Relational Predicates Research Articles

БЕЗОСОБОВІ ФОРМИ ІСПАНСЬКОГО ДІЄСЛОВА В КОНТЕКСТІ МІЖКАТЕГОРІАЛЬНОГО ПІДХОДУ

The problematics of parts of speech links is connected the most notably with the interaction of grammar categories both in the morphology and the syntax with reference to a part of speech, at which point such interaction does not exist in isolation of all utterance. Grammatical categories of the verb are constituents of the syntactical structure of the utterance which forms its semantic content, that is the category feature of the predicative relation. Verb lexical item is not used only for predicativity: verb lexical items have predicative force as non-predicative forms. The Spanish verb paradigm includes general category features for finite and non-finite forms of the verb and the interaction of grammar categories of finite and non-finite forms. They identify the grammatical entity of the Spanish non-finite verb forms. The conceptual foundation of the interaction of grammar categories of the Spanish verb identifies the integrated nature of functions of Spanish non-finite forms: they have characteristic constants and grammatical category features. Infinitive – verb characteristics: temporality (relative temporal meaning), person, voice, transitivity / intransitivity, prepositional rules; noun characteristics: substativisation, participial or adjectival attribute, syntactic function of subject, part of compound nominal predicate, direct /indirect object, it has a logic subject in absolute constructions. Participle – verb characteristics: temporary in the structure of compound verb forms (anteriority of actions), voice (passive), constituent of verb constructions (compound predicate), prepositional rules, it has a logic subject in absolute constructions; adjective characteristics: syntactic function of attribute, noun adjective agreement, part of compound nominal predicate, it has a logic subject absolute constructions. Gerund – verb characteristics: temporary (relative temporal meaning), part of compound predicate, transitivity / intransitivity, it has a logic subject in absolute constructions; adverbial characteristics: syntactic functions of adverbial modifiers; noun characteristics: syntactic function of attribute.

The Analytical Perspective of Aristotle’s Categorical and Modal Syllogisms

What is meant under the genuine title of Aristotle’s ta Analytika is rarely properly understood. Presumably, his analytics was inspired by the method of geometric analysis. For Aristotle, this was a regressive or heuristic procedure, departing from a proposed conclusion (or prob­lem) and asking which premises could be found in order to syllogize, demonstrate or explain it. The terms that form categorical and modal propositions play a fundamental role in analytics. Aristotle introduces letters in lieu of the triples of terms (major – middle – minor) constitut­ing the propositions and the three syllogistic figures that schematize them. His formulation of the three syllogistic figures refers to a syntacti­cal and predicative order and position of the triples of terms, arranged in some diagrammed schemata, which, regrettably, are missing from the extant text of the Prior Analytics. Considering planar and graphic arrangements, both vertical and horizontal orders as well as the posi­tion of the three terms involved, we propose a reconstruction, at least to some extent, of these probable lettered diagrams. In such reconstructed diagrams, we can appropriately capture the definition of syllogism as a predicative connexion of terms, and easier survey a synoptic account of all valid predicative relations and transpositions, and also reduce the imperfect syllogisms into the moods of the first figure. Aristotle’s syllogistic is an analytical calculation of terms, understood as predicates and subjects within the categorical propositions, and more precisely of three terms schematized in three figures in predicative links such that, by means of a middle, follows from necessity a conclusion of the extreme terms. The necessity of the consequence is not based on the implication or inference of the propositions, but on a predictive transi­tivity through the middle term within the syllogistic figures. Syllogism must draw its conclusion through the way its terms are predicated of one another. Aristotle in his Prior Analytics (I 3, 8–22) developed also a complex account of modal syllogisms within necessity and possibility of belonging (predicating). This account involves also such an analyti­cal reduction to the syllogistic figures. In this analytical perspective, we try to throw some light on his modal syllogisms, although this difficult and nowadays thoroughly discussed topic would require a much wider treatment.

Constructions Waxing and Waning: A Brief History of the Zero-Secondary Predicate Construction

In the English Secondary Predicate Construction (SPC), a predicative relation between a noun phrase (NP) and a “secondary predicate” (XP) is established by a main verb ( He finds Verb her NP attractive XP). While the syntactic nature of this construction has received ample attention from a synchronic perspective, this study aims to shed light on the diachronic developments of the SPC. First, using data from the York-Toronto-Helsinki Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE) and the Penn corpora, a classification is proposed of the verbs occurring in the SPC. Based on this semantic classification, the development of the SPC is then traced from Old English to Late Modern English in terms of frequency and productivity. It is argued that, while the various classes of SPC-taking verbs often show opposite developments, these lower-level incongruities are resolved at a higher schematic level, as the SPC as a whole underwent a process of internalization. These findings underscore the importance of lower-level developments in the diachronic behavior of schematic constructions and consequently contribute to the literature on constructional change.

Elements of Boethian Ontology

In the commentaries on Porphyry Boethius on the one hand explains the properties of predication relation at abstract level, from another hand he supplies some ontological options about what can instantiate the terms of the relation, at the end he seems to prefer the similarities as objects of abstract thought. Other options are anyway present, in the commentary on Categories and in the Theological Treatises . One cannot say that the catalogues are complementary or that the same things are catalogued once only, under the same label. On the contrary, objects such as forms, essences and material components can be considered from points of view that are different and not easily comparable. In the present article I will deal with Boethius’ ontological approach not strictly concerned with the Porphyrian text and riddle. Keywords : Boethius, essences, forms, ontology, Porphyry DOI : 10.14640/NoctuaV1

Deleuze, Immanence, and Immanent Writing in Qualitative Inquiry: Nonlinear Texts and Being a Traitor to Writing

Modernist writing relies on writing elements such as linearity, meaning, plot, internal coherence, subject–predicate relations, structure in general, and identity or fixity. For Deleuze, writing is nonreductive, destabilizes meaning, and undermines a thematic reading. More specifically, it rejects a sense of beginning, middle, and end; subject–object distinctions; subjects who are developed according to a structure; and a sense of identity. Deleuze’s concepts of immanence and the virtual are discussed, and two major forms of Deleuzian writing are then examined. Nonlinear texts are organized in a way that fails to meet the modernist demand for a linear, internally coherent, and unified narrative. Being a traitor to one’s own writing involves writing against any stabilizing sense of identity and against other modernist categories and boundaries. Portions of Blanchot’s story, The Madness of the Day, are used to illustrate each writing strategy, and an illustrative example from my own experience is then presented.

Does the Collapsing Principle Rule Out Borderline Cases?

If ‘F’ is a predicate, then ‘Fer than’ or ‘more F than’ is a corresponding comparative relational predicate. Concerning such comparative relations, John Broome's Collapsing Principle states that, for any x and y, if it is false that y is Fer than x and not false that x is Fer than y, then it is true that x is Fer than y. Luke Elson has recently put forward two counter-examples to this principle, allegedly showing that it yields contradictions if there are borderline cases. In this article, I argue that the Collapsing Principle does not rule out borderline cases, but I also argue that the principle is implausible.

Never-ending learning

Whereas people learn many different types of knowledge from diverse experiences over many years, and become better learners over time, most current machine learning systems are much more narrow, learning just a single function or data model based on statistical analysis of a single data set. We suggest that people learn better than computers precisely because of this difference, and we suggest a key direction for machine learning research is to develop software architectures that enable intelligent agents to also learn many types of knowledge, continuously over many years, and to become better learners over time. In this paper we define more precisely this never-ending learning paradigm for machine learning, and we present one case study: the Never-Ending Language Learner (NELL), which achieves a number of the desired properties of a never-ending learner. NELL has been learning to read the Web 24hrs/day since January 2010, and so far has acquired a knowledge base with 120mn diverse, confidence-weighted beliefs (e.g., servedWith(tea,biscuits) ), while learning thousands of interrelated functions that continually improve its reading competence over time. NELL has also learned to reason over its knowledge base to infer new beliefs it has not yet read from those it has, and NELL is inventing new relational predicates to extend the ontology it uses to represent beliefs. We describe the design of NELL, experimental results illustrating its behavior, and discuss both its successes and shortcomings as a case study in never-ending learning. NELL can be tracked online at http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu, and followed on Twitter at @CMUNELL.

Модификация информационной структуры и статуса референта SN2, как факторы возникновения предикативных отношений в предложениях с атрибутивным дополнением

Модификация информационной структуры и статуса референта SN2, как факторы возникновения предикативных отношений в предложениях с атрибутивным дополнением

Predication in the syntax of hyperraising and copy raising

This paper presents arguments to remove the NP-movement component from hyperraising and copy raising constructions, and to unite these constructions with an analysis in which a complex predicate is created which is predicated directly of the subject of the matrix clause. The analysis at the same time affirms the versatility of the predication relation in syntax and eliminates the need to facilitate NP-movement of the nominative subject of a finite clause across a CP-boundary.

What’s in a Name

This paper offers a response to Ramsey’s famous challenge to draw a logical, as opposed to merely syntactical, distinction between names and predicates. Three attempts to meet this challenge are considered, one from Dummett, one from Geach, and one from Brandom. It is shown that none of these adequately addresses Ramsey’s challenge. The paper concludes with a response to Ramsey that avoids the pitfalls of the other three replies. The advantage of the view proposed is that there is nothing preventing the set of sentences in consideration from consisting only of atomic sentences. The upshot of my solution is that the distinction between names and properties rests on the presence of relational predicates in a language and the validity of the structural rules of identity, contraction, and cut.

Fractions in the Suàn Shù Shū (China, Beginning of the 2nd Century BCE) = 西汉出土文献《算数书》分数表达

The Suan Shu Shū contains 301 instances of regular expressions for fractions. They can be “mono-dimensional” (formed with one integer name only) for unit fractions, “bidimensional” (with two integer names) for both unit and non-unit fractions, or lexicalized only for 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3. The present paper gives a complete description of the diversity of these forms. Bidimensional expressions are predicative phrases: the name n fēn of a unit fraction 1/n acts as subject and the numerator’s name as predicate; according to the syntactic context, the morpheme zhī can be used as an optional marker of this predicative relation.

Contrastive CS-US Relations Reverse Evaluative Conditioning Effects

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to changes in the evaluation of conditional stimuli (CSs; e.g., neutral faces) due to their repeated pairing with unconditional stimuli of positive or negative valence (USs; e.g., likeable or unlikeable faces). The standard EC finding is an assimilation effect; CS evaluations change in direction of US valence. In three experiments, we found systematic reversals of this standard assimilative EC effect. Neutral faces were liked more (less) after being paired with unlikable (likeable) faces when a judgment task called for contrastive CS-US relations. We found standard EC effects though when joint judgments of CS and US fostered assimilative relations. These results highlight the importance of encoding operations in EC that allow for different relational predicates between CS and US, as opposed to a purely stimulus-driven learning account. The robust standard EC effect suggests a default assimilative encoding when encoding operations are not manipulated.

A common core for information modeling in the Industrial Internet of Things

Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) faces a fragmentation of interfaces along information modeling formats, communication protocols and service interfaces. This increasingly hinders interoperability and changeability in the IIoT. To overcome this challenge, we propose a technology-independent common core for information modeling in the IIoT. It consists of a minimal type system for literal data values, an addressing and identification scheme based on Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI), the use of both key-value associations and relational references to combine resource-oriented and semantic information modeling, and a set of core relational predicates for object-oriented information modeling. Exemplary mappings of popular IIoT information modeling formats are provided to demonstrate the generality and representational power of the proposed common core.

The development of the as-Secondary Predicate Construction: constructionalization and internalization

The English Secondary Predicate Construction (SPC) establishes a predicative relation between a Noun Phrase and a Secondary Predicate XP (I consider himNPintelligentXP). This relation can be left unmarked in the zero-SPC (I find it Ø complicated), or it can be signalled by as in the as-SPC (I regard him as my friend). While the developments of the zero-SPC have been well documented, much remains to be said about the evolution of the as-SPC and its diachronic relation with the zero-SPC. This paper aims to examine this issue by means of a corpus-based study of the development of the as-SPC from Middle English to Late Modern English, and it compares this development with the evolution of the zero-SPC. It is argued that the as-SPC was established as a result of grammatical constructionalization of the preposition as to a predicative marker, thus paving the way for an internalization process in the as-SPC. This internalization process is similar to the one described for the zero-SPC, which may suggest influence from one development on the other. In particular, it is argued that the zero-SPC functioned as the model construction, whose distribution was to a large extent copied by the as-SPC. These findings shed new light on diachronic relations in the case of functionally similar constructions.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ НА - О (-Е) // -LY У ПРОСТОМУ НЕЕЛЕМЕНТАРНОМУ РЕЧЕННІ

This article is dedicated to the complex description of semantic-syntactic organization of simple nonelementary sentences with adverbs in -o (-e) // -ly. The main attention is given to the peculiarities of semantic-syntactic relations in the simple complicated sentence. It is established that sentences with adverbs in -o (-e) // -ly in the function of formal syntactic attribute to a class of verbal predicates are characterized by complexity of semantic structure. The models of the interaction of these adverbs in different semantic-syntactic structure of Ukrainian and English sentences have been analyzed and it was stated that not all lexical-semantic classes of surveyed units are characterized by the same semantic and syntactic compatibility, internal and cross-language differences being singled out.The status of adverbial syntaxeme as secondary predicate in the simple nonelementary sentence is defined. It has been proved that the adverb in -o (-e) // -ly is in the paradigmatic predicate relations with the deep structure and is a real sign of a sentence, expressing not only complicated or reduced propositions, but various relations between them and the main proposition. The following semantic types of relations have been revealed in the paper: coordinative, comparative, causal and relations of manner.The topicality of this study is due not only to the growing interest to semantic-syntactic aspect of the sentence structure but also to the lack of comprehensive description of the peculiarities of semantic-syntactic relations in simple Ukrainian and English sentences. The study of nonelementary simple sentences with adverbs in -o (-e) // -ly makes it possible to reveal the complexity of their semantic structure and define the character of semantic-syntactic relations in the sentence.

Knowledge base completion by learning pairwise-interaction differentiated embeddings

A knowledge base of triples like (subject entity, predicate relation,object entity) is a very important resource for knowledge management. It is very useful for human-like reasoning, query expansion, question answering (Siri) and other related AI tasks. However, such a knowledge base often suffers from incompleteness due to a large volume of increasing knowledge in the real world and a lack of reasoning capability. In this paper, we propose a Pairwise-interaction Differentiated Embeddings model to embed entities and relations in the knowledge base to low dimensional vector representations and then predict the possible truth of additional facts to extend the knowledge base. In addition, we present a probability-based objective function to improve the model optimization. Finally, we evaluate the model by considering the problem of computing how likely the additional triple is true for the task of knowledge base completion. Experiments on WordNet and Freebase show the excellent performance of our model and algorithm.

Plato on Metaphysical Explanation: Does 'Participating' Mean Nothing?

According to Aristotle, Plato's efforts at metaphysical explanation not only fail, they are nonsensical. In particular, Plato's appeals to Forms as metaphysically explanatory of the sensibles that participate in them is "empty talk" since "'participating' means nothing" (Met. 992a28-9). I defend Plato against Aristotle's charge by identifying a particular, substantive model of metaphysical predication as the favored model of Plato's late ontology. The model posits two basic metaphysical predication relations: self-predication and participation. In order to understand the participation relation, it is important first to understand how Plato's Forms are self-predicative paradigms. According to the favored model, Forms are self-predicative paradigms insofar as they are ideal, abstract encoders of structural essences. Sensibles participate in Forms by exemplifying the structures encoded in the Forms. Given plausible conditions on metaphysical explanation, Plato's appeals to abstract Forms as metaphysically explanatory of sensibles is a reasonable competitor for Aristotle's appeals to natural, substantial forms. At the very least, Plato's appeals to a participation relation are not empty.

Degrees and segments

I make two related proposals, one about directed scale segments and the other about the nature of degrees. Bale (2007, 2011) argued that degrees should be analyzed as sets of individuals and that degree arguments are created in the syntax from relational predicates. Schwarz (2010) showed that Bale’s construction runs into problems when the required degree relation is complex, denoted by an LF constituent that contains more than just a gradable adjective. I modify Bale’s proposal so that it overcomes Schwarz’s objection. But first I propose a semantics for comparatives based on quantification over directed scale segments, triples consisting of two degrees and a measure function. The modification of Bale’s proposal depends upon this. Segments are of independent interest as they permit a conjunctive semantics for extended adjectival phrases, the way events do for verb phrases. Potential benefits of ‘degree-conjunctivism’ are explored.

Never-Ending Learning

Whereas people learn many different types of knowledge from diverse experiences over many years, most current machine learning systems acquire just a single function or data model from just a single data set. We propose a never-ending learning paradigm for machine learning, to better reflect the more ambitious and encompassing type of learning performed by humans. As a case study, we describe the Never-Ending Language Learner (NELL), which achieves some of the desired properties of a never-ending learner, and we discuss lessons learned. NELL has been learning to read the web 24 hours/day since January 2010, and so far has acquired a knowledge base with over 80 million confidence-weighted beliefs (e.g., servedWith(tea, biscuits)). NELL has also learned millions of features and parameters that enable it to read these beliefs from the web. Additionally, it has learned to reason over these beliefs to infer new beliefs, and is able to extend its ontology by synthesizing new relational predicates. NELL can be tracked online at http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu, and followed on Twitter at @CMUNELL.

The logical-semantic content of subject: A configurational view from syntax and LF

AbstractThe paper raises the topic of what the functional and logical notion of subject is. It examines the syntax-semantic nature of Icelandic and Polish quirky subject constructions (subjectless clauses in which the initial DP bears oblique Case) with psych-verbs. Of main interest is the full vs. default agreement on V which nominative DPs and quirky subjects always trigger, respectively. We attempt to define the primitive notion of subject from two standpoints – its LF representation and how it is mirrored syntactically by the predication relation of the subject with respect to vP/VP and the proposition of the sentence in TP between the subject and T′. We discuss the semantic and configurational dependencies between quirky subjects and nominative DPs and vP and TP/CP. The paper investigates also the landing site for non-nominative initial DPs and argues for the Topic Phrase in the Left Periphery (Rizzi 1997) as a most natural candidate to host quirky subjects. Hopefully, the conclusions reached here may offer some way of bringing the notion of subject towards its more satisfactory understanding and description within the generative approach.