Presence Of Saccharin Research Articles

Effect of artificial sweetener saccharin on lysozyme aggregation: A combined spectroscopic and in silico approach

The use of saccharin in food products attracts much attention as it involves the risk of lethal allergies and many protein aggregation diseases. However, its role in protein aggregation has not been explored to date. This study embodies the effect of artificial sweeteners on HEWL in the absence and presence of commonly available natural products such as curcumin and EGCG. Various techniques have been used to characterize the protein interaction, such as steady-state emission and time-resolved fluorescence, FTIR, gel electrophoresis, TEM, and molecular docking. Steady-state and time-resolved studies revealed the binding strength and concomitant effect of saccharin on HEWL protein. Kinetic measurements revealed that saccharin causes significant enhancement of HEWL aggregation with a considerable reduction in lag phase time i.e. from 37 hr to 08 hr. Whereas in the presence of natural products, the effect of saccharin on HEWL aggregation was significantly reduced specifically in the case of curcumin. The result obtained in the fluorescence experiment were also supported by the gel electrophoresis technique and morphological images taken by TEM. The rapid change in the secondary structure of the protein in the presence of saccharin was confirmed by the FTIR spectroscopy technique. This study is instrumental in understanding the effect of saccharin on protein aggregation and the role of commonly available natural products in curbing its effect.

Efficient sensing of saccharin through interference synthesis of gum ghatti capped silver nanoparticles

The presence of saccharin (SH) could be efficiently sensed (in the concentration range of 5 × 10−5 M to 5 × 10−1 M) through the interference synthesis of gum ghatti (GG) capped silver nanoparticles (GGAgNps). The synthesis used sodium borohydride and gum ghatti (GG) as the reducing and capping agents respectively. The strong hydrogen-bonding recognition between GG and SH was responsible for the interference. The intensity of the SPR peak of GGAgNps was found linearly dependent on [SH]. The SH detection was further enhanced when combo capping comprising of GG and chitosan (Ch) (in 1:1 weight ratio) was used while the use of gum acacia (GA) in place of Ch (in combo) decreased the detection sensitivity. The combo polysaccharide solutions had non-Newtonian behaviour and shear thinning property like GG. The method was also applied for the successful detection of SH in commercially available real juice samples.

Insights into the effect of artificial sweeteners on the structure, stability, and fibrillation of type I collagen

Artificial sweeteners (AS) are widely used as sugar substitutes because natural sweetener (sugar) leads to a number of health issues, including diabetes, obesity, and tooth decay. Since natural sugar (sucrose), diabetes and skin are highly interlinked, and also sucrose is known to inhibit the fibrillation of collagen, the major protein of the skin, a study on the impact of AS on collagen is important and essential. Herein, we have studied the influence of commonly used AS such as Sucralose (SUC), Aspartame (APM), and Saccharin (SAC) on the structure, stability, and fibrillation of collagen using various spectroscopic methods. The circular dichroism and turbidity results suggest that the AS does not disrupt the triple helix structure and also the fibrillar property of collagen, respectively. The fibrillar morphology was sustained, although there was a trivial difference in the entanglement of fibrils in the presence of SAC, compared to native collagen fibrils. The thermal stability of collagen is maintained in the presence of AS. Fluorescence and STD-NMR results indicate that the interaction between AS and collagen was weak, which supports the intact structure, stability, and fibrillation property of collagen. The current study thus suggests that the chosen AS does not influence collagen properties.

A Green Alternative for Aryl Iodide Preparation from Aromatic Amines

In continuation of our previous work and the applications of saccharin, we encouraged to investigate the one-pot synthesis of the aryl iodides by the diazotization of the arene diazonium saccharin salts. Arene diazonium salts play an important role in organic synthesis as intermediate and a wide variety of aromatic compounds have been prepared using them. A serious drawback of arene diazonium salts is their instability in a dry state; therefore, they must be stored and handled carefully to avoid spontaneous explosion and other hazard events. The arene diazonium saccharin salts were prepared as active intermediates in situ through the reaction of various aryl amines with tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) in the presence of saccharin (Sac-H). Then, in situ obtained intermediates were used into the diazotization step without separation and purification in the current protocol. A variety of aryl iodides were synthesized at a greener and low-cost method in the presence of TBN, Sac-H, glacial acetic acid, and TEAI. In summary, a telescopic reaction is developed for the synthesis of aryl iodides. The current methodology is safe, cost-effective, broad substrate scope, and metal-free. All used reagents are commercially available and inert to moisture and air. Also, the saccharine and tetraethylammonium cation could be partially recovered from the reaction residue, which reduces waste generation, energy consumption, raw material, and waste disposal costs.

Influence of butynediol and tetrabutylammonium bromide on the morphology and structure of electrodeposited cobalt in the presence of saccharin

Abstract To develop cobalt coating for use in diamond tools, cobalt electrodeposition was conducted in Watts-type baths. The effects of tetrabutylammonium bromide and 2-butyne-1,4-diol on the surface morphology, crystallographic structure, surface roughness and microhardness of thick cobalt deposits were investigated in the presence of saccharin. The addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide had a modest effect on the morphology, crystallographic structure and microhardness of cobalt deposits, while it reduced the surface roughness noticeably. On the other hand, the addition of 2-butyne-1,4-diol favored the formation of a much smoother deposit, but unexpectedly, it dramatically decreased the microhardness as a result of increased grain size, accompanied by the changes both in the morphology from fine-grained structure to lenticular structure and in the crystal structure from (0002) preferred orientation to (10 1 ¯ 0) preferred orientation. With the addition of a mixture of saccharin, tetrabutylammonium bromide and 2-butyne-1,4-diol, a harder and smoother thick cobalt deposit was obtained. To understand the role of these additives, linear sweep voltammetry and transmission electron microscopy were also used to investigate the reduction behavior of Co ions and the microstructure of cobalt deposits, respectively, which were compared with the morphological, structural and mechanical properties of cobalt deposits. Possible mechanisms for the alteration in the properties of cobalt deposits were discussed.

Comparative trial of saccharin-added electrolyte for improving the structure of an electrodeposited magnetic FeCoNi thin film

Magnetic thin films composed of FeCoNi alloy nanocrystals were electrodeposited on an indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate sheet from sulfate electrolyte in the presence of saccharin. The resultant films were characterized by several analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. Microstructural analyses confirmed the formation of pure-phase ternary solid solutions of face-centered cubic FeCoNi. Saccharin was found to play an important role in controlling the crystallite size, composition, and morphology of the FeCoNi film that influenced the magnetic properties of the film. The FeCoNi film exhibited excellent soft magnetic behavior at room temperature with a relatively high saturation magnetization.

Magnetic properties of CoPt thin films obtained by electrodeposition from hexachloroplatinate solution. Composition, thickness and substrate dependence

In this paper, magnetic properties of CoPt thin films electrodeposited from an aqueous hexachloroplatinate solution at pH 5.5, in presence of saccharin as an additive, are reported. The electrodeposition was carried out on a sputtered Ru-substrate at controlled potential. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that CoPt thin films prepared in these specific conditions crystallize in the hexagonal close packing (hcp) phase. The variations of the magnetic properties of 15–500 nm CoPt thin films are explained by taking into account the changes in the elemental composition, thickness, dynamics of the surface roughening during the early stages of deposition, and under-layer structure of the Ru-substrate. The structure and the width of the magnetic domains of electrodeposited CoPt thin films were examined by MFM and found to be thickness dependent.

Influence of mode of electrodeposition, current density and saccharin on the microstructure and hardness of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel coatings

Abstract The main purpose of the present work is to study the influence of current density, deposition mode and the presence of saccharin as an additive on the microstructure, sulfur content, grain size and microhardness of nanocrystalline Ni coatings. Towards this purpose, nanocrystalline nickel (Ni) coatings were deposited at various current densities in Watt's bath using direct, pulse and pulse reverse current (PRC) electrodeposition and subsequently characterized for sulfur content, grain size and hardness. It was observed that, the current density has no influence on the grain size/hardness of nanocrystalline Ni coatings in direct and pulsed current electrodeposition mode. However, the grain size increased from ~ 20 to ~ 200 nm with decrease in current density in PRC mode of deposition. In addition a substantial change in microstructure and texture of PRC Ni coatings was also evident. The experimental results have been rationalized based on the adsorption–desorption type of mechanism during electrodeposition.

Effects of saccharin and anions (SO4 2−, Cl−) on the electrodeposition of Co–Ni alloys

The electrodeposition of Co–Ni alloys is investigated to examine the mechanistic effects of chloride, sulfate and saccharin on the resulting alloy composition, deposition current efficiency and partial current densities of the cathodic reactions. When deposition is carried out in chloride, sulfate or mixed sulfate-chloride solutions without saccharin, the influence of hydrogen evolution (HER) becomes dominant and deleterious at higher overpotentials, leading to very low metal deposition current efficiency and the formation of a hydroxide/oxide film on the substrate. This problem is significantly reduced when saccharin is added to the mixed sulfate-chloride plating bath and to a lesser extent the sulfate-only solution. Although saccharin is ineffective in suppressing H+ reduction at low overpotentials, it is very effective at inhibiting H2O reduction at high overpotentials and enabling metal deposition to more easily occur. The system follows anomalous behavior at all current densities both in the absence and presence of saccharin, although it approaches normal behavior as the current density increases toward −1,000 A m−2 due to Co(II) reduction being mass transfer-controlled.

Selective identification and quantification of saccharin by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection

High-pressure liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (HPLC–UV) is one of the most commonly used methods to identify and quantify saccharin in non-alcoholic beverages. However, due to the wide variety of interfering UV spectra in saccharin-containing beverage matrices, the same method cannot be used to measure this analyte accurately. We have developed a new, highly effective method to identify and quantify saccharin using HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD). The excitation wavelength (250nm) and emission wavelength (440nm) chosen increased selectivity for all matrices and ensured few changes were required in the mobile phase or other parameters.The presence of saccharin in non-diet beverages – a fraud commonly used to replace more expensive sucrose – was confirmed by comparing coincident peaks as well as the emission spectra of standards and samples.

An EQCM study on the influence of saccharin on the corrosion properties of nanostructured cobalt and cobalt-iron alloy coatings

Nanostructured cobalt (Co) and cobalt-iron (CoFe) alloy coatings were electrodeposited from sulfate solutions in the presence and absence of saccharin. The effects of saccharin on the corrosion behavior of Co and CoFe alloy coatings were investigated using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique coupled with cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Saccharin was added to the electrolyte as a grain refiner and brightener. Interestingly, opposite corrosion behaviors were found for all nanostructured coatings in 0.1 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH. The use of saccharin as an additive in the plating solution accelerated the anodic reaction for all deposits in acidic medium. The mass decreases while dissolution rate increased with higher saccharin concentration. Meanwhile, formation of a thick passive film on the Co electrode surface were enhanced while a hindering effect was observed for CoFe alloy coatings deposited in the presence of saccharin in alkaline solution. The anodic and cathodic curves obtained from potentiodynamic polarization experiments were also in agreement with the EQCM results.

Expression and Distribution of the Sweet Taste Receptor Isoforms T1R2 and T1R3 in Human and Rat Bladders

Artificial sweeteners augment bladder contraction. We hypothesized that artificial sweeteners activate sweet taste receptors in the bladder. Thus, we investigated the expression of sweet taste receptors in human and rat bladders. Sections of human and rat bladders were cut from paraffin blocks and stained by immunohistochemistry for the expression of T1R2/3 sweet taste receptors. Bladder homogenates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting for T1R2/3 receptor expression. Rat bladder strips with and without urothelium were suspended in organ baths. The contractile response to 10 Hz electrical field stimulation was determined in the absence and presence of saccharin (Sigma-Aldrich®) (10(-8) to 10(-3) M). Responses to KCl in the absence and presence of saccharin, and saccharin plus zinc were also determined. T1R2/3 sweet taste receptors were expressed in human and rat bladder urothelium. Immunostaining was evident in the plasma membrane of the 3 urothelial cell types, particularly umbrella cells. Immunoblotting revealed bands at expected molecular weights in human and rat bladder homogenates. Saccharin augmented rat bladder smooth muscle contraction due to electrical field stimulation only when urothelium was present in the bladder strip. Zinc blocked the enhancing effect of saccharin on responses to KCl. T1R2/3 sweet taste receptors are expressed in human and rat bladder urothelium. Activation of these receptors by artificial sweeteners may result in augmented bladder contraction.

The effect of saccharine on the localized electrochemical deposition of Cu-rich Cu–Ni microcolumns

High aspect ratio Cu-rich Cu–Ni microcolumns have been fabricated on brass substrates by Localized Electrochemical Deposition using a platinum microanode with an electrical bias of 7.0 V. Sulfate–citrate baths with and without the presence of saccharine as a grain-refining agent, have been used. The microcolumns are ~ 100 μm in diameter and several hundreds of micrometers in height. The addition of saccharine to the electrolytic solution resulted in the reduction of both the porosity and the surface roughness of the Cu–Ni grains in the microcolumns. The Ni/Cu atomic ratio on the top of the microcolumns was higher than that at the bottom, indicating a composition gradient along the height of the columns. Despite their relatively low Ni content (below 35 at% in all cases), the microcolumns were weakly ferromagnetic. Nanoindentation hardness and reduced Young's modulus were also measured. Larger values of both parameters were obtained in the columns grown in the presence of saccharine.

Materials properties of electrodeposited NiFe and NiCoFe coatings

The codeposition behaviour of the electrodeposited iron group alloy system, NiFe and NiCoFe, was studied in acid sulphate electrolyte. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the existence of FCC phases. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the elemental composition in NiFe and NiCoFe coatings electrodeposited over copper substrate was also carried out. The result suggested that Ni is inhibited by the presence of Fe2+ and Co2+ ions. The properties of soft magnetic NiFe and NiCoFe coatings electrodeposited in the presence of saccharin and sodium lauryl sulphate additives were studied. Corrosion performance of these coatings in 3·5% NaCl solution was evaluated using impedance electrochemical techniques. The superior coefficient of friction of NiFeCo coatings was observed from block-on ring test.

Influence of Solution pH and Concentration of Saccharin on Electrodeposition and Properties of 2.4 T CoFe Alloys

Electrodeposition of thick 2.4 T CoFe films with 60–63 wt % Fe was achieved at various solution pH values (2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.8) in the presence of saccharin on 6 in. AlTiC wafers with a Cu seed layer. The effect of pH on the electrodeposition including voltammetric behavior, plating rate, and selectivity ratio was discussed. The increase in the solution pH affected some material properties such as surface roughness, grain size, morphology, and corrosion. The texture, coercivity, and tensile stress of the 2.4 T CoFe films with 60–63 wt % Fe were less affected by the solution pH. Possible reasons for such behavior were discussed. The increase in saccharin concentration from 0.1 to 2.0 g/L did not affect the roughness and corrosion of the electro deposited 2.4 T CoFe films at pH 2.0 but had an influence on their composition, stress, and coercivity.

Influence of pH on Electrodeposition and Properties of 2.4T CoFe Alloy

Electrodeposition of 0.5 mm thick 2.4T CoFe films with 60-63 wt% Fe was achieved at various solution pHs (2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.8, respectively) in the presence of saccharin on 6 in AlTiC wafers with Cu-seed layer. The effect of pH on electrodeposition including voltammetric behavior, plating rate, and selectivity ratio was discussed. The increase of solution pH affects some material properties like: surface roughness, grain size, morphology, and corrosion. Notably, texture, coercivity, and tensile stress of 0.5 mm 2.4T CoFe films with 60-63 wt. % Fe are less affected by solution pH. Possible reasons for such behavior were discussed.

Influence of SiC nanoparticles and saccharin on the structure and properties of electrodeposited Ni–Fe/SiC nanocomposite coatings

In this study, Ni–Fe/SiC nanocomposite coatings with smooth and crack-free surface were successfully prepared by means of the conventional electrodeposition in the presence of saccharin in electrolyte. The goal of this work was to investigate the effect of SiC nanoparticles and saccharin on the structure and properties of permalloy nanocomposite coatings. The nanocomposite coatings were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The significant variation in the crystallographic texture of the coatings was observed due to the addition of SiC nanoparticles and saccharin in the electrodeposition bath. Increasing the amount of saccharin in the electrolyte led to a change in the texture from a (2 0 0) fiber texture to mixed (3 1 1) and (2 0 0) textures. Our results indicated that inclusion of SiC nanoparticles suppressed the preferred growth direction of the Ni–Fe matrix, resulting in a decrease in the sharpness of the (2 0 0) fiber texture and formation of a more random texture. The presence of SiC nanoparticles in the metallic matrix also led to the production of composite films with better corrosion resistance and higher microhardness than the Ni–Fe coating.

Pharmacological analysis of feeding in a caterpillar: different transduction pathways for umami and saccharin?

Neonate larvae of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), modify their behavior in the presence of saccharin, monosodium glutamate (MSG), or L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) by commencing their feeding earlier. Previously published pharmacological analysis demonstrated that phagostimulatory effects of MSG and L-AP4 (which elicit umami taste sensation in humans) are reversed by adenylate cyclase activator and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. In this study, by measuring the time needed to start ingestion of foliage treated with mixtures of phagostimulants and signal transduction modulators, we show that phagostimulatory effects of L-aspartate (the third hallmark umami substance) are also abolished by both adenylate cyclase activator and phosphodiesterase inhibitor, but not by phospholipase C inhibitor. However, stimulatory effects of hemicalcium saccharin were affected only by phospholipase C inhibitor. The results suggest that codling moth neonates use different transduction pathways for perception of hemicalcium saccharin and umami.

Influence of organic additives on the initial stages of copper electrodeposition on polycrystalline platinum

Effects of two additives, thiourea and saccharin, on copper electrodeposition from acid sulphate solutions were investigated by different electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) as well as by different observation techniques (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy). The morphology of copper coating obtained with thiourea leads to a smooth and bright deposit whereas it is only slightly modified by saccharin. The electrochemical reactions of copper electrodeposition were modified by the formation of complexes between thiourea and copper. However, in presence of saccharin, the kinetics and morphology of copper coating remain unchanged. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, thiourea was found to react with copper or copper ions by strong bond formation between the sulphur atoms of thiourea molecule and copper. This is the evidence of the adsorption of thiourea on the coating. Moreover, the thiourea action starts in the initial stages, allowing a homogeneous nuclei size and a large nuclei density. Finally, the nucleation mechanism of electrodeposition appears to be modified according to the additives used.

Effect of pulse plating and additive on phase separation in Cu–Co nano-granular alloys

Pulse electrolysis was employed to deposit heterogeneous Cu–Co alloys from complexed sulphate–citrate electrolyte. The crystal structure, surface morphology and microstructure of the deposited alloys were analysed to understand the effect of process parameters on the deposit. X-ray and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies showed that as-deposited films were composed of two phases, a solid solution of face centred cubic Cu–Co phase and a hexagonal close packed Co phase. Pulse electrolysis and addition of saccharine within the electrolyte were found to enhance in forming two-phase structure. Surface morphology of the pulse current (PC) plated alloys was found to be smoother than their direct current (DC) counterparts. Presence of saccharine within the electrolyte led to further improvement in brightness of the deposits top layer. Microstructural investigations revealed that the deposited alloys were nanocrystalline in nature. Further refinement in grain size and increased homogeneity in microstructure were observed in the presence of saccharine.