tasks. They had difficulty comprehending sentences featuring multiple verbs or verbs with reversible thematic roles. Discourse production by pwAD was marked by vagueness, including declines in total output and propositional content and a preference for generic verbs and simple syntax. Few studies examining sentence production or discourse comprehension were found. Future research should address relationships between long-term memory and language preservation as well as verb use in discourse.

JIES01.04 Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Lung Cancer: Where We Are

Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has been used in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to reduce the high risk (∼60%) of brain metastases in these patients. Early trials on PCI have focused on patients in complete remission after treatment for limited stage (LS). Individual studies showed unequivocally a significant reduction in the risk of brain metastases, but a survival benefit was only seen in a meta-analysis [1]. In this analysis. An absolute increase in survival rate of 5.4% at 3 years [1]. The vast majority of patients in these studies had a complete remission (often based on chest radiographs) after chemotherapy. Based on these studies, PCI became part of standard treatment of LS-SCLC patients with a complete response. To reduce the risk of neurocognitive toxicity, PCI was not simultaneously given with chemotherapy and started within 6 weeks after last chemotherapy. A study on the effectiveness of higher dose PCI (36 Gy) showed no benefit over standard dose (25 Gy) PCI [2]. Since most patients with SCLC present with extensive stage (ES) disease, and the risk of brain metastases is even higher in this group of patients, the EORTC performed a study on PCI in patients with any response after chemotherapy for ES-SCLC. In this trial, PCI not only significantly reduced the risk of symptomatic brain metastases (15 vs 40%), but also significantly improved survival (1 year survival 27 vs 13%) [3]. This study was pragmatic and in line with existing guidelines not to repeat brain imaging and to focus on symptomatic disease. It was argued that some individuals with asymptomatic, but radiologically detectable brain metastases may have been included in the study and that could, at least partially, have contributed to the outcome. In a Japanese study on PCI in ES-SCLC patients, all patients had a brain MRI to excluded presence of asymptomatic brain metastases [4]. In addition, regular brain MR imaging was performed during follow-up and when appropriate, brain metastases that appeared were treated. The study showed a significant reduction in the rate of brain metastases when using PCI (33 vs 59%), but no survival benefit. In the observation arm that did not receive PCI, many patients (83%) who developed brain metastases were treated with radiotherapy [4]. A SWOG trial (SWOG 1827/”MAVERICK”) has opened in 2020 to compare a strategy of MRI surveillance with early treatment to MRI surveillance with PCI. Interestingly, this study is not only enrolling patients with ES-SCLC but also with LS-SCLC. In it well known that the disease SCLC and PCI can be associated with cognitive decline. Studies aiming at sparing brain regions involved in memory and cognitive functions, esp. hippocampal region, led to attempt of using hippocampal avoiding PCI (HA-PCI). Whole brain radiotherapy with hippocampal avoidance was associated with better preservation of memory and quality of life [5]. Studies on the benefit of HA-PCI are less conclusive [6,7] and the results of an ongoing trails (NRG CC003) are awaited. In conclusion, PCI is very effective in reducing the risk of brain metastases in SCLC. There are questions whether the beneficial effect on survival is maintained in the era of MR screening and MR surveillance with early treatment of (asymptomatic) brain metastases. Studies to re-evaluate the role of PCI in the current era of immunotherapy are underway. In the meantime, PCI or MRI surveillance should be considered guideline-recommended treatment. In NSCLC, the role of PCI was also addressed in a number of studies. In a recent trial with long term follow-up (NRG/RTOG0214) and a meta-analyses, earlier findings of a significant reduction in the rate of brain metastases, improvement in diseasefree survival, but absence of improved overall survival after PCI, were confirmed [8,9]. Literature 1. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. N Engl J Med 341, 476-84, 1999. 2. Le Pechoux C, Dunant A, Senan S, et al. Lancet Oncol 10, 467-74, 2009. 3. Slotman BJ. Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. N Engl J Med 357, 664-72, 2007. 4. Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, Seto T, et al. Lancet Oncol 18, 663-71, 2017. 5. Gondi V, Pugh SL, Tome WA. J Clin Oncol 3, 3810-6, 2014. 6. De Dios ND, Counago F, Lopez JL, et al., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 105, S35-6, 2019. 7. Belderbos JS, De Ruysscher DK, de Jaeger K, et al. T Thor Oncol 16, 840-9, 2021. 8. Sun A, Hu C, Wong SJ. JAMA Oncol 5, 847-55, 2019. 9. Witlox WJA, Ramaekers BLT, Lacas B, et al., Radiother Oncol. 158, 40-7. 2021. brain metastases, PCI, prophylactic cranial irradiation

FAZENDA CAPÃO DO BISPO: O ESQUECIMENTO DO PATRIMÔNIO HISTÓRICO NO AGLOMERADO URBANO.

Located on the banks of the main avenue that crosses the neighborhood of Del Castilho and its surroundings, in the northern part of the city of Rio de Janeiro, is one of the last examples of the rural colonial architecture of the State: Fazenda Capão do Bispo. This study seeks to present the history of the farm and discuss the change in its importance in the region and its trajectory in the immediate urban context, especially with regard to the importance of the USA as a good to be preserved. Originally based on a coffee-producing farm, not in the beginning of the 17th century, a property went through a fragmentation process due to sesmarias concessions and the growth of the central region of the city that induced a population to migrate towards the rural region. Listed by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute in 1947. After years of tutelage by the IAB in 2011, there was a resumption of possession by the government, which has not yet promoted preservation actions. In contrast, the region continues to grow and the farm loses visibility in its surroundings. Then, as a result of this work, we seek, through the analysis of the Capão do Bispo Farm, demonstrating the importance of establishing preservation zones around listed assets, associated with the need for preservation of the city's memory by public administrators.

TRANSFORMATION OF HOLIDAYS DURING THE DEMO-CRATIC TRANSIT OF SPAIN AS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY

The article analyzes the impact of democratic transit on the transformation of historical memory in Spain. For a more detailed study, the author chose the holiday as an object that can be changed due to the widespread democratization of society. The author emphasizes that he considers the holiday as an element that contributes to the preservation of historical memory. The study confirms that the holiday is indeed an important element in the process of not only preserving historical memory, but also in the process of its transformation. In the article, the author divides the holidays into national, religious and regional in accordance with the impact on the functioning of society. The study shows that regional holidays are most vulnerable in conditions of democratic transit, as they are not always dedicated to "democratic" episodes of the history of Spain. Also, the regional holiday mostly reflects the national identity of the region, while the national holiday promotes the integration and universalization of world values. At the end of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the holiday is a kind of identifier of the depth of transformations in society: the more serious and dynamic the transformations, the greater the changes are subject to regional traditional holidays. The discourse that has developed around some of the fundamental provisions of the regional holidays speaks of a conflict between the adherents of the" old "and"new order". According to the study, the emerging discourse has achieved changes in the external regulations of traditional holidays in accordance with the standards of a democratic society. In conclusion, the idea is that the introduced external changes can in the future affect the perception of history by younger generations, which will steadily lead to the deepest changes in the formation of the historical memory of Spain.

Архетипний характер освітньої діяльності особистості: соціально-філософський аналіз

The article analyzes the problems of modern educational activities in the context of the socio-philosophical analysis of the specifics of the information society. The problems of “self-development” and “self-presentation” of a personality are raised in the context of their interpretation in the context of the current situation of social transitivity. The position of eliminating educational institutions from educational processes, the threat of creating the phenomenon of education without a pedagogical component is considered as problematic. The "traditional" and "innovative" accents in the socio-philosophical discourse of education are compared, their semantic connotations are presented. The necessity of maintaining the balance of archetypal-educational functionality is substantiated, which consists in the formation of a system of socialization actions through a complex of educational levels, which have archetypal meaning expressed by special functions. The scientific novelty of the research is the schematic comparison of the functional characteristics of the archetype with the tasks of different levels of education as an orientation towards different potencies of the personality. In particular, the social functions of archetypes (in the author's three-component concept), the archetypal typology and schematics of E. Berne, C.-G. Jung and M. Mark and M. Pearson were compared with the tasks and meanings of the levels of education (primary, secondary and secondary special, higher), there are three functions of education, closely determined by the archetypal meanings of pedagogical activity. At the same time, a scheme is proposed in which the orientational-coordinating, stereotyping-normative and integrative-systematizing archetypal components form the tasks and functions of education: correlation, correctional and compensatory. The purpose of the article is to identify stable functions, principles, elements that, in any reform of the educational sphere, in particular, pedagogical, should be preserved, since they constitute the semantic foundations of its existence as a social institution of personality development. These are recognized as the unity of training and education, the unity of the past, present and future as organic links in the transfer of social experience and the preservation of social memory. Accordingly, six archetypes of educational activities are identified.

Центр по изучению Сталинградской битвы: вчера, сегодня, завтра

The article presents some of the results of the Center for the Study of the Battle of Stalingrad for five years of work. Information is given about published collections of documents and materials, encyclopedias and reference books prepared as a result of the interaction of scientific, educational, public organizations and cultural institutions dedicated to the history of the great battle on the Volga. The paper informs about the scientific seminars held at the Center on little-studied issues of the history of the Battle of Stalingrad. The study of genuine sources and the introduction into scientific circulation of arrays of archival documents are aimed at preventing the falsification of historical events, the formation of impartial judgments and the preservation of collective memory of the war.

Multiple hippocampal transections for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple hippocampal transections (MHT) in the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.Methods: Six patients underwent MHT at Burdenko Neurosurgery Center in 2018. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 43 years. All patients suffered from refractory epilepsy caused by focal lesions of the mesial temporal complex or temporal pole in dominant side. Postoperative pathology revealed neuronal-glial tumors in two patients, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) of the temporal pole – in two patients, cavernous angioma – in one patient, and encephalocele of the preuncal area – in one patient.Results: All patients underwent surgery satisfactorily. There were no postoperative complications except for homonymous superior quadrantanopia. This kind of visual field loss was noted in four cases out of six. During the follow-up period five patients out of six had Engel Class I outcome (83.3%). In one case, seizures developed after 1 month in a patient with FCD in the uncus (Engel IVA). After surgery, three out of six patients developed significant nominative aphasia. Two patients relative to the preoperative level demonstrated improvement in delayed verbal memory after MHT. Two patients showed a decrease level in delayed verbal memory. In preoperative period, visual memory was below the normal in one patient. Delayed visual memory in two cases impaired compared to the preoperative level.Conclusion: MHT can be considered as an effective method of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy caused by tumors of the medial temporal complex. At the same time, MHT makes it possible to preserve memory in patients with structurally preserved hippocampus. However, MHT do not guarantee the preservation of memory after surgery.