Preliminary Phytochemicals Research Articles

Anti-diabetic activity and Phytochemicals Screening of C. revoluta rachis on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The objective of this study is to examine the control of hastily increasing diabetes mellitus which has become a serious problem all over the world. Traditionally antidiabetic plants help to treat diabetes with no side effect. So, an effort has been made to study the helpful properties of Cycas revoluta rachis extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rat’s protocol. The preliminary phytochemicals analysis has revealed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids which might be contributing to antidiabetic activity. The doses of crude extract from 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg have shown that the plant is non-toxic in nature under observable conditions. The ~ 70% ethanolic extract of C. revoluta has been administrated at doses level of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg b.w. orally. The blood samples have been collected from the retro-orbital plexus to examine blood glucose level and biological parameters such as serum cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL respectively. At the dose level 300 mg/kg, the reduction in blood glucose level by 289.5 ± 24.57 to 98.33 ± 7.89 has been observed at 14th day’s protocol. The serum lipid profile has also been reversed to normal as compared with standard drug.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis, Molecular Docking Study and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Sapindus emarginatus Seed Kernel

Objectives: The present study was designed to identify and screen phytochemicals present in methanolic extract of Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel, to evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and to search for dihydropteroate synthase (3TYE) enzyme inhibitors through molecular docking study. Methods: Phytochemicals present in methanol extract were screened using standard protocol. Identification of phytochemicals was carried out using GC-MS. DPPH assay and Microbroth dilution assay were used to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity respectively. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) was used for molecular docking. Results: Preliminary phytochemicals screening of extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols and tannins, terpenoids, saponins and fat & oil. GC-MS study was showed 12 peaks indicating the presence of 12 different phytoconstituents. The extract exhibited very good inhibition (MIC= 200µg/mL) against S. pyogenus compared with inhibition of standard drug ampicillin (MIC= 100µg/mL). Molecular docking result revealed that 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-[3,4-dihydroxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy bind effectively to the active site residues of dihydropteroate synthase (3TYE) with docking score of -6.53kcal/mol. Conclusion: Phytochemicals were investigated (Phytochemicals screening and GC-MS analysis) are responsible of antimicrobial or antioxidant activity of Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel.

Characterisation of indigenous plants for herbal formulations preparation based on pharmacognostic and physiochemical data

The use of plant-based drugs has increased considerably in the modern world for their efficiency in managing diseases with lesser side effects than synthetic drugs. The current study was aimed to confirm the identity, quality and purity of some locally available potential medicinal plants such as Alstonia scholaris (bark), Centella asiatica (whole plant), Drymaria cordata (whole plant), Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (whole plant), Oroxylum indicum (bark), Senna hirsuta (leaf), Senna occidentalis (leaf), Solanum indicum (root), Stephania japonica (tuber) in powdered form. The powdered plant parts were evaluated for preliminary phytochemicals, pharmacognostical studies, physical characteristics and heavy metals. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the different extracts inferred the existence of carbohydrates, phenolics, alkaloids and amino acids while triterpenoids were absent. Microscopical study of the powder revealed the diagnostic qualities such as stone cells, trichomes, stomata, calcium oxalate crystal, fibres, xylem vessel, pitted spiral vessels, etc. The colour, odour, flavour/taste and texture of the pulverized plant were overall acceptable. The physical characteristics which determine the flow rate of the powder with respect to Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio were found to be good to passable except for Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (whole plant), Oroxylum indicum (bark), which were not easily passable. The heavy metal test showed the absence of bismuth, cadmium and lead. Thus the present study may serve as a standard reference for the quality control analysis of the herbal drug either singly or in synergy.

Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Studies of Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca DC In Vitro.

The current study aimed to screen the preliminary phytochemicals in the leaf extract of the medicinal plant Simarouba glauca and to analyze its potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. The phytochemical profile of the methanol extract was analyzed, and bioactive compounds were identified using chromatography, FTIR and GCMS. Antimicrobial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined against 14 bacterial and 6 fungal strains. Moreover, the synergistic effect of a plant extract with commercially available antibiotics was also evaluated using the checkerboard method. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed exclusive activity against S. aureus and profound activity against E. coli and S. marcescens. Upon comparing breakpoints, methanolic extract demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity with a MIC value of 3.2 mg/mL against the test pathogens. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated potential antioxidant activity; methanol extract had higher antioxidant potential compared to the ethanol extract. The major proactive bioactive compound with maximum antioxidant capacity was observed to be terpenoids. The methanol extract of S. glauca showed significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 16.12 µg/mL. The overall results of our work provide significant evidence for the usage of methanolic extract of S. glauca as an efficient ethnomedicinal agent and a potential candidate for relieving many human ailments.

Studies on physicochemical, phytochemicals, chromatographic profiling & estimation and in-silico study of Negundoside in roots & small branches of Vitex Negundo plant

BackgroundVitex negundo plants beautiful gift of Nature to humankind, and we must conserve for the future. This plant has many uses in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Allopathy to treat several diseases like venereal diseases, Urinary problems, cough and fever, asthmatic pain, female reproductive problems. PurposeThis study aimed to perform the comparative phytochemical analysis, chromatographic profiling, and quantification of Negundoside in Vitex negundo root and small branches. We also did in-silico evaluation of Negundoside. MethodsUsing cold maceration extraction, Successful soxhlet extraction processes were used to prepare hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcoholic extracts. Preliminary phytochemicals perimeters were carried out in both plant parts extract. We performed chromatographic profiling of Vitex negundo by using HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS. Negundoside in Vitex negundo plant root and small branches were identified and quantified by using HPLC. ResultsLC-MS showed similarities in the compounds in ethanol extracts of Vitex negundo root and small branches extracts. Similarlry, GC–MS identified many similar volatile compounds of Vitex negundo root and small branches. The results obtained from HPLC analysis show that root contains 0.0696%, and small branches had 0.3818% of negundoside in Vitex negundo. In molecular docking study of negundoside with cox-2 we found binding energy of −7.2 kcal/mol. ConclusionAs per present study, Vitex negundo plant roots could be replaced by small branches. We found in the comparative study there is very close similarity between roots and small branches suggested the further uses of small branches in place of roots.

HR-LCMS ANALYSIS AND PASS ( PREDICTION OF ACTIVITY SPECTRA FOR SUBSTANCES ) OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM SERRATUM (LINN.)MOON (BHARANGI).

Aims: The main aim of the study is to prospect the phytochemical constituents in the Clerodendrum serratum (Linn).Moon by HR-LCMS Analysis and PASS predictionMethods:The leaves of the Clerodedrum serratum (Linn).Moon was extracted with Ethanol at room temperature for 24 hours.The bioactive compounds of Clerodendrum serratum have been separated and identified using HR-LCMS.Results: Preliminary phytochemicals analysis revealed the presence of tannins, quinines, saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. Total 12 compounds identified were selected for further screening by molecular docking studies.The spectral analysis revealed different compounds Pindolol,Umbelliferon, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-26, 27-dimethyl-20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23-hexadehydro24a-homovitamin D3, Hydroxyhydroquinone, Phenylacetic acid, Kynurenine, cholic acid glucuronide, Megastigma -3, 7(E), 9 triene , Alloaromadendrene, Ethambutol ,α santalol and many other compounds were identified as low level. Conclusion: The result of this study offers a platform of using Clerodendrum serratum (Linn) Moon. As herbal alternatives for various diseases and it can be used as functional andpharmaceutical agent.

METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Jatropha tanjorensis Ellis and Saroja POSSESS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS WITH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY

The body during normal metabolic function produces free radicals which are highly reactive species. Free radicals could also be introduced into the body from the environment. The oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species can result in DNA mutation, membrane protein damage and cell membrane disintegration. The present study assayed the preliminary phytochemicals, total phenolics and total flavonoids and free radicals scavenging ability of methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf. Standard methods for determining phytochemicals, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxidation scavenging activity were employed. The phytochemical screening result revealed the presences of phenols, flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, tannins, terpernoids and steroids. The total phenolic content of methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf measured by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 11.35±0.82mgGAE/g. The flavonoid content of the plant sample calculated as Quercetin equivalent was 15.91±1.60mgQCE/g. GC-MS results revealed relevant pharmacological bioactive compounds. The antioxidative activity of the plant’s extract correlated with total phenolic content. The radical scavenging activity showed a dose dependent increase in the reducing power. The minimum NO inhibitory activity was 8.88±0.63 at 200µg/ml and the maximum activity was 32.70±2.71 at 800µg/ml. The minimum percentage H2O2 radical inhibitory activity was 8.30±0.88 at 200µg/ml and a maximum activity was 22.80±2.28 at 800µg/ml. There was also an increase scavenging effect of lipid peroxide radical in concentration dependent manner. The results of this study indicate that the leaf of Jatropha tanjorensis possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitor

QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDIZATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AYURVEDA FORMULATION YASHTIMADHU CHURNA

Yashtimadhu Churna is one of the traditional formulations used as antacid, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-stress, demulcent, antibacterial and anti-asthmatic agents. The formulation mainly contains Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract. Present study described preliminary qualitative phytochemicals analysis and chromatographic fingerprinting of Yashtimadhu Churna using HPLC and HPTLC analysis. Study also presented anti-inflammatory potential of formulation using protein denaturation method. This study helps to establish standardization parameters of Yashtimadhu Churna and also confirmed anti-inflammatory potential of formulation.

In-vitro antioxidant and selective cytotoxicity of Garcinia cambogia and Garcinia indica leaf extracts on human kidney cancer cell line

Kidney cancer is one among the top 10 cancers. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is commonly known kidney cancer. Almost all clinically targeted drugs used in treating RCC have many aftereffects. To overcome this problem with herbal products, the present study is aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidants and selective cytotoxicity of aqueous leaves extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC)and Garcinia indica (GI)on(HEK-293) human embryonic kidney cells and (A498)human renal carcinoma cells. The phytochemical analyses were done using standard protocols. In-vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using DPPH, FRAP, and Phosphomolybdenum assay. Anticancer activity on A498 kidney cancer cell line was evaluated by MTT assay and the selectivity index was calculated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of GC and GI leaf extract divulged the presence of various phyto-constituents. GI extract revealed higher phenolic content while flavonoid content was more in GC extract compared to alkaloids and saponins. Both plant extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacities based on the test performed.GC and GIleaf extract wasselectively cytotoxic in-vitro to (A498) human renal carcinoma cells and can be safely used against kidney cancer at 500 µM (GC extract)and 300 µM (GI extract). Selective index for GC and GI extract was15.9 and 2.4respectively. The results indicate that GC and GI extracts are a favourable antioxidant and anti-cancer agents for A498 human renal carcinoma cells. However, further studies to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities are underway and to explore their molecular mechanism.

Preliminary phytochemical screening andin vitroantibacterial activity ofPlumbago indica(Laal chitrak) root extracts against drug-resistantEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniae

AbstractDrug resistance is one of the problems affecting the world where drug-resistantEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaehave been shown to be ubiquitous, frequently isolated from foods and commonly associated with surgical site infection in hospitals worldwide. The aims of this work were to analyze the antibacterial activity of root extracts of the plant obtained by serial extraction (using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) and byin vitrotechniques and preliminary screen phytochemicals present in the extract by qualitative means. Fresh roots ofPlumbago indicawere collected, oven-dried, and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus; antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the active extract were evaluated by standard methods against clinically isolated drug-resistantE. coliandK. pneumoniae;preliminary phytochemical screening was taken to detect the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, reducing sugars, phenolics, protein, and oil and fat; and bioactive compounds were detected by GCMS analysis of the active extracts. Determination of antibacterial activity showed that the test organisms were susceptible to methanol and aqueous extracts only. MIC of methanolic extract was found to be 20 µg/mL on bothE. coliandK. pneumoniae,while aqueous extract had MIC of 10 and 20 µg/mL onE. coliandK. pneumoniae,respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of all the above-mentioned phytochemicals except oil and fat. The significance of this work is to find a lasting solution to the current problem of emerging drug-resistant bacteria (E. coliandK. pneumoniae) through the use of extracts obtained fromP. indicawhich have long history of use as traditional medicine. The methanolic and aqueous extract can be recommended as an alternative and candidates for drug development against drug-resistantE. coliandK. pneumoniae.

Novel Insight into Potential Leishmanicidal Activities of Transdermal Patches of Nigella Sativa: Formulation Development, Physical Characterizations, and In vitro/In vivo Assays.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common type of Leishmaniasis, which annually affects 1.5 million people worldwide. About 90% of cases are reported from countries such as Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the present study was to fabricate transdermal patches of Nigella sativa (NS), characterize, and to check its in vitro/in vivo anti-Lieshmanial activity. Hydroalcoholic extract was analyzed for preliminary phytochemicals. Five formulations of transdermal patches (NS1, NS2, NS3, NS4, and NS5) were prepared by solvent evaporation method. The optimized formulation NS5 was characterized for Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), smoothness, brittleness, clarity, thickness, folding endurance, uniformity of weight, percent moisture content, in vitro drug release, release kinetics, ex vivo drug permeation, and in vitro anti-Lieshmanial activity. In vivo anti-Lieshmanial activity was assessed in 30 patients (n = 30) suffering from CL. The FTIR studies showed no incompatibility among the active extract and polymers. In vitro anti-Lieshmanial assay was 194.6% ± 1.88% as compared with standard drug (p > 0.05) and in vivo anti-Lieshmanial activity was 75%. The drug release after 24 h was 87.0% ± 0.94% in NS5, which showed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism while drug permeation across rabbit skin after 24 h was up to 80.0% ± 0.91%. The results concluded that problems related to the parenteral medications used for Lieshmanial treatment can be managed by applying extract of NS seeds in the form of transdermal patch.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis (GC-MS) of Methanol Extract of Crataeva nurvala stem bark

Medicinal plants are precious source of bioactive compounds which possess a range of beneficial properties and serve as the major source of medicine for a large proportion of population across the world. Since ancient times, Crataeva nurvala has been used as a vital herb in Ayurvedic system of medicine. In Unani system of medicine the bark of C. nurvala is used as an appetite stimulant and as an agent to decrease the secretion of bile and phlegm. In the present study, the methanol extract of stem bark of C. nurvala was analysed for preliminary phytochemicals and the chemical profiling of the extract was illustrated using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant extract contained alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids. The GC-MS analysis determined the presence of different compounds of biological importance. The identification and characterisation of the phytoconstituents in the extract could pave the way for the discovery of new drugs for various ailments.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. AND MALWA SYLVESTRIS L

India is one of the richest known in terms of biodiversity, especially the northern India Jammu and Kashmir one of the beautiful geographical regions of the world is hub of medicinal plants. Two medicinal plants namely Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Malwa sylvestris L. were selected for the study. The aim of this research was to investigate presence of preliminary phytochemicals and to determine the total flavonoid and phenolic content. Isolation of phytoconstituents was analyzed through GC-MS. The solvent used was methanol and for the organic solvent extraction Soxhlet apparatus was used. The extract was then separated by GC-MS through Shimadzu (2010) model. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaves extracts of G. glabra L. and M. sylvestris L. was carried out using standard methods which showed alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols and anthraquinones respectively. Total phenolic content derived were 15.5mg/gm, 16.2mg/gm, 13.6mg/gm, 18.3gm/gm, 14.4mg/gm 13.6mg/gm, 24.3mg/gm, 19.5mg/gm, 21.3mg/gm and total flavonoid content derived were 10.2mg/gm, 23.4mg/gm, 18.5mg/gm, 19.3mg/gm, 24.3mg/gm, 19.8mg/gm, 22.4mg/gm, 25.6mg/gm, 16.2mg/gm respectively. GC-MS analysis showed forty two chemicals compounds from G. glabra L. and forty from M. sylvestris L. there were some major compounds noticed in both extracts which provided the evidence that these plants contain medicinally important bioactive compounds which can be used traditionally for the treatment of different kinds of fungal and bacterial diseases.

Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation

Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation

Preliminary phytochemical screening of a medicinal tree plant Gynocardia odorata found in the native of mon district, Nagaland India

Gynocardia odorata tree plant found in Nagaland is commonly used by the Konyak tribe for fishing, honeybee harvesting and as a traditional medicine to heal gastric and abdominal pain. It is reported that the seed of Gynocardia odorata when consumed in its raw form causes hallucination and at worst, even death when taken in excess. However, the tribal people had improvised techniques to detoxify the seeds and since then it has been a delicacy to the diet of the people of konyak tribe. This study was aimed to screen preliminary phytochemicals presence in various parts of plant leaves, stem bark, seed and fruit extracted from polar, intermediate polar and non-polar solvent such as methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. The analysis revealed the significance presence of alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids which are of important medicinal value and therefore need the plant conservation strategies for the benefits of the local people and the society in large.

Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Assessment of Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) Leaf Extracts Against Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae

The development of resistance by Culex mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the continued search for alternative ones from plants. This study screened the preliminary qualitative phytochemicals and assessed the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of J. gossypiifolia leaf against third and fourth stage Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The J. gossypiifolia was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods. After twenty-four (24) hours post exposure of both third and fourth stage C. quinquefasciatus larvae against different concentrations, (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) of various extracts. It showed that larval mortality increases significantly (p<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Acetone leaf extract showed highest mortality at 10mg/ml with 85% third stage Culex larvae mortality, followed by ethanolic leaf extract. However, least mortality was observed in n-Hexane leaf extract with 15% larval mortality against fourth stage Culex larvae. Low LC and LC values (3.715mg/ml and 12.490mg/ml) were noticed in 50 90 acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia. The study observed that the highest LC and LC values (9.104mg/ml and 50 90 22.877mg/ml) were noticed in hexane leaf extracts. Conclusively, acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia can be harnessed to control Culex larvae. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. gossypiifolia and its toxicity to non-target organisms.
 Keywords: Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phytochemicals, Culex larvae

Ethnomedicinal survey and determination of total alkaloids and phenolics in selected edible plants of Tripura, India

A large number of plants are being used as medicinal agents by local people, healers and trainees in Tripura, India. The scientific validation of these plants is not satisfactory. The present work aims to explore tradomedicinal importance and determine the total alkaloids and phenolics from selected edible plants. Information about 21 edible wild plants with 24 plants parts were collected from oral interviews with traditional healers of Tripura. Total alkaloids and phenolics were screened and estimated by standard pharmacognostic procedure. Based on the field survey, it was found that 21 edible wild plants with 24 plants parts have been using to combat and cure various common daily ailments. These plant parts were further screened for the presence of phytochemicals. Results showed that Ziziphus jujuba (Mill.) bark was most abundant in alkaloids (4.18±0.005 g% W/W) and Sesamum indicum (Linn.) seeds contain minimum amount of alkaloids (0.43 ±0.005 g% W/W). On the other hand, Areca catechu (Linn.) seeds was found most abundant in total phenolics (21.309 ± 0.200 W/W mg/g TA) and mesocarp of Musa acuminata (Colla) contained minimum amount of phenolics (1.739 ± 0.032 mg/g W/W TA). The data obtained from the field survey and preliminary phytochemicals analysis in the present paper provides basic understanding on the rationality of herbal remedies. Thus, knowledge of potent therapeutic value of our daily edible plants would help us to use them more appropriately.

GC-MS Metabolomics profiling and HR-APCI-MS characterization of potential anticancer compounds and antimicrobial activities of extracts from Picrorhiza kurroa roots.

The present study explores pharmacological potential and phytochemicals profiling of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts against mammalian cancer cell lines and pathogenic microbes. Bioactive extracts from roots of Picrorhiza kurroa were recovered in the methanol, 50% aqueous dichloromethane (50 : 50 v/v) and n-hexane. Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive extracts was assessed against selected strains of bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Aqueous dichloromethane extract showed highest zone of growth inhibition (39.06 ± 1.0 mm) towards Staphylococcus aureus bacteria while methanolic extract showed the lowest inhibition (6.3 ± 4.1 mm) to Escherichia coli bacteria. The tested extracts such as methanol and aqueous dichloromethane exhibited higher inhibition antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus compared to Fusarium oxysporum. As far as cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of the tested extracts is concerned, n-hexane and aqueous dichloromethane extracts were found to be very active against all cancer cell lines (breast cancer MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and ovarian cancer SKOV3). A preliminary phytochemicals profiling was performed in extracts using GC-MS. Several fractions of active extract were separated with HPLC and analyzed using High Resolution Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HR-APCI-MS). Two purified compounds (Dihydromikanolide and 1,3-Dicyclohexyl-4-(cyclohexylimino)-2-(cyclohexylethylamino)-3,4-dihydro-1,3-diazetium) were further evaluated for their anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell line. Our findings depict that all the tested extracts showed considerable anticancer potential through cell viability assays. The purified compound 1 - Dihydromikanolide from methanolic extract was found to be active against ovarian cancer cells and can be explored as a promising nutra-pharmaceutical candidate against ovarian cancer. However, further studies exploring the molecular pathways and in vivo testing are required.

Antioxidant, Preliminary Phytochemicals, and GC-MS Analysis Reveald Bioactive Potential of Mucuna Pruriens (L.) DC. Leaves and Seeds

The bioactive potential of Mucuna pruriens leaves and seed extracted in five different solvents was evaluated by preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidant and GCMS analysis. The maximum antioxidant activity was found to be 76.96% in seeds extracted with ethanol and 72.50% in leaves extracted with petroleum ether. The preliminary photochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids in plant but this detection was solvent dependent. The GCMS profiling reported 24 and 30 bioactive compounds in various solvents leaves and seeds extracts respectively. Among these compounds 20 compounds from leaves and 16 compounds from seeds reported bioactivity. The solvent dependent variations in compounds extraction were also observed. The major relative percentage of compounds in leaves extract includes Benzamide,N-[2-[4-[5-[3,3-dimethyloxiranyl]-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-pentenyl]oxy] phenyl]ethyl (15.83%) in petroleum ether, 2-Pentanone,4-hydroxy-4-methyl (35.52%) in acetone, 2-2-Dimethyl butanedioic acid (35.52%) in ethanol and 2-Pentanone.4-methoxy-4-methyl (47.12%) in methanol. While in seed extract Oxalic acid cyclohexyl pentyl ester (13.37%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (11.28%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid[zz] (39.08%) in petroleum ether, 1-octadecyne (19.08%) in chloroform and 2-Pentanone.4-methoxy-4-methyl (47.64%) in methanol. Most of the compounds has antioxidant, antifungal, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic and anti-cancerous properties. Therefore these bioactive compounds validate the use of the plant to cure various ailments by traditional practitioners and bioactive profiling will helpful for researchers to explore its applicability.

Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of Lyngbya majuscula on human neural tissues

The neurodegenerative disease accounts for the functional dysfunction of the neural cells and is also caused by the oxidative stress that prevailed within the neural cells. The prophylactic activity of Cyanobacteria can inhibit the action of reactive oxygen species and can also act as a neuroprotective agent. In this current study, the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Lyngbya majuscula against human neural PC12 cell line are evaluated using DPPH assay and MTT assay. Cell morphology of treated PC12 cells is observed by DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation and caspase enzyme activity are also conducted. The extract is found to possess preliminary phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, anthroquinone, phenols, saponins and tannins. The results of this study indicate that L. majuscula extract has excellent free radical scavenging activity. MTT assay revealed that IC50 values are 406.45 ± 3.2 μg/mL and 426.14 ± 1.7 μg/Ml. The stimulation apoptosis by the extract is confirmed through DNA fragmentation analysis and it also possesses significant Caspase enzyme activity. The results evidence the potential neuroprotective effects of L. majuscula extract on PC12 cell lines. Further investigation will be required for the molecular mechanism and gene regulation.