Nutrition Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Relationship Between Culture, Nutrition during Pregnancy, and Birth Weight of Babies on Stunting in Cawas, Klaten

Background: Stunting is one of children developmental disorders which can cause various developmental disorders in future. Many factors influence the occurrence of stunting, such as parenting, culture, parental background, birth weight, nutrition of pregnant women, and many more.
 Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relation between culture, nutrition during pregnancy, and birth weight of babies on stunting in Cawas, Klaten.
 Research Method: This research was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional design. This research was conducted during October-November 2021 in the Working Area of Community Health Center II, Cawas, Klaten and mothers with children aged 2-5 years old as the population.
 Results: Of 170 respondents, 20% of children suffered from stunting. 20% mothers with basic education had stunting children, 18% mothers who did not work had stunting children 18%, and 20% stunting children were raised in Islam. In addition, this study found that the relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the nutritional status of babies had a significance value of 0.827, the relationship between belief and baby’s nutritional status had a significance value of 0.146, and the relationship between baby’s birth weight status and the current nutritional status of children had a significance value of 0.016.
 Conclusion: There is a significant relation between stunting and baby’s birth weight, but there is no significant relation between stunting and nutrition during pregnancy and neither culture is.

Risk factors for low birth weight in El Jadida province, Morocco. Case-control study.

Low birth weight (LBW) is considered to be one of the most important indicators of a newborn's chances of survival, and a major risk of medium- and long-term morbidity. To identify risk factors associated with low birth weight newborns among pregnant women during childbirth in Moroccan hospital environment with a view to proposing avenues of intervention for its prevention. Data concerning the weight of newborns at birth, nutritional education, pregnancy monitoring and other risk factors, etc. were collected from 312 pregnant women who gave birth in the maternity ward of El-Jadida Provincial Hospital in Morocco. The study identified 156 cases of newborns with LBW and 156 controls of normal-weight newborns. After adjustment for the variables included in the analysis, the determined factors associated with LBW are nutritional education [OR: 6.22 (2.60-14.87), P<0.001], illiterate women [OR: 8.74 (1.65-46.08), P=0.011], insufficient pregnancy monitoring [OR: 5.69 (2.74-11.83),P<0.001], pregnant women with a normal weight [OR: 3.84 (1.73-8.52), P=0.001], lack of psychological support [OR: 3.23 (1.72-6.08), P<0.001] and tiring domestic activity [OR: 2.13 (1.14-3.99), P=0.017]. Promotion of nutrition for pregnant women, proper implementation of maternal health programs and improvement of their social condition are the modifiable factors that should help reduce LBW risk.

Proximate and Essential Macrominerals Analysis of Tembakul (Mudskipper) Fish Flour as a Food Source for Stunting Prevention

The main cause of stunting is due to inadequate food intake according to the needs for growth and development of children, or insufficient nutrition of pregnant women. The low nutritional intake of pregnant and lactating mothers as well as children under five years old who are still growing and developing is generally caused by the wrong diet. One of the efforts to prevent stunting from an early age is to search for several sources of animal source food containing protein, fat and macro essential minerals according to nutritional standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the proximate content including protein and fat nutrition, water content and ash content, as well as mineral content including calcium, iron and phosphorus, from Tembakul (mudskipper) fish flour as the main needs in the growth of children, during pregnancy and lactation. Protein analysis was carried out using the Kjeldahl method, and fat analysis by extraction using a non-polar solvent, while the determination of essential macro minerals calcium and iron was carried out using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and phosphorus analysis using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The proximate content of Tembakul (mudskipper) fish flour from the Mempawah mangrove ecosystem is fat content (1.80%), protein content (50.67%), water content (24.58%), and ash content (20.20%). Mudskipper fish flour contains 3 essential minerals, namely Calcium (2.15%), Phosphorus (2.50%) and Iron (270.26 ppm).

Increasing Knowledge And Skills Of Pregnant Mothers In The Effort To Prevent Stunting In The Work Area Of Pekanheran Health Center, Indragiri Hulu Regency

Stunting is a major nutritional problem that faced by Indonesia. Stunting can cause developmental disorders in children, especially in children under two years. Malnutrition factor in pregnant women and toddlers is the main factor that causes stunting. One of the causes of malnutrition in pregnant women is inadequate knowledge of mothers about a balanced nutrition for pregnant women. This community service aims to increase the knowledge and skills of pregnant women in stunting prevention efforts. The method of this community service activity is counseling about stunting, exclusive breastfeeding, balanced nutrition for pregnant women as well as simulations and practices of making a balanced nutrition menus for pregnant women and breast care. Data on knowledge and skills results are statistically tested with the Paired sample T-test. The results of statistical tests showed an increase in knowledge of pregnant women about stunting, exclusive breastfeeding and balanced nutrition after being given counseling. As well as the skills of pregnant women in making and compiling a balanced nutrition menu and breast care. There was an increase after the simulation and practice of making and compiling a balanced nutrition menu for pregnant women and breast care.

Penyebab dan Resiko Stunting: Implikasi Terhadap Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini

Stunting is caused by multidimensional factors and not only caused by malnutrition experienced by pregnant women and children under five years. This research is library research. The results of the study stated that the stunting problem occurs starting from the womb and will be seen when the child reaches the age of two years, some of the effects of stunting can be seen, among others, impaired child height and weight growth, child growth and development is not optimal, does not have a good effect. on children's intelligence and learning abilities, and children are susceptible to disease. The most decisive intervention to reduce the prevalence of stunting, therefore, needs to be carried out in the first 1,000 days of a toddler's life, including good nutrition for pregnant women which of course is also needed by the baby in the womb, healthy food intake and nutrition as a complementary food for breast milk for children - children (make sure children get good nutrition, especially during pregnancy until the age of 1000 children), maintain a clean environment and most importantly provide awareness to parents, especially mothers to have the knowledge and apply good parenting for children.

Strengthening Nutrition Knowledge of Pregnant Women Through Nutrition Education During Public Health Emergencies

Proper maternal nutrition evidently results in good pregnancy outcomes both for the mother and born infant. However, the process leading to good nutrition during pregnancy remains a challenge most especially during public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought limitations on access to a variety of foods as well as nutrition services. Thus, nutrition education through the provision of contextualized information, education and communication (IEC) materials was explored as an alternative delivery strategy. The delivery strategy aims to increase the number of pregnant women in Barangay Palanan, Makati City, Philippines who have adequate nutrition knowledge through IEC materials-based nutrition education that is contextualized during public health emergencies. As an outcome, the delivery strategy intends to increase the number of pregnant women who have normal nutritional status as determined by weight per month of pregnancy. Results in determining the adequacy of nutrition knowledge through pre- and post-testing show that there is a 10% increase in the passing rate from 59% at baseline to 69% at endline. From the number of pregnant women who have taken the post-test, a remarkable 52% have either post-test scores that are maintained or improved. Meanwhile, for pregnant women who have normal nutritional status, an increase of 5% was seen given by 46% at baseline to 51% at endline. Ultimately, IEC materials-based nutrition education may serve as a supplementary approach in the continuous provision of nutrition services to attain good nutrition of pregnant women amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effectiveness Of Giving Biscuits To Increase Body Mass Index (Bmi) And Interpretation Of Fetal Weight In Pregnant Women Chronic Energy Deficiency

Supplemental Feeding (PMT) is a program launched by the government to improve the nutrition of pregnant women. The prevalence of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency problems in developing countries ranges from 15-47% with a BMI of &lt;18.5. The country with the highest prevalence is Bangladesh at 47%. While Indonesia became the fourth largest after India with a prevalence of 35.5%. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of PMT biscuits on the increase in the body index of pregnant women and the interpretation of fetal weight in pregnant women with chronic energy deficiencies in the working area of Puskemas Sei Suka district Sei Suka Batu Baru District in 2021.&#x0D; The design of this research is quantitative with an experimental quasi approach. The population in this study is all pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency Sampling techniques use consecutive sampling where the sample is taken if it meets the criteria. Data analysis using Paired Sample T Test analysis&#x0D; The results of the study obtained a significant influence on the administration of PMT biscuits on the increase in BMI of pregnant women with a value of p = 0.001 and interpretation of fetal weight (IFW) p = 0.0001 had a significant influence (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; From the results of research, the provision of PMT in pregnant women can increase for the mother and the fetus through the interpretation of fetal weight but must be with close supervision, this is due to the attitude of mothers who do not consider the important pattern of weight gain of pregnant women but also there is a sense of boredom in the taste. In the results of the study it can be concluded that the administration of PMT biscuits can improve the welfare of the mother and fetus.

The Relationship between Food Myths and the Incidence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Background: Nutrition in pregnant women is an important factor affecting maternal and fetal health. Anaemia is one of the problems in pregnancy. Lack of protein and iron intake is one of the factors causing anaemia. Cultural beliefs and knowledge such as food myths and taboos can give bad impacts on maternal and child health.Objective: To determine the relationship between food myths and the incidence of anaemia among pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy.Materials and Methods: This observational research used a cross-sectional design. The determination of the subject used a simple random sampling and the obtained samples were Puskesmas Margasari, Puskesmas Kesambi, and Puskesmas Lebaksiu. The population was pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy in Tegal District with the subject of 120 pregnant women. The data were collected using a food myth questionnaire. Data were analysed using Chi-Square.Result: There was a relationship between belief in food myths and the incidence of anaemia among pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy in Tegal District (p-value: 0.002).International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 02 April’22 Page: 200-203

SOSIALISASI PENTINGNYA PERAN KADER DALAM MASYARAKAT DI DESA PAREREJA

This community service activity is a continuation of the partnership program activities in the Brebes Regency with target partners in Parereja Village, where one of the programs in it is in the health sector, including: high rates of stunting and maternal mortality, lack of awareness about nutrition for pregnant women and toddlers. The parereja village community has 23 health cadres but they are not optimal in health service activities, therefore our role now is to invite the cadres back to remember their roles and functions in the community so that the cadres in parereja village are more empowered and can increase their active role in the community, in addition to it can increase knowledge about the health of the cadres which is increasingly widespread. The method used in this activity is the participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. To achieve this goal, the activities carried out are socialization or counseling and assistance at the local posyandu. The result of this activity is the optimal implementation of health services by cadres to the community.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses regarding maternal nutrition in pregnant women at a large hospital and filter clinics, Lesotho.

BackgroundAdequate nutritional knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices of nurses regarding maternal nutrition of women during pregnancy are fundamental for maternal and foetal well-being.AimThis study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses regarding maternal nutrition in pregnant women.SettingA large hospital and its filter clinics in Lesotho.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for this study. The data were collected from 120 nurses working in the reproductive health department of a large hospital and filter clinics, using a self-administered questionnaire. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.ResultsThe nurses showed good knowledge and practices, and positive attitudes regarding maternal nutrition, 88.3%, 99.2% and 62.5%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between attitude and practice, with a correlation coefficient of r = 296, n = 120, and p = 0.001.ConclusionThe results of this study show that nurses’ practices were associated with their attitudes regarding maternal nutrition, meaning their attitudes regarding maternal knowledge transcends their related knowledge.ContributionThe study contributes to the body of literature about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses related to maternal nutrition. It has the potential to lead to the betterment of nursing care, which in turn results in improved pregnancy outcomes in women.

PERILAKU NUTRISI IBU HAMIL DENGAN HIPERTENSI DI RSUD BANGIL KABUPATEN PASURUAN

Hypertension in pregnancy is a disorder of unknown etiology, formerly called 'toxemia of pregnancy' or pre-eclampsia. One of the causes of hypertension in pregnant women is the wrong diet. The nutritional behavior of pregnant women during pregnancy is very important because the lack of knowledge, attitudes and actions of mothers in meeting their nutritional needs during pregnancy results in disturbances in pregnancy or the fetus. This study uses a descriptive method that aims to determine the nutritional behavior of pregnant women with hypertension in Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency. Sampling using accidental sampling technique with a sample of 30 respondents. The instrument used is a closed questionnaire. The results of the study were the nutritional behavior of pregnant women with hypertension as many as 18 respondents (60%) well behaved. It is expected that pregnant women will be more active in improving their behavior the better by seeking information about healthy nutritional needs for pregnant women with hypertension, for example actively participating in counseling activities and through information media such as books or magazines about nutrition for pregnant women.&#x0D; Keywords : Behavior, Nutritional, Pregnancy Women, Hypertension

The Effect of Steamed Tempeh on Hemoglobin Levels and Body Weight in Pregnant Women at the Kalar - Kalar Health Center, Aru Islands District

Background: Nutrition of pregnant women is very influential on fetal growth, one of which is iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency increases in pregnant women with increasing age in pregnancy. Significantly low intake of nutrients will make pregnant women experience Chronic Energy Deficiency. The nutritional content of tempeh can be used to meet the nutritional needs of pregnant women. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of giving steamed tempeh to the increase in hemoglobin and Body Weight levels in pregnant women at the Kalar-kalar Health Center, Aru Islands Regency. Method: This type of research is a quasi-experimental with a pre-posttest control group design. The intervention was given to the respondents as many as 24 people with 12 people in the control group and 12 people in the treatment group. Sampling purposive sampling. Subjects were taken from two villages in the working area of ​​the Kalar-Kalar Public Health Center which have relatively the same geography and socioeconomic status and only pregnant women with Hb &lt;11 G/dL were selected. The form of treatment was giving 100 G of steamed tempeh 2 times a week for 30 days while the control group was given biscuits for pregnant women 2 times per week 100 G. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with paired T test and Mann Whitney. Results: Mann Whitney test results of the effect of steamed tempeh on weight gain in the treatment group obtained a p-value of 0.050 (p=0.05). Differences in hemoglobin levels in anemic pregnant women with a p-value of 0.018 (&lt;0.05) with a mean difference of 0.42 G/dL in the pre-posttest treatment group and the control group with a p-value of 0.217 (&lt;0.05) with a mean difference of 0.21 G/d dL. Conclusion: There is an effect of giving steamed tempeh to increase hemoglobin and body weight in pregnant women. Keywords: Anemia, Pregnant women, Hemoglobin, Body Weight, Tempeh.

Iodine nutrition status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of 4635 pregnant women

BackgroundPregnant women in Shanghai have long been at risk for mild iodine deficiency. Because thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant women can lead to premature birth and miscarriage as well as neurodevelopmental deficits in the fetus, the aim of this study was to explore the association of iodine nutrition status with thyroid antibodies during pregnancy.MethodsA pregnancy-birth cohort was conducted including 4635 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. The eligible participants underwent a face-to-face interview and completed questionnaire surveys to collect baseline information and diet intake. Spot urine samples were collected to test urine iodine. Thyroid antibodies including thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyrotrophic antibodies (TRAb) were tested. Single-factor analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion level in the sample was 138.14 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 80.90–219.00 μg/L). Among all the subjects, 25.9% consumed non-iodized salt, 54.5% had iodine deficiency, and 31.0% had thyroid autoimmunity. The proportion of patients with iodine deficiency was significantly higher among those who consumed non-iodized salt (36.9% vs. 33.1%; p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, educational status, former smoker status, former drinker status, first pregnancy, and previous thyroid disease, non-iodized salt (odds ratio [OR] = 1.394 [confidence interval, CI, 1.165–1.562]; p = 0.003), iodine-rich food (OR = 0.681 [CI 0.585–0.793]; p = 0.003), iodized nutritional supplements (OR = 0.427 [CI 0.347–0.526]; p = 0.003), were found to be individually associated with thyroid autoimmunity in all participants. The results of the multivariable restricted cubic spline regression analysis showed a non-linear relationship between the continuous change in iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity (p = 0.019). Participants with iodine deficiency (urinary iodine concentration, UIC,< 100 μg/L) had an increased risk of testing positive for thyroid antibodies (TPOAb/TgAb/TRAb[+]; OR = 1.324 [CI 1.125–1.559]; p < 0.001). Moreover, this associated existed even after removing participants with previous thyroid disease.ConclusionInadequate iodine nutrition in pregnant women is an independent risk factor for thyroid autoimmunity in Shanghai. It’s important to maintain the adequate iodine status in pregnant women.

Relationship of Information Sources with Knowledge Levels of Nutrition in Pregnant Women in Ciruas Health Center

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sources of information and the level of knowledge about nutrition in pregnant women at the Ciruas Health Center in 2019, including family information, mass media information, and information on health workers. This type of research is analytic, with a cross sectional design (cross-sectional). Data analysis with univariate analysis (frequency distribution) and bivariate analysis (Kai Squared Test). Based on the results of the study, it was found that most of the mothers obtained good sources of information from their families (62.7%). Statistical test results obtained p value = 0.031 and OR = 4.821, indicating that there is a significant relationship between family sources of information and the level of knowledge about nutrition in pregnant women, most of the mothers received good sources of information from health workers (58.8%). Statistical test results obtained p value = 0.041 and OR = 4.185, so that there is a significant relationship between sources of information from health workers and the level of knowledge about nutrition in pregnant women and most mothers get good sources of information from the mass media (84.3%). The results of statistical tests obtained p value = 0.117 and OR = 6.682, so there is no significant relationship between sources of mass media information and the level of knowledge about nutrition in pregnant women

Прием витаминно-минеральных комплексов во время беременности необходим: сравнительный анализ действующих рекомендаций

Currently, the Russian Federation has several methodological and clinical recommendations, programs and guidelines developed by the communities of nutritionists, pediatricians and obstetricians-gynecologists. All of them are of informational and methodological nature and are designed for practical use. The aim of the study is to compare the current recommendations on the use of vitamins and minerals in the nutrition of pregnant women to maintain the optimal micronutrient status, as well as to assess their compliance with global trends. Nutritionists' recommendations are aimed at prophylactic intake of vitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) to improve the micronutrient status of a pregnant woman and meeting the needs of the fetus. The 2020 recommendations of domestic obstetricians and gynecologists on the use of micronutrients in the nutrition of pregnant women are based on fundamentally different criteria and proceed from the extent to which additional intake of a particular micronutrient may reduce the risk of obstetric and perinatal complications. Given the high prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant women, the absence of programs for mandatory enrichment of products of mass consumption with B vitamins and iron, iodization of table salt, in Russia it is advisable to prescribe VMS by women in order to replenish the insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals with the diet. In 2019, new guidelines from the Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) were published that recommend a routine daily intake of VMS specifically designed for pregnant women. It seems expedient and logical to create unified national clinical guidelines harmonized with modern international recommendations based on consensus between nutritionists, obstetricians-gynecologists and pediatricians. The presence of such a regulatory document will facilitate the work of practitioners. A lot of educational work is also needed to explain the benefits of prophylactic intake of VMS during preparation and during pregnancy to maintain the health of the mother and child. Key words: multiple vitamin-mineral supplements, pregnancy, current recommendations, micronutrient sufficiency

Maternity Benefit Programs: An Investment in Human Resource

Women, as bearers and rearers of children, form the foundation for bringing about the next generation of human resources for the economy. To breed good human resources, better nutrition for pregnant women & lactating mothers (PW & LM) is essential. It provides a strong economic justification for maternity benefits interventions. There is diversity in maternity benefits under the various programs implemented in different countries in formal and informal economies. Most of the developed, as well as developing countries, have legislation/policies for providing universal health coverage for PW & LM employed in the formal economy. But women employed in the informal economy lack social protection and paid maternity leaves, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The informal sector employs 60 percent of the female workforce and non-contributory cash transfers can be an innovative way to improve mother and neonatal nutritional status. This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the provisions of maternity benefits and their outcome in different nations as well as their implications on maternal and newborn health. An efficiently implemented maternity benefits program with the provision of cash incentives, nutrition supplement package, and paid maternity leave has several outcomes in terms of long duration & frequent exclusive breastfeeding, distribution of resources & disintegration of poverty transfer, reduced financial and gender inequality, quality childcare – which develops self-confidence and improved social & learning skills for better competence and career attainments – reduced MMR and IMR. And it is more of an investment in its human resource rather than a financial burden for a nation. This paper also addresses key issues in the field of maternal health care and can be advantageous for both beneficiaries as well as policymakers.

Management of Pregnant Women's Nutrition in Disaster Emergencies in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Background: Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has a high potential for disaster. This is due to Indonesia's position at the equator and its wide geographic area and diverse demographics. Pregnant women are priority group because they are susceptible to nutritional problems during disasters. Pregnant women who are malnourished have a high potential for premature delivery, giving birth to babies with low birth weight and even death for mothers and children so that they become a real health threat. This research focuses on the nutritional needs of pregnant women in disaster. Methods: The method used is a cross sectional method. This research was carried out by a literature study that published about pregnant women’s during disaster in Indonesia databases. Inclusion criteria are research that focuses on the management of nutrition for pregnant women in disaster emergencies. Results: Health problems frequently occurs in pregnant women, namely not being aware of the increased nutritional needs during pregnancy, especially during a disaster, so there is a risk of decreasing in maternal nutritional status. There are several nutritional treatments for pregnant women that can be carried out during disaster such as measuring nutritional status, managing needs and food for pregnant women, as well as providing additional food and supplements for pregnant women such as blood-added tablets, folic acid, calcium, etc. Conclusion: Management of nutrition during disaster emergency can help to maintain nutritional control in pregnant women and ensure the health of both the mother and the fetus.

Pengetahuan Ibu hamil tentang kebutuhan makanan sehat selama kehamilan di BPM T.H Pematangsiantar Tahun 2020

The proportion of malnutrition anemia among pregnant women in several private practices in Medan is 53.3%. The results of Dolok Saribu’s research in the village of maligas Tonga, Simalungun Regency in 2016 found that pregnant women had anemia with proportion of 57.4% Good nutrition for pregnant women is needed so that fetal growth runs rapidly and does not experience obstacles. The research objective was to describe the knowledge of pregnant women about healthy food consumption patterns in accordance with the growth and development of their pregnancy at BPM T.H. Pematangsiantar in 2020.&#x0D; This research is descriptive with a survey method and uses primary data that has been obtained directly from respondents, the population is 40 pregnant women’s. This data processing by editing, coding, tabulation, entry, cleaning data entry.&#x0D; Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that pregnant women who check their pregnancies at BPM T.H. Pematangsiantar most aged 20-35 years 34 respondents (85%), high school education 22 respondents (55%), housewives work 30 respondents (37.5%). Based on the knowledge of pregnant women about the notion of healthy food during pregnancy, 31 respondents (77.5%) were not good, knowledge of the need for healthy food consumption patterns during pregnancy was not god 20 respondents (50%), knowledge of the positive impact if the need for food consumption patterns 22 respondents (55%) were not well fulfilled and 27 respondents (67.5%) had bad knowledge of hazardous substances.&#x0D; Based on this study, it was found that knowledge of the respondents was not good enough, therefore it is recommended that respondents increase their knowledge about the importance of eating healthy food during pregnancy.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET CHRONIC ENERGY LACK IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN TRIMESTER

Chronic lack of energy can occur in pregnant women in the first trimester. Because in the first trimester, the mother's appetite generally decreases, due to frequent nausea and vomiting (morning sickness). Nutrition of pregnant women is influenced by several factors, one of which is diet. This study aims to determine the relationship between diet and Chronic Energy Deficiency in first trimester pregnant women at Pagurawan Health Center, Batu Bara Regency in 2020. This type of research is a quantitative research with a descriptive correlation design with a cross sectional approach. The type of data used is primary data and secondary data collected using a questionnaire sheet and then processed and analyzed using the chi-square test.The results showed that through statistical tests using the chi-square test, the p-value was 0.018 &lt;0.05. It is also known that the OR value = 0.090, meaning that Pregnant who have a poor diet are 0.09 times more at risk of suffering from CED compared to Pregnant who have a good diet. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between diet and Chronic Energy Deficiency in first trimester pregnant women at the Pagurawan Health Center, Batu Bara Regency in 2020. So it is hoped that pregnant women will maintain a healthy diet and eat nutritious food so that nutrition during pregnancy is fulfilled.

Household Food Security, Nutritional Intake, and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in the Central Tapanuli Regency

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition that occurs during pregnancy can result in inadequate household food security so that it will affect the baby to be born. AIM: This study aims to determine household food security, nutrient intake, and nutritional status of pregnant women in the Central Tapanuli Regency. METHODS: This research is part of the DRPM research with the title of improving the nutrition of pregnant women and the success of breastfeeding immediately after birth through strengthening household food security in the Central Tapanuli Regency. The stages of this research are to identify the level of household food security and nutrient intake as well as the nutritional status of pregnant women. The study was conducted using observation and interviews as well as measuring LILA, examination of Hb levels, and iodine levels in the urine of 131 pregnant women purposively in eight districts of the Central Tapanuli. RESULTS: The household food security of status that is food insecure is 18.3%. The nutritional status of pregnant women with anemia was 58.7% and those with SEZ were 19.1% fiber with the low levels of iodine in the urine as much as 63.9%. Adequate intake of energy nutrients is 42% and sufficient protein is 38.9%. There was a significant relationship between food security status and energy intake (p = 0.000; OR = 53.9) and protein intake (p = 0.004; OR = 4.1). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between household food security status with energy and protein intake of pregnant women. Increased consumption of foods containing animal protein is recommended for pregnant women related to household food insecurity.