Prehistoric Man Research Articles

Education in Cambodia during the prehistoric period: Education started from instinctive senses to creative senses

Cambodian education began as soon as people settled in this region during the prehistoric period. Making tools out of wood, bamboo, horn, stone, and other materials, prehistoric men in Cambodia showed that they were skillful at dealing with a range of materials. Prehistoric stone tool sizes and types changed over time, reflecting the evolution of prehistoric people's knowledge and abilities. This article illuminates the education of prehistoric Cambodians by following their path from primitive instinctual knowledge to the development of their senses via religious beliefs and inventive holiday celebrations, all based on earlier studies and documents from the remains. The article's purpose is to examine the types of education that were prevalent at the time, the importance of teaching and demonstration, and the influence of religious convictions on educational policies. Positive educational improvements relied on natural senses and self-avoiding behavior, whereas sensory development stagnation hindered educational advancements.​The analysis various documents both Khmer and other languages revealed both positive and negative effects on the educational growth of Cambodian ancestors. Thus, to maintain the nation's historical identity, the article attempts to comprehend and investigate the educational strategies of prehistoric periods by drawing on people's previous experiences for future growth.

A history of research on the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)

In 1810, G.A. Goldfuss was the first to identify the bones of a cave lion discovered in the Zoolithenhöhle cave (Germany), naming it Felis spelaea. But it was prehistoric man who first described it in numerous parietal and movable representations. Since the beginning of the 19th century, scientific knowledge of the cave lion Panthera (Leo) spelaea has progressed steadily, establishing its leonine character. Numerous discoveries led to paleontological studies of deposits throughout Eurasia, often in caves and linked to prehistoric sites. In the 20th century, this research benefited from the emergence of new dating methods, the development of palynology and the isotopic biochemistry of collagen. As the species' range became better defined, it expanded to include the whole of Eurasia and even North America. Finally, the 21st century is marked by the development of paleogenetics and the multiplication of synthetic studies, in many countries, while benefiting from a diffusion largely facilitated by Internet exchanges and the use of English. Phylogeny of the Felidae and understanding of the origins of Panthera spelaea are progressing rapidly. Today's knowledge makes it possible to envisage a true paleobiology of this extinct species.

Was the prehistoric man an Azeri nationalist?: Mobilized prehistory and nation-building in Azerbaijan

ABSTRACT Gobustan, a prehistoric site 60 km south of Baku, has an impressive collection of rock carvings from different prehistoric eras. Near the site, a national museum presents the prehistoric findings in a narrative that connects them with modern-day Azerbaijan, calling the hunter–gatherer tribes that lived in Gobustan ‘our ancient Azerbaijani ancestors’. While many nation-building projects dig deep into the past, reconstruct it, claim ancient civilizations as their own and sometimes even invent historical narratives that never happened, the Gobustan Museum and the narrative it implies (that prehistoric people living in 15,000 BCE were Azerbaijanis) seems like ‘overkill’, an exaggerated effort to connect the past and the present. The data from the museum points to a larger story: the construction of national identity and collective memory in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. This paper presents some of the author’s anthropological field research findings in the museum and explains why the narrative of ‘ancientness’ is so essential in post-Soviet Azerbaijan.

DISPORA HOMO-SAPIENS BERBARISKAN MANUSIA PELAUT DI KEPULAUAN ASIA TENGGARA DAN LAHIRNYA TEORI MANUSIA KELUAR JAWA ( THEORY OUT OF JAVA-MAN) : SATU PEMIKIRAN DARI PERSPEKTIF KELAUTAN

Traditionally, seas and oceans have become sources of inspiration in seeking the truth from facts to dispell the worldview of those who tended to asscoiate it with myths and superstitions. In fact, it is not far-fetched to suggest that the change and development in present day Southeast Asia, from traditional kingdoms to modern nation-states are intimately rooted in and shaped by the contributions of our seafaring ancestors. History demonstrates how they risked as well as as sacrificed their lives crossing treacherous waters and encountering stormy weathers just to ensure their legacy and continuity of the future generations of seafarers, and turning this region into an epicentre of civilization that was second to none in the world of civilizations. Yet, their thousands of years of contributions and sacrifices appear trivial and paled to insignificance like ”shipwrecks laying at the bottom of the sea in their forgotten watery graves”. Based on several theories of the development of traditional civilizations in the Nusantara like the Out of Yunan and Out of Taiwan theories by western scholars, it appears that these theoretical paradigms have marginalized the realities of history, and therefore require to be ”straightened” via a Southeast Asia centric perspective. This writing is to revisit the salience of the ancient epoch and pre-historic man marked by the arrival of the homo-eractus and homo-sapiens from mainland Asia to this region in the early journey and development of the history of maritime civilization; to explain how the seafaring communities from the eras B.C. (Before Christ) to A.D. (Anno Domini) were able to utilise seas and oceans as a source of emancipation and development, and eventual rise as feared and respected searfarers of the ancient world.

About the timeless time in theater

"The theater from the perspective of physical time is the theater of antiquity, middle ages, renaissance, classicism, romanticism, realism or the modern period. The primitive man's first approaches to theatrical art 313 will be realized through mimicry and in and will express man's need to assert himself through an instinctive-emotional manifestation supported by his innate gift to approach others through imitation 314 . If in its beginnings, this creative act of prehistoric man was chaotic, in time, it became a complex theatrical manifestation, which will mirror the evolutionary trajectory of the individual in relation to the human species. The etymology of the word „theatre” shows us its double semantic quality. It comes from the ancient Greek θέατρον‎ („a place for viewing”) 315 , from θεάομαι („to see, look at, observe”), and is both a theoretical-poetic notion and an artistic representation that will cause man to look at himself mirrored in his world, becoming a theatrical reflection of times long past into the immediate present."

A Critical Study on Why Did People, ‘Accustomed to Nakedness’, Begin to Cover or Decorate Their Bodies?

Evidence of the very first clothing is mostly indirect. Almost all of what we know about early clothes is based on conjecture and assumption. It is impossible to say when humans first started wearing garments. Based on the cave drawings, carved figures and other such evidences including remnants and traces of very early cloths, the archeologists suggested that humans may have begun wearing clothing between 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Neanderthal man, who lived between 200,000 B.C.E. to 30,000 B.C.E., learnt to use the hides of the animals they hunted to keep themselves warm and dry, referred as the first known person to fabricate clothing. It's also possible that clothes were designed for other functions at first, such as adornment, worship, or prestige, and were later discovered to be useful as well. This paper includes the investigation about need and psychology behind the origin of clothing through some fundamental theories of clothing and their applications to perform very specific functions. This research aims to reveal fashion concepts, as well as the path from prehistoric man's clothing demands to present fashion trends. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for those who are keen to learn fashion by starting a discussion on why people wear clothes so that the readers/ fashion graduates and professionals can recognize the motivations behind the desires of individuals in order to design and construct clothes in creative ways to maximize wearer’s satisfaction level.

KARABAKH-LAND OF ANCIENT UNIQUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES OF THE CAUCASUS

The ancient land of Azerbaijan, Karabakh, has gone through different stages from ancient times to modern times. Karabakh has a rich history, where the stages of primitive society, and the archaeological cultures of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages have been consistently represented since the creation of prehistoric man. Karabakh archaeology, one of the urgent issues of Azerbaijani archaeology, is very important in this regard. Karabakh, the land of unique archaeological cultures such as Guruchay, Leylatapa, Kur- Araz, Goycha- Uzerlik, and Khojaly- Gadabay, is distinguished by the richness of archaeological monuments. Azykh and Taghlar caves, Bronze Age mounds, Uzerliktepe, Yedditepe, Goytapa, grave monuments of Khojaly-Gadabay culture, Albanian period settlements, grave monuments, Albanian temples, Islamic period monuments replace each other chronologically. The study of historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments in the land of ancient archaeological cultures - Karabakh, is always relevant as a priority of science.

Chronologie des sites du Pléistocène inférieur et moyen du nord de l’Afrique

North Africa, and in particular the Maghreb, is a key region for African prehistory in that it contains sites whose chronology covers the entire Pleistocene period from 2.5 Ma to the Holocene. In terms of culture, it fits into the general pattern of the Stone Age, but it has particularities that make it a region apart with its own cultures. Due to its climate and geographical position, between the desert regions of the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, it has offered mankind a diversity of landscapes and environments that are quite unique and favorable to the development of human evolution. Finally, this region gives access to Europe through several maritime passages (Gibraltar, Sicily), which were probably used during the Pleistocene, thus reinforcing the interest in studying this northern part of Africa. The recent development of numerous dating methods has made it possible to reinforce and consolidate the chronostratigraphic framework, which for many years had been based solely on radiocarbon dating. These methods have sometimes even contributed to the confirmation of ‘new’ ideas that have dusted off the existing framework of prehistory. This article presents a chronology of the main ancient sites of the Maghreb dated by different methods whose ages compared to the results obtained by other disciplines participate and contribute to a better understanding of the environmental and cultural framework of prehistoric Man.

Social Development of South Indian Tribes

What tribes are they? Understanding the nature of man will help you find the solution to this query. Primitive man, a breed of creatures that grew and changed over thousands of years, was destined to kill or perish. His means of defence and sustenance became hunting. He hunted and preyed on other creatures naturally. When there was no hunting, those of us who had always considered ourselves to be strict vegetarians would only eat fruits and tubers from the forest to survive. It was feasible to catch animals alive and feed them when needed (as in the case of the Sami, rearing and butchering the kida) because to the expertise and training acquired through constant hunting. He is now a food producer, having risen from the state of gathering and consuming what is available to him from nature. He's now consuming dairy, cereals, and pulses in addition to meat. Initially viewed as livestock and food sources, he started to consider animals as tools for agriculture. Towns and cities were created when forests were cleared and agriculture was established in the riverbeds that were rich in water. There is no longer a need for the group power needed for hunting. Those who worked in groups broke up into families at this time, cattle and land became private property, and the first structures of a state that looked out for the community emerged. He is now a food producer, having risen from the state of gathering and consuming what is available to him from nature. He's now consuming dairy, cereals, and pulses in addition to meat. Initially viewed as livestock and food sources, he started to consider animals as tools for agriculture. Towns and cities were created when forests were cleared and agriculture was established in the riverbeds that were rich in water. There is no longer a need for the group power needed for hunting. Those who worked in groups broke up into families at this time, cattle and land became private property, and the first structures of a state that looked out for the community emerged. It is not required to believe that these developments occurred globally at the same time. It should be mentioned that commonalities may have led to a variety of specific and general disparities. Different segments of the population have fallen behind at different points over the lengthy transition from hunting to modern technologies. The ethnic groups left behind continue to practise what humans originally knew for food, clothing, shelter, worship, beliefs, and interpersonal relationships because they are unable to adapt to the inevitable, never-ending march of change. Tribes are ethnic communities who adhere to the lifestyle of prehistoric man, who lived in harmony with nature and did not significantly alter it. They do not associate with the bulk of humanity, who dominate or destroy nature in order to meet their demands.

“SANJHYA” THE GODDESS TRADITIONAL ART FORM OF INDIAN ART

If there is any priority for mankind with bread, cloth and house then it will be said to be an expression of his art, his feelings. This is the reason why pre-historic man has also painted on the walls of caves, which today help historians to understand that ancient civilization are the center of interest of tourists. "Sanjhya" is a very ancient and the goddess traditional art form of Indian. Perhaps it is a spiritual image to connect the divine to the earth. Apart from Madhya Pradesh, "Sanjhya" is spread in the terrain of Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana etc. Most of the women and youth are making Sanjhya in specific art form. The specialty of these folk art is that these are three-dimensional art on wall consider it to be a reflection of simplicity and culture of ordinary living being through his arts. These artworks show how colorful the imagination of a human can make even a simple straight life. Animals such as peacocks, lions, bears, deer, crocodiles, fish, rivers, mountains, fields, trees, moon are the subjects of their art work, which these community give a multi-colored look on a wall of length and width. These artwork made from unique images of human and divine also. Sanjhya is used on the entrance of the house and on the walls in the courtyard and portrays the family wedding, death or other religious occasions. These pictures are a simple demonstration of the nature and living conditions of these people.

Small cave bear (U. ex gr. savini-rossicus) as a game species of prehistoric man

Imanay Cave is located in the Southern Urals (53°02' N, 56°26' E), at 420 m.a.s.l. A 9.5 m2 trench was exca-vated in the grotto in the inner part of the cave to examine the sediments. The accretion thickness was 1.2 m. The taphocoenosis of the Imanay Cave is of the Pleistocene age and contains about 10,000 specimens of bone re-mains of large mammals. They mostly belong to small cave bear (U. ex gr. savini-rossicus), and the remaining bones — to species of the mammoth faunal complex (Lepus sp., Castor fiber, Marmota bobak, Canis lupus, Cuon alpinus, Vulpes vulpes, V. corsac, Meles sp., Gulo gulo, Martes sp., Mustela sp., Ursus kanivetz, U. arctos, U. thibetanus, Panthera ex gr. fossilis-spelaea, Mammuthus primigenius, Equus ferus, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Alces alces, Bison priscus, Saiga tatarica, Ovis ammon). In the layer with the bones, Middle Paleolithic stone artifacts were found, including several bifacial points. These tools have analogies in the Middle Paleolithic sites of the Caucasus region and Crimea. During excavations of the cave, the skull of a cave bear with artificial damage was found. The study of the artificial perforation on the skull was the purpose of the present paper. On the basis of dimensional and morphological features, it was established that the skull belongs to a small cave bear (U. ex gr. savini-rossicus). The skull was directly AMS radiocarbon dated to 34 940 ± 140 BP, IGANAMS-5652. Analysis of the growth layers in the teeth revealed that the animal died in winter at an age of 9-10 years. Trace evidence analysis showed, that the hole in the parietal region of the skull was made by a sharp bifacial flint point similar to the Middle Paleolithic points found in the cultural layer of the cave. The animal was killed during winter hiberna-tion, most probably by stabbing with a spear. This is the first direct evidence of human hunting of a small cave bear. With the abundance of cave bear bones, the skull with the hole in it is the only evidence of human impact on this animal. There are no bones with traces of butchering and harvesting of the bone marrow.

Plant Biogeography and Vegetation Patterns of the Mediterranean Islands

With about 11,100 islands and islets of which ca. 250 are regularly inhabited by human, the Mediterranean Sea represents one of the regions of the world with the most islands and archipelagos. These numerous islands represent a significant component of the Mediterranean biodiversity, notably with the presence of range-restricted species and peculiar vegetation types. The aim of this review is to provide a balanced view of this highly diverse phytoecological heritage, but also taking into account the medium sized islands and the smaller ones that have not been highlighted so far. Mediterranean islands constitute both a museum for ancient lineages (paleoendemic taxa) and cradle for recent plant diversification. The complex historical biogeography (paleogeographical events of the Neogene, Messinian salinity crisis, climatic and eustatic changes of the Pleistocene, influence of glacial events) has profoundly influenced the current patterns of plant diversity. These insular landscapes were also precociously impacted by prehistoric man, possibly by Neanderthals. Among the 157 large Mediterranean islands (i.e. with a surface area exceeding 10 km2), 49 have a surface greater than 100 km2. The main patterns and dynamics of vegetation on the largests islands (Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Croatian islands, Greek islands, Crete, Cyprus) are summarized. Then, the specific ecosystem functioning (disturbance, plant-animal interactions) and vegetation structures of the small Mediterranean islands (i.e. a surface area less than 10 km2 or 1000 ha), are highlighted by evoking successively the small rocky islands, the volcanic ones, and the sandy and flat islands. Owing to their uniqueness and fragility, Mediterranean islands urgently need some integrated and ambitious conservation planning, aiming at the long-term preservation of their outstanding biotic and cultural heritage.

ROLE OF ANUVASAN BASTI IN FRACTURE HEALING: A REVIEW

Trauma or injury to the bones and joints has been a challenging state of affairs since the times of prehistoric man. Fracture in Ayurveda is termed as Bhagna which is brilliantly explained and tabulated under the heading ‘Bhagna Chikitsa’ in the classical texts. Acharya Sushruta, the father of Surgery and the pioneer of Sushruta Samhita has described absolute about fracture’s etiology, classification and various techniques for its management. Asthi un- dergoes musculo-skeletal, traumatical injuries resulting in Bhagna i.e. Fracture which implies to breach or break in the continuity of a bone. It can be classified into two main types-Kanda Bhagna and Sandhi-Mukta. Basti is a basic and remarkable therapy in Asthi-related diseases. As Vata Dosha contributes extensively for the occurrence of Asthi-related diseases because of the Asharya-Asharyi Bhava. The present paper reviews the role and mode of action of Anuvasan Basti in the healing of a fracture. The description available in Ayurvedic texts are as much pertinent in modern times as they were in past. Keywords: Bhagna, Fracture, Anuvasan Basti, Ayurveda

Mes ancêtres les Gauloises: une autobiographie de la France par Élise Thiébaut

Reviewed by: Mes ancêtres les Gauloises: une autobiographie de la France par Élise Thiébaut Sharon L. Fairchild Thiébaut, Élise. Mes ancêtres les Gauloises: une autobiographie de la France. Découverte, 2019. ISBN 978-2-348-03768-9. Pp. 267. Compelled by the claims of contemporary alarmists about the disappearance of the white race, the threat to national identity, and other extremist right-wing positions, Thiébaut examines her own "pure" French origins through the prism of the privileges from which she has benefited, due to this inheritance. Her intention is to explore the national narrative in order to reveal the unspoken or unacknowledged truths about France through an examination of her origins and her family's experiences, focusing on the women. Thiébaut's narrative begins with her DNA test, revealing her most distant origins, and ends with discoveries about her more recent relatives resulting from a search into family photo albums, letters, and history. These family members come alive through period photos displayed on the book cover, which are complemented by short biographies found at the end of the book. The snapshots and biographies not only help the reader follow the narrative, but also lend a personal tenor to a text that ranges over a broad field of subjects from the science of genetics and prehistory to current politics and society in a somewhat meandering style. Thiébaut's experience of tracing her ancestry through her DNA leads her to discuss myriad issues surrounding DNA—its discovery, the science of its structure, the reasons people decide to get a DNA test. She delves into how this information is used from the banal to medical, political (white supremacy, anti-Semitism), and commercial purposes. Her curiosity about how she might be descended from Neanderthal man results in several passages on the discovery of prehistoric man and other prehistoric subjects, such as the discovery of when gene markers for whiteness appeared on the western European continent. She shows how the transition to the Neolithic period, a more patriarchal society, impacted women's strength and status. After these revelations about her earliest origins, Thiébaut's work focuses on ways in which her ancestors' experiences and actions played into certain French cultural realities. For example, her investigation leads her, unexpectedly, to understand the development of the myth of [End Page 259] French seduction. The discovery that her great-grandmother had been a "courtisane" in the mid-nineteenth century launches Thiébaut into the issues of the feminine condition, prostitution, the status of illegitimate children, and the stigma of unmarried mothers. Examples of the latter situation are found on both sides of her family tree. Thiébaut maintains the reader's interest throughout by including stories of her great-grandmothers and grandmothers connecting the story of her personal inheritance to several contemporary issues. Later chapters become more engaging as the links to specific family members' lives take more precedence. Slave trade in Marseille, where her family roots are deep, colonialism, the Catholic religion and missionary work, the Second World War, and the Algerian war are subjects that she treats as she learns of her relatives' experiences with them. Thiébaut's sense of humor and personal history complement this dense text that incorporates many fields. Sharon L. Fairchild Texas Christian University, emerita Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

NARODNE PREDSTAVE O SUNCU I MESECU U FRAZEMIMA I PAREMIJAMA ITALIJANSKOG I SRPSKOG JEZIKA

In this paper we have analyzed and compared idioms and proverbs of Italian and Serbian, where folk performances and observations about the influence of celestial bodies on human life are present, relying on the theory of Polish ethnolinguistic school. Astronomical culture is one of the oldest, developing from prehistoric man to the modern age in various forms and under different influences, from the imaginary view of celestial bodies to nurturing of cults, and the creation of numerous myths and legends. Due to their physical distance from the man, the Moon and the Sun have often been a subject of fantasy, therefore being animized (receiving the features of a living being), personified (presented as human beings) and sometimes deified (the Sun ascribing divine qualities) in linguistic structures. Idioms and proverbs are an impor- tant linguistic heritage for their speakers, because they are formed based on common values accepted by both language speakers and users showing an anthropocentric and not always realistic view of phenomena in the world. This paper is intended to highlight the existence of a common Indo-European nucleus in the perception of the celestial bodies, as well as to show a number of cultural differences that have left their mark in the observed languages.

Molecules, Mechanisms, and Disorders of Self-Domestication: Keys for Understanding Emotional and Social Communication from an Evolutionary Perspective.

The neural crest hypothesis states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cells (NCCs) migration, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication. Comparing the phenotypic characteristics of modern and prehistoric man, it is clear that during their recent evolutionary past, humans also went through a process of self-domestication with a simultaneous prolongation of the period of socialization. This has led to the development of social abilities and skills, especially language, as well as neoteny. Disorders of neural crest cell development and migration lead to many different conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, DiGeorge and Treacher-Collins syndrome, for which the mechanisms are already relatively well-known. However, for others, such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia that have the characteristics of hyperdomestication, and autism spectrum disorders, and 7dupASD syndrome that have the characteristics of hypodomestication, much less is known. Thus, deciphering the biological determinants of disordered self-domestication has great potential for elucidating the normal and disturbed ontogenesis of humans, as well as for the understanding of evolution of mammals in general.

The Return of Death in Times of Uncertainty—A Sketchy Diagnosis of Death in the Contemporary ‘Corona Crisis’

For most parts of human history, death was an integral part of life, something that prehistoric and premodern man had no other option than to live with as best as possible. According to historians, death was familiar and tamed, it was at the center of social and cultural life. With the coming of modern secular society, death was increasingly sequestrated and tabooed, moved to the outskirts of society, made invisible and forbidden. Death became a stranger, and the prevalent attitude towards death was that of alienation. At the threshold of the 21st century, the topic of death again began to attract attention, becoming part of a revived death attitude described as ‘Spectacular Death’. In the article, the authors diagnose, analyze, and discuss the impact of the return of death during the current ‘Corona Crisis’, arguing that despite the fact that the concern with death is at the very core of the management of the crisis, death as such remains largely invisible. In order to provide such a diagnosis of the times, the authors initially revisit the prevailing death attitudes in the Western world from the Middle Ages to the present day.

ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ К РУССКОМУ ПЕРЕВОДУ РОМАНА ЭРНЕСТА Д'ЭРВИЛЬИ «ПРИКЛЮЧЕНИЯ ДОИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО МАЛЬЧИКА» (1929) В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ О ЛЮДЯХ КАМЕННОГО ВЕКА ИЗ ФОНДОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ДАРВИНОВСКОГО МУЗЕЯ

The article dwells on the study of the image of a prehistoric man portrayed in children books illustrations and museum exhibitions’ design (paintings, sculptures) in 1920-1930s using the example of works from the State Darwin Museum funds. During this period, famous artists of children's books Vasily Vatagin and Mikhail Ezuchevsky worked at the State Darwin Museum. They were also well versed in anthropology and ethnography. Their drawings were the first Soviet illustrations for the book by Ernest d'Hervilly “The Adventures of a little prehistoric boy”, which became a popular science book for children in the USSR about prehistoric people. V.A. Vatagin, M.D. Ezuchevsky and A.N. Komarov created a number of paintings and sculptures about the life of prehistoric people for the exposition of the State Darwin Museum in the first half of the XX century. Illustrations and artworks introduced the element of entertainment and emotional appeal to the museum’s exhibitions, which otherwise were purely informative and rather cold-eyed.

Anthropological Approach of the Proximal Tooth Area: A Systematic Review

An analysis of dental anthropological literature dealing with the dental wear of prehistoric men, reveals that little information about interproximal dental attrition and its evolution with the modern man is available. This observation marked anthropologists and dentists for a long. The objective of this review is to determine the origin of the interproximal contact region of the tooth. In other words, which interproximal contact was first to appear in human dentitions? Is it the interproximal contact point or the contact surface?An electronic search was performed in four databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database, and EBSCO. Our search was limited to articles in English. We included in our research dental and anthropological studies concerning Homo sapiens and excluded all the other species such as Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Rhudolfensis, and Homo Neandertalensis. Attritional occlusion and flattened proximal facets are considered some of the main characteristics of the masticatory system of nonindustrialized men. Theories and dental researches tried to explain the proliferation of malocclusion and severe tooth crowding in modern society.The study of dental wear is a path of research that highlights the evolution of the manducatory system and thus, it influences the choice of treatment in our practices.

Palaeolithic Hafting in Himachal Sub-Himalaya

Hafting has brought a landmark change in technology and behavior of the Palaeolithic man heralding evolution of anatomical modernity and behavior. The author recently discovered large assemblages of Late Acheulian to Middle Palaeolithic industries from the Quaternary fans of the Sub-Himalayan piedmont area of Ghumarwin Sir Khad valley of Himachal Pradesh. He identified 20 typological categories in a collection of 450 stone implements, which include several new tool types, so far unknown in other Indian sites. There is a remarkable occurrence of 111 hafted implements; almost one in four is the hafted tools (24.67%). They include large-sized axes/adzes, spears, sickles, shovels, picks, chopping tools, etc. among the frequent types, noticed for the first time in north-western Sub-Himalaya of India. The diversified hafting in the region suggests diverse activities of the prehistoric man, like intense wood cutting/wood work, large game hunting, butchering, and some warfare as well. In addition, soil processing for primeval farming is also indicated.