Preservation Of Memory Research Articles

The literary performance of the Brazilian storyteller Rolando Boldrin

Introduction: Literary performance promotes memory preservation through popular oral narratives, being, therefore, a form of resistance for Brazilian people and our culture. When it is developed using the stories, it becomes fascinating. Despite being an oral narrative that is not always valued, it carries the identity, traits and ways of typically Brazilian characters. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the literary performance of storyteller Rolando Boldrin, in the TV show Sr. Brasil. Methodology:As for methodological procedures, bibliographic, documentary and oral, descriptive and qualitative research was used. Results:Among the results achieved, we highlight that the stories narrated in Boldrin’s narrated retrieves stories and memories of characters from popular culture. Conclusions:We conclude that the reader-narrator of stories needs to develop skills, among them not to lose the “thread of the skein” at the moment of the narrative, to use voice, body, space and presence, resources to draw attention and awaken the imaginary, the interest and the affective memory of reader-listeners in an engaging and surprising way.

Soybean Meal Extract Preserves Memory Ability by Increasing Presynaptic Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota in Rats.

Age-related degenerative brain diseases frequently manifest as memory deficits. Dietary interventions or nutraceuticals may provide efficacious treatments through prevention and cure. Soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining, has health benefits, but its effect on memory function is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of the oral administration of soybean meal extract (SME) for 2 weeks on memory function using the Morris water maze (MWM) test in healthy rats and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms. First, analysis of the composition revealed that SME is rich in isoflavones; SME did not exhibit hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity at the different doses tested. The MWM results revealed that the escape latency and movement distance of rats were significantly shorter in the SME group than in the control group, indicating that SME can help in memory preservation. In addition, SME increased the levels of presynaptic proteins such as synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin, syntaxin, synapsin I, and 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein as well as protein kinases and their phosphorylated expression, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampal nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Transmission electron microscopy also indicated that SME increased the number of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal synaptosomes. Furthermore, SME rats exhibited altered microbiota composition compared with control rats. Therefore, our data suggest that SME can increase presynaptic function and modulate gut microbiota, thus aiding in memory preservation in rats.

Vernacular memorial museums: memory, trauma and healing in post-communist Bulgaria

ABSTRACT Shortly after the coup d’état of 1944 in Bulgaria, state-organized repressions began to take place against political opponents and dissidents. They included mass shootings, life imprisonment, incarceration and the establishment of gulag camps whose scale and longevity has been documented only recently. In the aftermath of Eastern European communism, untangling the memory of political violence without a formal process of restorative justice presented new challenges. This paper examines the processes of healing, reparation, processing and the preservation of traumatic memory of survivors and communities occurring within and through self-initiated and unofficial vernacular memorial museums. What possibilities do vernacular memorial sites hold for collective, collaborative and participatory reparative forms? How are traumatic memory and these difficult historical narratives presented, transmitted and preserved through these physical and digital commemorative spaces?

Сохранение культурной памяти в пространстве Великого Новгорода

This research paper is devoted to the phenomenon of cultural memory, as well as the ways of its transmission and preservation on the example of the territory of modern Veliky Novgorod. The author describes the existing concepts of cultural memory in the humanities, as well as analyzes modern ways of its transmission and preservation on the example of Veliky Novgorod. The basis of the study is the theory of cultural memory, set out by the German Egyptologist J. Assmann. The work also uses concepts and terms developed by such scholars as P. Nora, F. R. Ankersmith, W. Kansteiner, J. Olick and others. Among other things, the author draws attention to the fact that the images of cultural memory contribute to the preservation and strengthening of territorial identity, including urban identity. Thus, the study has extensive prospects in the field of studying the degree of influence of the means of translation and preservation of cultural memory in the urban space on the example of Veliky Novgorod.

Historical memory as a factor in the development of agriculture in Udmurtia

The article discusses the preservation of historical memory in the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy and the transfer of teachers’ experience to future specialists of the agro-industrial complex. This work uses information from catalogs, exhibitions, expositions of the university, as well as information obtained as a result of interviewing experts-heads of museums. It is shown how the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy pays great attention to the preservation of the continuity of generations. The introduction of students to the cultural heritage, the memory of their ancestors plays an important role in improving the quality of training of agricultural university students. A specialized museum forms many important properties and professionally orients a future specialist. It is in such a museum that a student can get the experience of personal contact with historical reality, samples of culture. He will gain the joint experience with time through a space containing values that have been preserved by historical memory. Eventually to be inspired by the idea of applying the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in practice, in farms. This is especially important in conditions of weak settlement of young specialists in rural areas. The feeling of professional pride does not arise by itself, it is formed gradually by getting acquainted with the cultural heritage. Thus, the museum in an agrarian university carries a heavy burden in the promotion of agrotechnical knowledge and the training of highly qualified agricultural specialists. It is concluded that the historical memory also acts as an important factor in the agriculture development in Udmurtia, contributing to its staffing.

ПОЛИТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

The article presents an important area of research into the formation of civic identity in the younger generation, where the focus is put on the personality and features of forming and developing civil consciousness in a situation of socio-economic and political instability caused by transformation processes in all spheres of life in modern Russia. The article aims at a political scientific analysis of the socio-cultural factors in the formation of the civil identity of the young Russians during the period of social and cultural transformation in modern Russia. The article emphasizes the role of state power in the development of civil consciousness of the Russians (educational and youth policy), presents a study to identify factors that influence the formation of civic identity, according to teachers of educational establishments and university lecturers. The issue of the Internet influence on the developing personality is outlined, as the features of the online social communications era are the displacement of the traditional value scale and fundamental social structures of personal development, constant “experimentation” of the younger generation's own identity, the predominance of the subjective component of identity in the overall structure of the younger generation's self-consciousness. Therefore, family, education, youth policy of the state, and public institutions are the space of systemic formation of the youth civic identity, aimed at the preservation of historical memory, culture, and traditions of the state. The author proves that only systemic integration of all subjects in the country's civil society development, while in the long period of transformation, as well as the interaction of all participants of the process in the integral national system of forming the civic identity of the young Russians, will allow to have a developed, active and stable civil society.

Koncepti urbane memorije - studija slučaja - zgrade Televizorke (1970-1974) na Novom Beogradu, kritička analiza i valorizacija

This paper aims to present the buildings of the 'Televizorke' complex in New Belgrade's Block 28 through the concepts of urban memory, critical analysis and valorization. A historical approach is applied as the methodology. Over recent decades, New Belgrade's blocks have gone through several phases of transformation from the initial conceptualization of the Modernist city. The buildings of the Televizorke complex preserve transient aspects of the past, from material records to oral evocations. The purpose of the research is to highlight a number of theoretical concepts, and to identify the manifestation of these within the artistic and other design features of the architecture of the Televizorke complex. The results of the research are grouped into several areas: research of theoretical texts on the concepts of urban memories through the presentation of the architecture of the Televizorke complex, with special reference to and emphasis on parallels with Modernist methods of creation of surfaces and their decoration. The final part of the paper discusses the need to consider the Televizorke complex as an ensemble structure, in terms of both its technical-technological and graphic expression. The goal is to present the architecture of New Belgrade's blocks through various forms of critical reflection, as a new layer of creative writing in the cultural memory of the city. The paper is dedicated to the preservation of intangible urban memory.

Mechanisms of Preservation of Historical Memory in Institutions of Social and Cultural Sphere (a Case of Saint Petersburg Museum and Exhibition Complex's Cultural and Educative Work)

The paper briefly reviews scientific vision of memory concept, gives the authors' version of understanding of historical memory term. Sociological and philosophical ideas concerning a role of social memory in the context of genesis and reproduction of collective identity are described. Cultural and educational work run by the Saint Petersburg Museum and Exhibition Complex (Saint Petersburg, Russia) as an institution that focused on preservation and passing of historical memory through updated museum and exhibition technologies let to represent demythologized images of the past is analyzed. Authors' assessment of effectiveness of a multimedia exhibition as an institutionalized form of popularization of historical knowledge, that inspires cognitive interest among teenagers and young people is outlined.

Іманентні складові жанру горор в українській літературі

The genesis and genre system of Ukrainian horror literature have been analyzed in the present article. Studying the origins of the horror genre in literature, one can find the combination of mysticism, a specific emotional tonality (mysteriousness, fear of the unknown) and mythological images, which acquire new features in the course of literary development. The dynamics of changes in the genre system of horror literature has been examined; the typological development of Ukrainian horror has been analyzed; the transformations of the established artistic matrix of horror literature and the mechanisms of preservation of genre memory have been traced. It has been proved that the presence of common genetic and typological genre features in different national literatures can be explained by the process of migration of plots, motifs and their variants. The genesis of the horror genre in the genre group of horror literature has been briefly presented; an attempt was made to systematize genre-forming elements. The peculiarity of horror as an artistic phenomenon that evolves from a stylistic technique to a genre has been demonstrated. The nature of the complex polysemantic construct of the horror genre has been revealed. The set of analyses such as descriptive, typological, hermeneutic, cultural-historical, mythopoetic, psychoanalytical, bibliographical, comparative, philological, structuralist, and intertextual has been used for the interpretation of the horror genre. The process of the creation of the latter is described as a gradual crystallisation of a relatively stable artistic structure, which evolves throughout the interplay of stable (a particular kind of chronotype, stable functions of characters) and dynamic elements.

Model of brain maintenance reveals specific change-change association between medial-temporal lobe integrity and episodic memory.

Brain maintenance has been identified as a major determinant of successful memory aging. However, the extent to which brain maintenance in support of successful memory aging is specific to memory-related brain regions or forms part of a brain-wide phenomenon is unresolved. Here, we used longitudinal brain-wide gray matter MRI volumes in 262 healthy participants aged 55 to 80 years at baseline to investigate separable dimensions of brain atrophy, and explored the links of these dimensions to different dimensions of cognitive change. We statistically adjusted for common causes of change in both brain and cognition to reveal a potentially unique signature of brain maintenance related to successful memory aging. Critically, medial temporal lobe (MTL)/hippocampal change and episodic memory change were characterized by unique, residual variance beyond general factors of change in brain and cognition, and a reliable association between these two residualized variables was established (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). The present study is the first to provide solid evidence for a specific association between changes in (MTL)/hippocampus and episodic memory in normal human aging. We conclude that hippocampus-specific brain maintenance relates to the specific preservation of episodic memory in old age, in line with the notion that brain maintenance operates at both general and domain-specific levels.

ШВЕДСЬКА СПІЛЬНОТА У НАЦІОНАЛЬНОМУ НАРАТИВІ: СПІЛЬНА СПАДЩИНА ТА КУЛЬТУРНА ПАМ’ЯТЬ

The article is devoted to the problem of actualizing the role of historical heritage and cultural memory of the Swedish community of Kherson region in the national narrative of Ukraine. The study is based on the analysis of modern Swedish English and Ukrainian historiography, application of interdisciplinary discourse and methodological approaches to colonial studies, micro-history, cultural memory and identity studies. It aimed to clarify the factors determining sociocultural processes of adaptation and preservation of Swedish colonists’ identity during the long period of their settlement in the south of Ukraine and later reintegration into Swedish society. As a result of scientific analysis, the cornerstones of the historical past of the Swedish colonists are reproduced. The cultural heritage and identity of the Swedes after migrating to the Russian Empire underwent significant changes and evolution in a specific natural and social environment. Changes in political regimes and historical events in the late XVIII–XX centuries. had a direct impact on the processes of self-identification of Swedish colonists. At the same time, the ability of Old Swedes to maintain contact with their homeland helped to preserve their identity, cultural and mental characteristics, which enabled them to return to their homeland and reintegrate into Swedish society. The article presents forms of preservation and presentation of the cultural memory of the Swedish community in modern public discourse. One of the important channels of modern cultural communication and popularization of the historical heritage of the Swedish community is its presentation in museum expositions and places of remembrance in Ukraine and Sweden. The European dimension gives special relevance to the research topic. The image of the village and the preservation of the identity of the Swedish community have been significantly influenced by its constant contacts with Sweden and the Swedes of Finland in the past and present. Visit of the King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Sylvia of village Zmiivka in Ukraine in 2008 and the meeting with the descendants of the Old Swedes became the object of great attention of the wide public discourse in Ukraine and Sweden. It contributes to the strengthening and development of intercultural contacts and relations. My visit Roma in Gotland, Sweden in the framework of the European educational program in autumn of 2021, personal acquaintance with the museum exposition of Svenskbygården about the fate of Swedish colonists in Ukraine, direct communication with their descendants, contributed to the the research. Therefore, the article has a direct entry into the plane of public history.

ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL CULTURE AS FACTORS OF RETAINING THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN DIASPORAS: ON THE CASE OF ADYGHE DIASPORA IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST

The issue under consideration is conditioned by the current state of the Adyghe (Circassian) ethnos, when a diaspora, in terms of its quantitative composition, significantly exceeds the number of those living in their historical homeland. Nowadays, the Circassian people are concentrated in the countries of the Middle East. This was a result of the Caucasian War, when a significant number of Adyghe people had to leave their homeland and move to the territories of the Ottoman Empire. In regard to this issue, the problems related to the peculiarities of the formation, development and current state of the Adyghe (Circassian) diaspora are highlighted. The paper considers the Adyghe diaspora in the context of the criteria that determine the diasporality of ethnic dispersal. The author summarizes the results of studies on typology of diasporas, during which characteristic for the Circassian diaspora features have been identified. The author concludes that the Adyghe diaspora can be attributed to a single typological family, as the classical diasporas. This allows for better understanding of where the issue in question is placed in this hierarchy. The very maintaining of the collective memory is considered a crucial, fundamental indication of diasporality. The author attempts to study the issue with the consideration of influence of elements of traditional culture of Adyghe people, such as the Nart Sagas, Adyghe etiquette and ethics in regards to retaining the historical memory and ethnic identity. The methodological aspect of the study includes the academic principles of research, historicism, objectivity, as well as retrospective and historic-typological methods, and methods of concrete analysis. The theoretical aspect of the research is based on opinions of prominent ethnologists and ethnosociologists. During the research, we have come to the conclusion that in the century and a half experience of its existence, the Adyghe diaspora has managed to demonstrate a unique example of preservation of the collective memory and ethnic identity.

Этническая идентичность и благополучие русских на постсоветском пространстве: роль диаспоры

The article analyzes the role of different forms of diaspora activity as a mediator of the relationship between ethnic identity and psychological well-being of Russians in Kyrgyzstan and Estonia (N = 609). The results of structural equation modeling showed that ethnic identity salience is significantly positively associated with the involvement in all types of Russian diaspora activities both in Kyrgyzstan and in Estonia. Russians’ participation in all types of diaspora activity is significantly higher in Kyrgyzstan than in Estonia. Participation in different types of diaspora activity mediates the relationship of ethnic identity and psychological well-being: in Kyrgyzstan — participation in public actions and activity aimed at preservation of collective historical memory; in Estonia — activity aimed at maintenance of Russian language and culture. The results can serve as the basis for practical recommendations for supporting the Russian diaspora in the post-Soviet space.

The Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaigns of 1813-1814 in the Historical Memory of the Peoples of the Urals

The article identifies the features of the Ural region in terms of preserving and updating the memory of the epoch of 1812-1814. Based on the analysis of various options for preserving images of the epoch (through living memory, materialized memory, festive events and other means), the author comes to the conclusion that the Ural region, despite its remoteness from the theater of war, organically fit into the all-Russian memorial context. At the same time the memory is shaped by the regions focus on military production, and by its providing a significant part of the irregular cavalry recruited from the Orenburg Cossacks and non-Russian peoples. The latter circumstance, through images of Northern cupids, gave the Urals an exotic fame abroad. Forms of preserving Urals memory of the events of 1812-1814 range from variants of living memory, which includes elements left over from the communicative memory, to purposeful activities of central and local authorities to organize mass events at anniversary dates. A significant role in memory preservation is traditionally played by educational institutions, which, starting from the school level, form the memory of childhood. The greatest concentration of memory elements related to the epoch is observed in the Southern Urals, which is predetermined, to a large extent, by the presence of compactly living non-Russian peoples who seek to emphasize their role in the events of all-Russian and even global history. Unlike a number of other national regions of the Russian Federation, the appeal to historical memory in the Urals takes place within the framework of a unifying and reconciling tradition. Despite some commemorative gaps, the three epochs (pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet) in relation to the historical memory in the Urals about the events of 1812-1814 look quite organic. Images of this great time continue to act as a unifying factor, thus preserving the sense of a common past not only with the all-Russian, but also with common European and global history.

Linguocultural Features of the Representation of the Great Victory Anniversary by the Sputnik Agency (Russia Today)

The research examined linguocultural features of media coverage of the Great Victory anniversary the Sputnik agency (Russia Today). The purpose of the study was to determine, from the standpoint of linguistic cultural studies, the key images that formed the media. The object of the research is the materials of three editions of the Sputnik agency (Sputnik Polska, Sputnik International, Sputnik Türkiye), the geography of distribution and the composition of the audience of which reflect differentiated linguocultures. A set of methods is used: content analysis; contextual analysis, comparative analysis, case study. The empirical base was made up of publications dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, posted on the websites of the editorial offices of Sputnik Polska, Sputnik International, Sputnik Türkiye. Sample type: solid. Chronological scope of the study: April 15 — May 15, 2020. Based on the results of the study, we concluded that the nature of representation is directly related to linguocultural characteristics and is due to historical, political and sociocultural preconditions. At the same time, all editions are united by the commonality of the constructed images: Victory Day (attitudes towards victory over fascism in the international arena); nations (both winners and losers); preservation of historical memory. The presence or absence of certain stable linguistic units depends on the cultural and ethnic specifics of the audience. The greatest efficiency from the standpoint of the implementation of international broadcasting activities (transmission of cultural codes and meanings) is achieved in a situation of a common / close mentality, interaction of ethnic groups and territorial proximity.

Regional Russian Books of Memory as a Form of Preservation and Transfer of Cultural-Historical Memory about the Afghanistan War of 1979-1989

The historical memory of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989) is studied through the prism of memory books dedicated to the participants of the war and those who died in it. The present paper is the first study of the Afghan books of memory that were published over the past decades in different regions of Russia. The first part of this paper analyzes the regional books of memory published in various regions of the Russian Federation from 1991 to the present day; the second part analyzes the books of memory published in small cities of Russia as a separate cultural phenomenon. In conclusion, the author describes the main features of regional Afghan books of memory, emphasizing that the memory books are published with the active participation of various regional organizations - from local archives to representatives of municipalities - revealing that the publication of these books is part of cultural policy in the regions. Many memory books have been reprinted, which indicates the continued collection and processing of information about the military casualties in Afghanistan. The regional books of memory are one of the most important forms of preserving and transmitting the historical memory of the Afghanistan war.

The Problem of Memory Preservation and Identity Formation (on the Example of the Great Patriotic War Memory)

Significant events of the past have always been the most important aspects in the structuring of national memory. Obviously, they also become key elements in the formation of identity. Therefore, the use of various falsifications, distortions of history, and manipulations in this area seems to be quite logical in the framework of the ongoing information war. The devaluation and depersonalization of the Great Patriotic War memory, of the irreplaceable losses and sacrifices of the Soviet people, of exploits in the name of the Motherland and in the name of victory over fascism have crushing power, destroy the integration potential of the Soviet past, have a destructive effect on the formation of an identity that should be associated with the correct interpretation of the heroic role of the Soviet people. Pride in the past of one's country contributes to the formation of civic consciousness and a positive awareness of one's belonging. The roots of this perception are in the stories of eyewitnesses of those events, which are becoming less and less every year, in the process of socialization, in school history textbooks. In conditions of freedom of choice, with an ever-increasing virtual component of life, in which there are opportunities for the individual to immerse themselves in the format of a completely different socio-cultural space, with a different system of values and meanings, the global elite imposes new standards and determines the field of choice for modern youth. At the same time, our educational task is the preservation and reproduction of memory for future generations.

Prediction errors disrupt hippocampal representations and update episodic memories

The brain supports adaptive behavior by generating predictions, learning from errors, and updating memories to incorporate new information. Prediction error, or surprise, triggers learning when reality contradicts expectations. Prior studies have shown that the hippocampus signals prediction errors, but the hypothesized link to memory updating has not been demonstrated. In a human functional MRI study, we elicited mnemonic prediction errors by interrupting familiar narrative videos immediately before the expected endings. We found that prediction errors reversed the relationship between univariate hippocampal activation and memory: greater hippocampal activation predicted memory preservation after expected endings, but memory updating after surprising endings. In contrast to previous studies, we show that univariate activation was insufficient for understanding hippocampal prediction error signals. We explain this surprising finding by tracking both the evolution of hippocampal activation patterns and the connectivity between the hippocampus and neuromodulatory regions. We found that hippocampal activation patterns stabilized as each narrative episode unfolded, suggesting sustained episodic representations. Prediction errors disrupted these sustained representations and the degree of disruption predicted memory updating. The relationship between hippocampal activation and subsequent memory depended on concurrent basal forebrain activation, supporting the idea that cholinergic modulation regulates attention and memory. We conclude that prediction errors create conditions that favor memory updating, prompting the hippocampus to abandon ongoing predictions and make memories malleable.

Principles of the compilation of East-Podillia dialects

A key role of dialect dictionaries in the preservation of the national memory of the people and national moral values is emphasized in the paper. It has been stated that dialect vocabulary compiled in the dictionary is of great heuristic value, as it expresses a historical progress of the nation in its work, with customs and beliefs, the whole outlook in general, which is why it is a required source for the reconstruction of the ancient condition of a material and moral culture of native speakers.&#x0D; It has been found out that some specialists in dialectology-lexicography mark the registries of dialect words differently (dictionary, short dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, materials for dictionary, small dictionary, etc.). Ukrainian dialect dictionaries were analyzed as to their completeness of vocabulary presentations, the coverage of dialect areas and some peculiarities of the representation of regional vocabulary in thematic dictionaries which contained the dialects of East Podillia.&#x0D; The purpose and the task of the compilation of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects as well as its format/size were defined. Foreign analogs of such creation, in particular Podillia ones, were noticed. The principles of the compilation of a multi-volume edition of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects according to the thematic groups were worked out.&#x0D; The importance of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects for Ukrainian language studies has been underlined, as it will become a profound source for further language research.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus – NPH is one of the potentially reversible causes of dementia. In this work, we provide the clinical tools for the management of NPH to the Primary Health Care – PHC physicians. The PubMed and Cochrane databases were reviewed, and 40 articles were chosen, which include randomized clinical trials, metanalysis and systematic reviews. The symptoms of the classic triad are nonspecific and found in the elderly with other diseases. Gait apraxia is the earliest symptom, followed by cognitive impairment and urinary incontinence. The concomitance of the three symptoms occurs in about 60% of the cases in the advanced stages. Apraxia of gait is presented with short steps, without sensorial, vestibulocerebellar or muscle strength changes, which allows it to be distinguished from other pathological marches. Cognitive impairment is subcortical – psychomotor slowliness, inattention, loss of working memory and executive function and preservation of episodic memory – unlike cortical dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. Urinary incontinence must be distinguished from overflow by prostatism and stress incontinence in women. The PHC physician, when faced with the triad, should request a CT scan or brain MRI and, in the presence of one or two symptoms, rule out other diagnoses. Patients with NPH seek help from the physician in the PHC who must know how to identify and differentiate their symptoms. In the case of suspicion, the study of neuroimaging is mandatory and referral to neurosurgery or neurology is recommended.