Abstract
The neural crest hypothesis states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cells (NCCs) migration, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication. Comparing the phenotypic characteristics of modern and prehistoric man, it is clear that during their recent evolutionary past, humans also went through a process of self-domestication with a simultaneous prolongation of the period of socialization. This has led to the development of social abilities and skills, especially language, as well as neoteny. Disorders of neural crest cell development and migration lead to many different conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, DiGeorge and Treacher-Collins syndrome, for which the mechanisms are already relatively well-known. However, for others, such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia that have the characteristics of hyperdomestication, and autism spectrum disorders, and 7dupASD syndrome that have the characteristics of hypodomestication, much less is known. Thus, deciphering the biological determinants of disordered self-domestication has great potential for elucidating the normal and disturbed ontogenesis of humans, as well as for the understanding of evolution of mammals in general.
Highlights
Various other assumptions have been made in an attempt to find a unique explanation, such as that changes in the secretion of thyroid hormones or thyroid gland changes may be in the root of the domestication syndrome [22], which is an extension of the endocrinologic hypothesis of Belyaev, most researchers agree that the neural crest hypothesis proposed by Wilkins and collaborators in 2014 is the closest to the solution [2]
neural crest cells (NCCs) is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that disorders of these processes are considered as plausible underlying mechanisms of Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia, which are often classified as hyperdomestication disorders, as well as 7dupASD syndrome and autism spectrum disorders, which can be classified as hypodomestication disorders
The neural crest hypothesis, which states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cell migration, is considered the most likely mechanism, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication
Summary
Good cooperation requires efficient social and emotional communication. The linguistic communication in humans is unmatched by any other animal species. Various other assumptions have been made in an attempt to find a unique explanation, such as that changes in the secretion of thyroid hormones or thyroid gland changes may be in the root of the domestication syndrome [22], which is an extension of the endocrinologic hypothesis of Belyaev, most researchers agree that the neural crest hypothesis proposed by Wilkins and collaborators in 2014 is the closest to the solution [2] When it comes to domestication of plants, which have neither a central nervous system nor a neural crest, the answer probably lies in related clusters of genes essential for the specification of quantitative traits [23]. (2) fewer migratory capabilities of NCCs with their lower numbers at the final (target destination) sites, and (3) reduced ability to proliferate once they reach their destinations, and proposed that the migration defects are probably important [2]
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