Levels In Pregnant Women Research Articles

The association between iron status and thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy

BackgroundIron deficiency may be a risk factor for thyroid disorder; however, the relationship between iron deficiency and thyroid disorder as well as mechanism involved remain unclear. MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the correlation between iron status and thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women. A total of 2218 pregnant women were recruited, and iron status and thyroid hormones were measured. Canonical correlation, Lasso regression, and Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to determine the association and related factors. ResultsThere were 219 cases with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), 168 cases with iron deficiency (ID), and 1831 subjects with normal iron status. Compared with normal group, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in ID group and IDA group had a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05), with the lowest levels in IDA group. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly increased in ID group and IDA group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of hypothyroidism in both ID group and IDA group was higher than the normal group, meanwhile the proportion of hyperthyroidism was lower in both groups (P < 0.05). Serum ferritin (SF) and hemoglobin (Hb) were positively correlated with FT3 and FT4 but negatively correlated with TSH. Correlation analysis indicated that iron status was associated with thyroid hormone levels (P < 0.05). Lasso regression analysis showed that SF, Hb and other variables could be included in the prediction model of FT4. The variables selected by Lasso model were used for ROC curve analysis, and the prediction accuracy was acceptable (AUC=0.778, P < 0.05). ConclusionOur study indicated that there is an association between iron status and thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women, and the level of FT4 may change with iron status. Our findings provide new ideas for regulating the thyroid hormone levels to prevent thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.

Comprehensive Management of Pregnancy with Anaemia

Objective: The aim of this case study is to carry out comprehensive management for pregnant women with mild anemia. Method: The design is a case study design with comprehensive care. This case study uses an analytical descriptive method, with the main objective of exploring the problem, providing an overview of the case, and analyzing more deeply midwifery care according to the client's needs. Results: Comprehensive care carried out for pregnant women with anemia was successfully carried out by increasing HB levels and giving birth without complications, as well as the condition of the newborn in good condition. Conclusion: Oral iron (Fe) supplementation is the standard of care in obstetric practice in pregnancy. The increase in hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with mild anemia conditions can be increased by providing correct and effective information, monitoring Fe consumption regularly by midwives, nurses, and health workers for 30 days, and providing information on danger signs during delivery until the baby's condition is born.

Healing Acupressure Lr-3 on Blood Pressure and Anxiety Levels in Pregnant Women with Hypertension

Hypertension pregnancy disorders are one of the causes of increased morbidity and mortality of maternal, fetal, and neonates. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia is still quite high. One of the causes of maternal death is hypertension. Healing acupressure LR 3 is a combination of self-healing and acupressure, where the massage process has 2 reactions, namely the strengthening reaction (yang) and the lowering reaction (yin). Massages at a certain point in acupressure therapy can stimulate nerve waves so that they can launch blood flow, relax spasms, and lower blood pressure. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of healing acupressure LR-3 (healing-pressure) affects blood pressure and anxiety levels in pregnant women with hypertension, compare pre-test control groups and experiments, compare pre-and post-test in control and experimental groups, and compare the differences in pre-post tests between control groups and experiments. Research including experiment, using the randomized pre-test post-test control group design research design. The analysis used a repeated ANOVA test with post hoc Bonferroni.The results of this study are expected to be an operational standard in helping to increase knowledge to overcome pregnant women with hypertension in a non-pharmacological manner that is safe for mothers and babies. The results of the analyzed are found that there was a significant difference in the average blood pressure and anxiety level of pregnant women after being given intervention in the intervention group before and after the intervention period (p &lt; 0.000), meaning that there was an effect of healing acupressure LR-3 (healing-pressure) affecting blood pressure and anxiety levels in pregnant women with hypertension.

Prenatal Yoga on the anxiety level of pregnant women in the third trimester during the COVID-19 pandemic in Purbalingga, Indonesia

Introduction: Prenatal yoga is a modified type of Hatha yoga that is adjusted to the condition of pregnant women. This study aims to determine the effect of prenatal yoga on the anxiety level of pregnant women in the third trimester during the Covid-19 pandemic in Purbalingga. Methods: This study used Pre-Experimental Design with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample in this study was 576 pregnant women in clinics in Purbalingga. It used the total sampling technique. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: The results showed that the pretest results of anxiety scores of pregnant women who take prenatal yoga classes are 16.48 with a standard deviation of 5.598, a median of 16.00 (minimum 3-maximum 33). Then, after prenatal yoga, the anxiety score is 4.67 with a standard deviation of 2.862, and a median of 4.67 (minimum 0- maximum 11). Then, the Wilcoxon test obtains a p-value of 0.000 (&lt;0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a difference in the level of anxiety before and after the intervention in the form of prenatal yoga. Prenatal yoga reduces anxiety levels in pregnant women in the third trimester during the Covid-19 pandemic.

SARS-CoV2 Infection During Pregnancy Causes Persistent Immune Abnormalities in Women Without Affecting the Newborns.

SARS-CoV2 infection in pregnancy and exposed newborns is poorly known. We performed a longitudinal analysis of immune system and determined soluble cytokine levels in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV2 and in their newborns. Women with confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection and their exposed uninfected newborns were recruited from Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cord cells and plasma were collected at birth and 6 months later. Immunophenotyping of natural killer (NK), monocytes and CD4/CD8 T-cells were studied in cryopreserved PBMCs and cord cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. Up to 4 soluble pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in plasma/cord plasma by ELISA assay. SARS-CoV2-infected mothers and their newborns were compared to matched healthy non-SARS-CoV2-infected mothers and their newborns. The TNFα and IL-10 levels of infected mothers were higher at baseline than those of healthy controls. Infected mothers showed increased NK cells activation and reduced expression of maturation markers that reverted after 6 months. They also had high levels of Central Memory and low Effector Memory CD4-T cell subsets. Additionally, the increased CD4- and CD8-T cell activation (CD154 and CD38) and exhaustion (TIM3/TIGIT) levels at baseline compared to controls remained elevated after 6 months. Regarding Treg cells, the levels were lower at infected mothers at baseline but reverted after 6 months. No newborn was infected at birth. The lower levels of monocytes, NK and CD4-T cells observed at SARS-CoV2-exposed newborns compared to unexposed controls significantly increased 6 months later. In conclusion, SARS-CoV2 infection during pregnancy shows differences in immunological components that could lead newborns to future clinical implications after birth. However, SARS-CoV2 exposed 6-months-old newborns showed no immune misbalance, whereas the infected mothers maintain increased activation and exhaustion levels in T-cells after 6 months.

Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women with Metabolic Syndrome in the First Trimester of Pregnancy

The purpose of the study was to determine the level of vitamin D in pregnant women with metabolic syndrome and compare it in pregnant women without this syndrome. Materials and methods. 120 pregnant women were examined in the first trimester, of whom 60 women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome before pregnancy (main group) and 60 patients without metabolic syndrome (control group). Anthropometric measurements were performed and an oral glucose tolerance test and fasting lipid profile (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were determined. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood serum was analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Statistical analysis was carried out in Microsoft System Excel 2016 (SPSS). The t-test, Pearson's chi-square were used, Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated. Results and discussion. In patients of the main group, the body mass index was by 23.30% higher (p=0.041) than in the control group. In patients with metabolic syndrome, compared with the control group, an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 41.4% (p=0.001) and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 44.0% (p=0.053) were detected. In winter, 38.3% were received; in summer – 20.0%. Vitamin D deficiency in the main group was detected in 70.0%, in the control group – 51.7% (p&gt;0.05), 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in the main group (30.0%) was less than in the control group (48.3%, p&lt;0.05). According to the data obtained, vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women of the main and control groups was higher in winter and lower in summer. There was a direct, weak relationship between vitamin D concentration and body mass index in the main (r=0.175, p&gt;0.05) and control group (r=0.290, p&gt;0.05), as well as a weak, multidirectional correlation with triglycerides (r= 0.109, p&gt;0.05), with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.126, p&gt;0.05) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.107, p&gt;0.05). We studied the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and such indicators as body mass index, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and revealed a weak statistically insignificant correlation. On the contrary, the results of the Chinese study indicate the presence of a correlation that was stronger in the overweight and obese groups. However, this relationship has not been confirmed by all authors, which corresponds to our results showing a weak relationship between body mass index and vitamin D levels. Conclusion. Despite living in one of sunny and warm cities, a high prevalence of low vitamin D levels among pregnant women in the first trimester was revealed – 60.8%. We do not rule out that low vitamin D levels were also associated with metabolic syndrome

Predictor role of COVID-19 anxiety on maternal competency with mediating role of mother-infant attachment: A study of structural equation modeling

IntroductionCOVID-19 pandemic is one of the factors that can increase anxiety and stress levels in pregnant women. Anxiety reduces the maternal-infant attachment. Mother-infant attachment can play an important role in maternal competency. The aim of this study was to predict effect of COVID-19 anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period on the maternal competency with mediating role of maternal-infant attachment. MethodA prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 253 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy that referred to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences and met the study inclusion criteria. Demographic questionnaire and the COVID-19 anxiety scale completed during the third trimester of pregnancy and after the delivery and Müller's mother-infant attachment and maternal competency questionnaire completed at 48 h and 6 weeks after delivery by self-report method. Smart partial lease square version 3 was used to assess the validity and reliability of the model and the relationship between the variables. ResultsThe findings of this study demonstrated that the COVID-19 anxiety during postpartum had a significant negative effect on the maternal-infant attachment (β = −0.183). Also, the maternal-infant attachment had a significant positive effect on the maternal competency (β = 0.48). Moreover, the conceptual model had good validity, reliability, quality and fit. And also the two variables of anxiety and mother-infant attachment together explained 25% of maternal competency. DiscussionMothers experience higher levels of the COVID-19 anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum; therefore, it is recommended that particular attention should be given to the psychological support of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine. Also, the COVID-19 anxiety during the postpartum period had a negative effect on the maternal-infant attachment and competency, which necessitates the need for the support of mother-infant relationship and providing the online training to promote the maternal-infant attachment patterns and maternal competency during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Relationship of Physical Activity Level and Stress Levels in Pregnant Mothers

Introduction many expectant mothers are unaware of the best physical activities to engage in to reduce stressful situations. Stress situations have an impact on pregnant women's and unborn children's health. Purpose of this study was to examine the connection between pregnant women's levels of physical activity and stress in the Banguntapan 1 Public Health Center workplace. Methodology this study employed a cross-sectional study design and a quantitative methodology. At Banguntapan Health Center 1, a purposive sampling was conducted on 78 pregnant women.&#x0D; Findings according to the study's findings, there was no correlation between pregnant women's levels of stress and physical activity (p value = 0.296). Implication the majority of pregnant women had heavy physical activity because most pregnant women carried out daily activities such as before pregnancy such as carrying out daily activities such as before pregnancy and were still actively working or selling to meet their daily needs.

Consumption of Green Bean Extract as an Effort to Increase Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

Background: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is one of the indicators used to measure maternal health status in an area. Data in Indonesia recorded that the maternal mortality rate in 2015 was 305 per 100,000 live births, but the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) target is 70% per 100,000 live births in 2030. Bleeding occupies the highest percentage of maternal deaths (28%). Anemia and chronic energy deficiency (KEK) in pregnant women are the main causes of bleeding. Non-pharmacological treatment to increase hemoglobin levels by consuming foods rich in iron is green beans.&#x0D; Objectives: This study describes the effect of mung bean juice on hemoglobin levels.&#x0D; Research Metodes: This study uses a systematic review method through a literature review of 15 national journals.&#x0D; Results: The results of a literature search show that the consumption of green bean juice with the combination of consumption of FE tablets affects the increase in HB levels of pregnant women. However, this consumption must also be supported by good nutritional intake to accelerate the absorption and transport of iron and it is necessary to avoid drinks that affect iron absorption such as milk and caffeine.&#x0D; Conclusion: Green bean juice is able to significantly increase the Hb level of pregnant women with the consumption of FE tablets because the content of green beans is high in vitamin C and iron. Therefore, it is important to disseminate information to the community about the benefits and how to use mung bean juice as an effort to prevent anemia in pregnant women

The Effects of HLA-G Gene Polymorphism and sHLA-G Level in Women with Threatened Abortion

The most frequent first-trimester problem is a miscarriage, which affects 20% of pregnancies. In approximately 20-25 percent of confirmed pregnancies, threatened miscarriage is indeed a risk factor that may develop or resolve. This study aimed to assess the impact of certain HLA-G gene SNPs and sHLA-G serum levels to determine whether they play a role in threatening abortions. This study included 90 subjects who were separated into three groups: 30 patients (threatened abortion patients), and 60 controls (30 healthy pregnant women and 30 healthy non-pregnant women). All of the study groups were between the ages of 20 and 35 years old. The mean sHLA-G level in pregnant women's sera was found to be 430.38 Pg/ml, compared to 307.98 Pg/ml in the threatened abortion group and 192.11 Pg/ml in non-pregnant women (P= 0.001). The rs2249863 T/C/G was a statistically significant difference between the T allele and the G allele, with an odds ratio of 1.720 (p-value = 0.038). In conclusion, serum sHLA-G levels in threatened abortion patients' sera are significantly lower than in normal pregnant women. Allele frequencies of HLA-G gene snps were non-significant changes between TA patients and controls, except rs2249863 T/C/G.

Does Continuous Glucose Monitoring Help in Pregnant Women?

Background: Diabetes is present in approximately 7% of all pregnancies. Maternal glucose control is a crucial issue. Evidence had demonstrated that optimal glycemic control during the first trimester could reduce congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality; likewise, during second and third trimester, it is also associated with reduced rates of pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, large for gestational age and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidences about the glycemic control effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in pregnant women. Methods: We searched the PubMed database from January 1, 2011 to July 20, 2021, for English-language studies related to CGM uses in pregnancy. We mainly focused on randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and secondary analyses of RCT data. Results: After filtering, 14 researches were adopted by this study. We analyzed the results and sorted them into 4 main aspects, including difference between the outcomes of CGM users verses self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) users, comparison of different modes of CGM, satisfaction of CGM, and using CGM to monitor glycemic levels in pregnant women under antenatal corticosteroids or ritodrine treatment. Conclusions: There is adequate evidence showing that CGM is effective at monitoring glycemic levels, improving maternal glycemia control as well as aiding with the insulin treatment, with more precise insulin dose.

Relationship between serum cadherin 6 and 11 levels and severe and early-onset preeclampsia: A pilot study.

Objective:Preeclampsia is a highly morbid disease of placental origin, life-threatening condition for both a pregnant woman and her fetus. Cadherin 6 and 11 are adhesion molecules that play an important role in trophoblastic development and placentation. In our study, we investigated the change in serum cadherin 6 and 11 levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia.Materials and Methods:Pregnant women with preeclampsia were selected and compared with healthy women (as a control group) for a one-year study. The serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and cadherin levels 6 and 11 of participants were analyzed and compared.Results:A total of 189 pregnant women were subdivided into 2 groups as preeclamptic (n=94) and women with healthy pregnancy (n=95). The cadherin 6 and cadherin 11 levels of the preeclamptic patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.001), and they were found to be significantly higher mainly in patients with early-onset and severe preeclampsia group (p=0.001). The cut-off cadherin 6 and 11 values for severe preeclampsia were found as 98.174 ng/mL and 1.92 ng/mL; with sensitivity of 88.3% and 84% respectively (p=0.001).Conclusion:The data analysis showed elevated serum cadherin 6 and 11 levels associated with the severity and early onset of pre-eclampsia. Serum cadherin 6 and 11 levels can be a candidate marker for the prediction of preeclampsia.

Pendampingan Ibu Hamil menuju Persalinan Nyaman dengan rutin Senam Maryam Selama Pandemi

As the pregnancy progresses, the mother's posture adjusts to the heavier uterus. Pain felt by pregnant women in the back causes back pain. Non-pharmacological pain therapy is exercise. Pregnancy exercise is currently known as Maryam exercise. Pregnant women need to meet their needs holistically to prevent anxiety and overcome the discomforts of pregnancy. Maryam gymnastics can reduce stress levels, cortisol levels in pregnant women which are useful in the emergence of adequate uterine contractions during labor so that the duration of labor in the first and second stages is shorter, breastfeeding is smooth, trains abdominal and pelvic muscles and improves sleep quality. Maryam's gymnastics aims to improve the health of the mother and fetus in the face of childbirth. The method of activity is carried out online to answer the challenges of the covid 19 pandemic, the team created a What's Application Video Call Group. Gymnastics is done directly with a certified gymnastic instructor. After Maryam's exercise is carried out, there will be a discussion session for pregnant women to respond and ask questions about her pregnancy. Maryam's gymnastics activities for pregnant women TM II-TM III (16 weeks - 40 weeks) are carried out routinely 2 times a week every Wednesday and Saturday for 4 months. There are 10 participants. Of the 9 participants who gave birth normally there were 7 people and by SC (Sectio Cesarea) there were 2 people on the indication of a narrow pelvis and polyhydramnios and PEB. Maryam's gymnastics is calm in the face of SC surgery and breastfeeding is smooth. There were also participants who succeeded in VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Cesarea). Participants feel the benefits of Maryam exercise, namely the mother feels relaxed, ready to face childbirth comfortably, sleep quality so as to prevent anxiety and stress during pregnancy and relax the muscles of the vagina, abdomen, thighs and back. Therefore, pregnant women must attend every activity of Maryam's gymnastics so that they are able to face childbirth with a calm and happy heart and healthy mothers and babies

A Study of Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Lead Levels in Pregnant Women.

Lead is a highly toxic element which can cross the placental barrier and enter the fetus during pregnancy. Parental lead exposure has adverse effect on infant as well as on maternal health. As part of our program to investigate the lead poisoning in human population we investigated the maternal blood lead levels (MBLL) and umbilical cord blood lead (UBLL) levels in 200 pregnant women and collected their socio-demographic details. In the study we found high lead levels in both maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. The results showed 47.5% maternal blood (n = 95) detected with lead while 38.5% umbilical cord blood (n = 77) samples had lead concentration higher than that of reference range of ≤ 5µg/dL. We also found that the Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) revealed a strong positive correlation between the MBLL and UBLL (rs = 0.63). The results from socio-demographic questionnaire demonstrated that the recent home painting (p = 0.002) and residing close proximity to traffic congestion (p = 0.05) were significantly associated with MBLL. Education, mother age, fuel and water sources were not significantly associated with MBLL. Iron and calcium deficiency along with tiredness, lethargy, abdominal pain were also reported in women having high lead level > 5µg/dL. Concludingly, on the basis of results obtained it may be stated that we found elevated BLLs in both pregnant women as well as in umbilical cord blood. The prevalence of elevated lead levels in mothers will expose the fetus to lead through placental barriers mobilization and it can have long term adverse effects on the developing fetus. Therefore, it is recommended that screening of blood lead levels be carried out in high-risk women based on their social, occupational, environmental, and individual factors. In addition, stringent regulations on lead-based products are also required from government agencies/authorities to reduce environmental lead burden and toxicity. Moreover, public awareness programs should be organized on hazardous effect of lead.

EFEKTIFITAS KONSUMSI RUMPUT LAUT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KADAR HAEMOGLOBIN PADA IBU HAMIL ANEMIA

Hb is a red pigmented protein present in red blood cells. Increase Hb can by use Seaweed, because seaweed has a content such as iron, minerals, vitamin B complex, protein and others. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of seaweed consumption to increase Hb levels in pregnant women. This research is Quasy Experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design with 30 maternity respondents with anemic in Lirik Community Health Centre, where the sample is taken by Purposive Sampling. Hb Pregnant women before given seaweed that the majority of respondents have Hb 8.9 gr / dl, the lowest Hb is 7 gr / dl and the highest 9.8 gr/dl. While pregnant Hb after giving the grass the majority of its Hb is 10 gr / dl, the highest Hb is 12.7 gr / dl and the lowest 7 gr/dl. The results showed p value &lt;0.0001 (p &lt;0.05) with mean change before intervention 8.94 gr / dl to 10.72 g / dl after intervention. So that seaweed is very effective in increasing Hb levels in anemic pregnant women. This suggested to pregnant women to seek their own information about the content of seaweed and also process management seaweed. This research hopefully can provide information as the development of science about the benefits of seaweed to increase Hb levels of anemic pregnant women.

PENGARUH KELAS IBU HAMIL TERHADAP KECEMASAN MENGHADAPI PERSALINAN PADA IBU HAMIL BERESIKO

Risk factors for pregnancy cause anxiety in the mother which can interfere with the pregnancyprocess and even the delivery process. The existence of a Class program for pregnant women canincrease the knowledge and skills of mothers regarding pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum care andnewborn care, and physical activity during pregnancy is expected to reduce maternal anxiety indealing with childbirth. This study aims to determine the effect of class of pregnant women on reducing anxiety levels in pregnant women. Quantitative research design with non-equivalent prepost-test control group design with a sample size of 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The research was conducted in the Sipahutar Community Health Center. The resultsshowed that there was a significant effect of class treatment of pregnant women on the level ofmaternal anxiety in facing childbirth, with a mean value of 36.10 and a standard deviation of 9.397and p value = 0.00. The conclusion of the study was that participation in the class of pregnant womenhad an effect on reducing maternal anxiety in dealing with labor

Effect of consumtion red guava juice to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women

Effect of consumtion red guava juice to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women

Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women Do Not Affect Neonatal Bone Strength.

Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism. However, whether maternal vitamin D levels affect fetal bone strength is unclear. This study assessed correlations between maternal 25(OH)D status and neonatal bone strength 25(OH)D levels, these were measured in the maternal and infant cord blood of 81 mother–infant dyads. Bone strength was measured using a quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of tibial bone speed of sound (SOS). Maternal vitamin D intake, medical history and lifestyle were evaluated from questionnaires. Maternal 25(OH)D levels were deficient (<25 nmol/L) in 24.7%, insufficient (25–50 nmol/L) in 37% and sufficient (>50 nmol/L) in 38.3%. The maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D levels correlated (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). Cord blood levels (57.9 ± 33.5 nmol/L) were higher than the maternal blood levels (46.3 ± 23.2: p < 0.001). The mean SOS was 3042 ± 130 m/s. The neonatal SOS and 25(OH)D levels were not correlated. The mean bone SOS levels were comparable in the three maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D groups. No correlation was found between the maternal 25(OH)D levels and the neonatal anthropometrics. Although the 25(OH)D levels were higher in Jewish mothers than they were in Muslim mothers (51.1 ± 22.6 nmol/L vs. 24 ± 14.7 nmol/L, respectively: p = 0.002) and in those who took supplemental vitamin D, the bone SOS levels were comparable. In conclusion, maternal vitamin D levels correlate with cord levels but do not affect bone strength or growth parameters.

An Overview of Anxiety Levels in Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pregnant women often experience anxiety because hormonal changes affect physical and psychological changes during pregnancy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women are worried about regular checkups during pregnancy in the health services because they are afraid of being exposed to the virus, especially in cities or regions with social restrictions. This study aims to describe the anxiety levels in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Surabaya.

Individualised PatieNt Care and Treatment FOR MatErnal Diabetes (INFORMED); Intensive Profiling of Dysglycemia in Maternal Diabetes - A Longitudinal Study Protocol

ObjectivesWomen with pre-existing diabetes struggle to control glucose levels during pregnancy and are at high risk of pregnancy complications, compared to women without diabetes. Management of postprandial and nocturnal glucose levels are key targets to minimise risk of adverse events during pregnancy. This trial aims to investigate the effect of distinct nutrient patterns on 24-hr glucose levels in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes to inform future strategies.MethodsThis single-blind randomised controlled trial will recruit 76 pregnant women with pre-existing Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes at ∼10–12 weeks’ gestation from the Diabetes in Pregnancy Clinics at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (LTHT). At three timepoints (∼10–12, ∼18–20, and ∼28–34 weeks of gestation), participants will consent to share their medical records (including general health, 7-day continuous glucose data (CGM), and obstetric information), blood and urine samples for metabolite analysis, and complete online questionnaires to assess 3-day diet and general lifestyle. Genetic analysis will also take place. Additionally, a carbohydrate challenge will take place at ∼18–20, and ∼28–34 weeks' gestation while CGM is being measured. Multiple variable analyses and clustering will be used to identify patterns and associations of interest.ResultsEthical approval has been granted by the Tyne and Wear South Research Ethics Committee (21/NE/0196). The results will be presented at conferences and disseminated in peer-reviewed journals.ConclusionsFindings of this study will inform the design of a feasibility trial and future interventions. Ultimately, we hope the generated data can be used to support care in women with pre-existing diabetes during pregnancy, and improve maternal and infant outcomes.Funding SourcesUniversity of Leeds - School of Food Science and Nutrition and Wellcome Trust.