Pre-revolutionary Period Research Articles

Проблемные вопросы эволюции дореволюционного кооперативного законодательства в России

The article reveals problematic issues related to the process of formation and development of pre-revolutionary Russian cooperative legislation. The main stages of legislative support for the development of cooperative organizations and their unions are identified. The nature and degree of administrative influence of various state authorities on the cooperative movement in the pre-revolutionary period is determined. Problematic moments associated with collisions of cooperative legislation that interfere with the effective functioning of the cooperative system in Russia are identified.

«С крайним старанием и без всякой оплошности...»: Вклад российского купечества в социокультурное и хозяйственно-политическое освоение Центральной Азии в первой половине XIX века

The study involves analysis of the participation of merchants in the process of establishing channels of political, cultural, and economic exchange between the Russian Empire, the Asian khanates, and the Kazakh steppe in the first half of the 19th century. The modern government practice of involving private sector in order to strengthen international relations makes retrospective analysis of cooperation between business representatives and officials in solving national problems more relevant. The study is to identify specific examples of entrepreneurs’ efforts in promoting Russia’s diverse interests in Asia and to demonstrate specifics of merchants’ work in execution of special assignments of the imperial authorities. The value of the article lies in the fact that the existing corpus of scientific works is mainly focused on the activities of merchants in collecting intelligence (i.e., specific espionage for Russia), while acculturational, mediatory, and clerical service of merchants remains outside the scope of national historiography’s attention. Its novelty is confirmed by the fact that the examination of this problem drawing on the materials of the Orenburg gubernia of the 19th century is being carried out for the first time. The ariclde draws on documents from fond 6 (Office of the Orenburg military governor) of the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Oblast (OGAOO). To assess the contribution of individuals to the multidimensional process of the Russian Empire’s interaction and rapprochеment with the Asian region in the 19th century, anthropological approach has been chosen as a methodological mechanism specially adapted to studying the problem of the “small man.” The application of the latest methodological concept of “imperial policy of acculturation” provides a better understanding of historical significance and specifics of economic, trade, political, and cultural contacts of nomadic population of the Kazakh steppe and settled culture of the khanates of Central Asia with business community of the Russian state. The merchants’ main area of responsibility was diplomatic, requiring their participation in resolving internecine conflicts of Kazakh clans, as well as search and ransom of the Russians held captive in Central Asia. The authorities’ key criteria in recruitment of entrepreneurs were their foreign trade success, which implied useful acquaintances in Central Asian cities and in camps of the Kazakh nomads, knowledge of the neighboring peoples’ languages, and advanced communication skills. The study may be useful to scientists studying the history of merchants in the 18th-19th centuries, issues of Russia's interaction with the states of Asia in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as specialists in regional history.

Историко-географические особенности развития типов хозяйственного районирования Европейской России в конце XIX — начале XX вв.

The main objective of the study is to systematize little-studied and little-used experiences of economic regionalization based on the study of primary sources of the pre-revolutionary period (from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries). The article identifies the features of the formation and evolution of types of economic regionalization during this period based on the analysis of historical statistical sources; a grouping of economic zoning experiences is given: private zoning, complex economic expert zoning, agricultural statistical zoning; for each group, main and auxiliary characteristics and indicators for identifying and defining areas are established; the characteristics of examples of agricultural zoning in chronological order are given in more detail; in private zoning, the division of provinces into districts is considered based on the principles of fertility and the size of the land plot per 1 male soul. When characterizing the types of complex economic zoning, the most well-known, along with little-known, types of economic zoning are shown, including industrial zoning, supplemented by division into districts based on the grouping of distilleries, by the volume of handicraft wood processing, by the volume of match production; the importance of using these indicators is shown. When characterizing agricultural zoning, the importance of statistical indicators for identifying and defining regions is shown. Experiences of comprehensive economic and agricultural zoning are systematized on a chronological basis.

The Musical Culture of the Russian Province in the Mirror of Prerevolutionary Periodicals

From the positions of systemic analysis, the author of the article determines the role of periodical press as an important source of research of the musical culture of the prerevolutionary Russian province. Against the background of the development of humanitarian knowledge, the studies of the musical provinces actualize the issue of the base of its scholarly field related to source studies. Particularly periodical press contains the basic information about the musical life of the prerevolutionary period of Russian history in all of its diversity. The periodical publications — from the capital cities and the periphery, the general and the specialized varieties — are specified on the basis of an elaborated classification. Emphasis is given to various printed material, different in its indication of genre, devoted to musical life in various cities of the Russian Empire — analytic sketches, survey correspondence, articles on music history, and informational-advertising production. The question is broached of the genre-related and stylistic transformation of musical journalism from descriptive overviews to articles of a problem-based culturological character. The participation of the activists of musical culture from a number of Russian cities in the formation of the areal tradition of musical criticism, the intensification of artistic connections between the provinces and the two Russian capital cities, the evolution of musical life in different cities (for example, in Odessa, Tiflis, Kharkov, etc.) — all of these are disclosed in the article. The musical periodical press of various provincial regions of Russia, represented by materials that are diverse in their genre and territorial affiliation, which has undergone a significant transformation of its content during the course of the entire 19th and the early 20th century, has made a significant contribution to the formation and the development of Russian music criticism and Russian musical culture in general.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ИСТОРИИ О МЕЗЕНСКИХ «РОБИНЗОНАХ» НА СТРАНИЦАХ ДЕТСКИХ ИЗДАНИЙ XIX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the story of Mezen hunters, which was published in children’s magazines of the second half of the 19th century. The historiography of this topic is not too extensive. The research interest was focused on the event of the Mezen “microhistory” for children. The source of the article was published in the journals “Journal for reading students of military schools” (1846), “Snowdrop” (1859, 1862) and “Children’s reading” (1871). The article recreates the mechanism of representation of the plot from the history of the development of Svalbard in the XVIII century in the periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period. Comparative analysis of the texts led to conclusions about the techniques used by writers, adapting 18th century narrative to children. The authors conclude that, firstly, during this period, the story of the Mezens in Svalbard is represented in the form of a recounting of events from the German language; secondly, the central episode of the Robinsonade is restored using an arsenal of visual aids; Third, the plot is presented in the form of an artistic and journalistic essay with a foreword about the history of Arctic exploration and the previous unsuccessful wintering. The results of the work suggest the approbation of the hypothesis and the construction of a variant of the plot about Mezen “robinsons” as it exists in children’s magazines of the XIX century.

БУМАЖНЫЕ САМОДЕЛКИ В СОВЕТСКИХ ДЕТСКИХ ЖУРНАЛАХ И КАЛЕНДАРЯХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ИЗДАНИЙ «ДЕТСКИЙ КАЛЕНДАРЬ» И «ЗВЕЗДОЧКА»)

The subject of this study is paper handicrafts, which were offered as supplements to Soviet magazines and calendars for children. They are considered in the article as a phenomenon of Soviet mass culture in the context of the development of children’s creativity and play activities. Attention is paid to the constructors in the periodicals of the 1920s-1960s (“Murzilka”, “Det- skiy Kalendar” and “Zvezdochka”); their existence is linked to the ideas of personality building of a Soviet man, his general cultural development and socialization (including initiation to reading). In addition to forming the foundations of artistic and technical creativity and work culture, paper handicrafts solved the problem of a shortage of consumer goods, in particular toys. The annual publication Detskyi Kalendar (“Children’s calendar”) for primary and secondary school age which was edited by methodologist Elizaveta Grozdova in the 1940s-1950s is discussed in detail. It was a part of a Soviet child’s reading circle and could offer its readers a variety of self-made paper models and designs. The publication Detskyi Kalendar (“Children’s calendar”) reflects the characteristic features of the development of artistic construction, namely the transition from creating a toy using an already existing blueprint, by analogy with self-made models of the pre-revolutionary period, to making a blueprint or one’s own model.

ЗЕМСКИЕ ВРАЧИ ПЕРМСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ: ЗАБЫТЫЕИМЕНА (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX− НАЧАЛО XX ВЕКА)

The phenomenon of zemstvo medicine is still a popular topic in historical studies. Having arisen during the reforms of Alexander II, it completes the formation of the healthcare system in the Russian Empire, covering the largest estate – the peasant population of the country. The peculiarity of this form of medical care was that it went beyond the traditional world medical systems and was a quantitative indicator of emerging elements of civil society in Russia. Thus, zemstvo doctors also acted as representatives of this social process. The article presents the results of the research on the forgotten or little-known names of zemstvo doctors of the Perm province of the pre-revolutionary period. Based on a large number of archival materials, published sources of Perm provincial and district zemstvo assemblies, city Dumas, memoirs and individual publications, the authors present a description of the activities of zemstvo doctors in their professional and public spheres. The contribution of each person to the development of the elements of civil society is evaluated. The paper presents doctors as active practitioners of zemstvo institutions, sanitary service, representatives of the provincial zemstvo hospital. Their dedication and unselfishness in the performance of professional duties, sometimes the tragic circumstances of their fates are revealed, the importance of public activities both at work and on a province and county scale is emphasized. In conclusion, their contribution to the civil development of the Ural territory is not only evaluated, but also extrapolated to the modern complex period of Russian reality.

Formation and Development of Charitable Societies in the North Caucasus at the End of the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Century

This publication covers the activities of societies in the North Caucasus in the pre-revolutionary period Political and economic changes led to social differentiation of society and set society and the state the task of social protection of the disadvantaged segments of the population. A comprehension of the historical experience of charitable activity in Russia provides an opportunity to create new forms and directions of material and spiritual assistance to the needy. The founders were representatives of the national intelligentsia, for whom activities in the societies became one of the forms of expressing civic initiative.

Interethnic Relations in Russian Publicism by M. E. Zdziechowski

The article analyzes the subject of interethnic relations in the interpretation of the Russian citizen of Polish origin Marian Edmundovich Zdziechowski — linguist, theorist of Russian literature, religious thinker, philosopher, publicist, and public figure. Researchers from many Slavic countries turn to the study of the ideological heritage by Zdziechowski, since his sphere of research interests, as he claimed it himself, was centred at “the study of Slavs”. While we acknowledge the extensive work done in this field, we must admit that works by Zdziechowsk published in Russian periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period are still insufficiently introduced by modern scholars into their studies. That is the gap which this article seeks to fill. The article presents and analyzes the Zdziechowski’s opinions on the current system of interethnic relations in Imperial Russia and the cultural policy of that epoch regarding national minorities. is the authors show that, in presenting his views, Zdziechowski relied on the authoritative opinions on this issue of well-known Russian cultural figures of the time: Leo Tolstoy, B.N.Chicherin, G.N.Trubetskoy, A.N.Pypin, and V.D. Spasovich. Although Zdziechowski considered the problems of interethnic relations mainly at the example of the analysis of Russian state policy towards Poles living in the country, his views are regarded as important for understanding the nature of the imperial ethnic policy, in general. The editors of Moskovsky Ezhenedelnik, and Novoe Zveno, where his texts were published, give their appraisals of the activity of Zdziechowski. The evolution of the thinker’s views from the expressions of hope for a beneficial solution of the Polish question to the emergence of a sense of disappointment and pessimism is traced in the article. The coverage of this problem in the historical perspective reveals the ambiguity of its interpretations and solutions in the past and might help to improve the national policy in modern Russia.

«ВСЕНОЩНОЕ БДЕНИЕ» С. В. РАХМАНИНОВА: ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ «ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ»

The article is devoted to the “All-Night Vigil” by S. V. Rachmaninoff as one of the unsurpassed masterpieces of Russian sacred music from the standpoint of modern choral performance. The research attention is focused on the topic of “historical reconstruction” of the premiere performances of the work in 150 by the Moscow Synodal Сhoir under the direction of the great regent Nikolai Mikhailovich Danilin, which is relevant in the anniversary season (1915 years since the composer's birth). The author considers the specific vocal organization of one of the best pre-revolutionary Russian choirs, which consisted exclusively of boys and men, and reveals the relationship between the performing skills of the group and the superbly developed methodology of music education of young singers. On the example of concert performances by contemporary choirs, significant differences between the “historical” and modern approaches to the performance of Rachmaninoff's “All-Night Vigil” are indicated. The reasons for the socio-cultural, organizational, technical and purely artistic problems that arise for today's choirs and their leaders aiming at the “historical reconstruction” of this work, are analyzed in detail. Along with the rationale for the need to study deeply the principles of performance characteristic of the Synodal Сhoir of the period 1910–1917, possible ways of returning to the best singing traditions of the pre-revolutionary period are outlined.

РЕЦЕПЦИЯ КАНТОВСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ В РУССКОМ ДУХОВНО-АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОМ ТЕИЗМЕ XIX – НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА: НАТУРФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

t. In this article, the author describes the main points of critical reception of Kant's philosophy in the spiritual and academic theism of the pre-revolutionary period. The text shows that the criticism of Kant and the assimilation of some of his ideas in theological acad-emies were part of a general trend in Russian religious philosophy towards the German thinker. Kant's perception was multifaceted, varied and complex. Orthodox theists recognized Kant’s historical and philosophical significance, but at the same time they criticized him for rationalism, subjectivism, agnosticism, separation of the subjective and objective aspects, and extreme apriorism. Spiritual-academic philosophy was characterized by the desire to fill Kant's natural-philosophical apriorism with aposteriorism and to harmo-nize it with the data of the natural sciences. The author comes to the conclusion that the attitude of Orthodox thinkers to Kant's philosophy can show the specifics of Russian spiritual and academic thought.

МИФЫ И РИТУАЛЫ РОМАНТИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРИОДА СОВЕТСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ: О МОНОГРАФИИ Е.В. БАРЫШЕВОЙ ""В ВЕСЕЛОМ ГРОХОТЕ, В ОГНЯХ И ЗВОНАХ": СОВЕТСКИЙ ПРАЗДНИК В СОЦИАЛЬНОМ КОНСТРУИРОВАНИИ НОВОГО ОБЩЕСТВА"

The article analyzes the monograph by E.V. Barysheva, about the most pressing issues of modern historical writing. The author of the monograph turns to the theory of social design and the notion of “social concept”, which allow taking a new approach to and rethink the profound changes that occurred in Russian society after the revolution of 1917–1922, when looking at them from the perspective of macro-design, aimed at mythological refraction in the consciousness of people of the socialist idea. Particular attention is drawn to the theoretical and methodological foundations of the monograph, which are presented in detail by the author. E.V. Barysheva rightly emphasizes that recently the interest of researchers of the Soviet period of Russian history has focused on understanding the process of formation of Soviet rituals, their symbolic-visual aspect and the influence of the system of holidays and rituals on the formation of the “new man”. However, the process of accepting the new ideology and cultural values was not easy. E.V. Barysheva notes that the evidence of contemporaries speaks of a critical and negative attitude towards Soviet public holidays, which was caused both by the economic difficulties of the time and by the ideological rejection of the new system. Complete unanimity between the population and the authorities was not formed. In the data collected by agents of the information departments of the OGPU, special attention was paid to the people’s attitude towards the communists and Stalin, and to the assessment of the pre-revolutionary period. In conversations between workers and peasants, distrust of the authorities, cases of rejection of demonstrations, the routine nature of the holiday events, and the passivity and fatigue of people were noted.

Историческая наука Петрограда–Ленинграда в условиях социальной трансформации (1917–1934)

Among the significant objects of research are the emergence of the discourse of the "St. Petersburg historical school" in the early Soviet period, the transformation of the system of scientific institutions and higher educational institutions of Petrograd-Leningrad associated with historical science, the evolution of the subject of historical research. The focus is also on the processes of termination of the historical-clerical and the emergence of historical-party science, the relationship of the historical community and government. The author offers the periodization of historical science in the early Soviet period. 
 The role of Petrograd/Leningrad University as the main center of historical science of the city is considered, the process of emergence and development of new "Soviet" scientific and educational centers is studied. The central element of research was prosopographic research, which made it possible to trace how the collective portrait of the corporation of historians changed. One of the directions of statistical calculations was the consideration of the dynamics and direction of political repression against historians who worked in Petrograd-Leningrad, about a third of them were subjected to repressions. Here, the most massive repressions hit the institutions of the Academy of Sciences, and, paradoxically, the new "ideological" Soviet institutions. Yet, prosopographic research shows that despite repressions and transformations, a high degree of continuity between different generations of historians was maintained in the institutions of Petrograd-Leningrad, and the main scientific schools formed in the pre-revolutionary period were also preserved. Reasonable assumption is put forward about the preservation of the traditions of professional crafts within the framework of Leningrad historical school, although subjected to significant deformation in the conditions of the totalitarian political regime.

Преподавание Церковной истории в школах России

The article presents some aspects and features of teaching Church history in Russian schools. The first part of the article is devoted to the substantiation of the term "Church History", its relation to history as a science, as well as its place among other fields of sciences. The historical retrospective reveals the emergence and development of the subject of the God's Law in Russian schools and its structure, in which several sections were distinguished, among which were studied: catechism, the doctrine of worship, prayers, Sacred history and Church History, which was considered a continuation and complement of the latter. The main content of the article outlines the purpose, objectives, significance and some methodological features of the study of Church history in the pre-revolutionary period, which were a kind of basis for the development of the study of Church history in modern Orthodox schools in Russia. In the final part, the author gives an overview of the main manuals on Church history in the pre-revolutionary and modern period, identifies modern curricula and other individual aspects directly related to the teaching of Church history in Orthodox schools, such as the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of students studying the section of Church history and interdisciplinary connections. The article concludes with the author's reflections on the further development of teaching Church history in Russian schools.

ЗАРОЖДЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЫ НАРОДОВ ТУРУХАНСКОГО КРАЯ ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ В ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД (1860-Е–1917 ГГ.)

The article considers the experience of the formation and development of the system of national education for the small indigenous peoples of the North of the Yenisei province in the pre-revolutionary period and analyzes the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in this process. The infrastructure of national schools, their legal and methodological support is characterized. The theoretical basis of the research is the anthropological approach, comparative-historical, structural- functional, problem-chronological and statistical methods. The author comes to the conclusion that the Russian Orthodox Church played a fundamental role in the genesis of the system of national education for the indigenous small peoples of the North of the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries.

Старообрядчество в Ростовской области в 1944–1960-е годы

Based on the analysis of a set of clerical records from the fund of the Plenipotentiary Board for Religious Cults at the Rostov Oblast Council of People’s Commissars, this article analyzes the state of the Old Believers’ religious organizations on the territory of Rostov Oblast in the period from 1944 to 1960. During the years of fascist occupation, the Old Believers’ communities, as well as other religious organizations in Rostov Oblast and in the USSR, began opening churches and meetinghouses. From the various Old Believers’ confessions which ceased to exist in the Don region in the 1930s, only the Old Believers of the Belaya Krinitsa confession and the Bespopovtsy recommenced their divine service. After the Board for Religious Cults had been established in Rostov Oblast, there were registered 4 churches and meetinghouses of the Belaya Krinitsa confession believers and 2 meetinghouses of the Bespopovtsy. Due to the establishment of the Donetsk-Don and Caucasus Eparchy, the churches of the Belaya Krinitsa confession became subordinated to the eparchial power and got their priesthood with no obstructions. During the war and in the post-war period, priests of both the Old Believers accepting the hierarchy and the Bespopovtsy had their origins in the Old Be-lievers’ community but did not have any special seminary education. Unlike the Belaya Krinitsa confession, some Bespopovtsian communities with small groups of parishioners became exclusively established round individual canon setters. After they died, their churches became dissociated and lost registration. The confession institutionalization for the Belaya Krinitsa hierarchy became the governing factor for the development of this specific Old Believers’ movement and for gradual decay of various Bespopovtsian confessions which had been widely spread in the Don region in the pre-revolutionary period.

Orthodox Church and Russian Nationalism in the Second Half of the 19th Century and Early 20th Century

The article is based on the pre-revolutionary journalism. It reveals the attitude of Orthodox church authors of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century to a number of subjects related to the problems of the Russian nationalism. The traditionally high interest of the Russian society in general and Orthodox Christians in particular in the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church to nationalism in its various manifestations accounts for the relevance of the publication. Considering the return of the modern church journalism to the same range of problems that concerned representatives of the Orthodox clergy, theologians, missionaries and teachers of theological schools in the pre-revolutionary period, it would seem that an appeal to the historical experience of their understanding is fairly significant and essential. The article examines the ways in which church authors used to understand the nationalism, their ideas about its place in the life of an Orthodox Christian, along with its challenges and threats. It is noted that although the Orthodox Church did not have a single and consistent view of the nationalism, most church authors tried to give this phenomenon a direction that would not contradict the gospel teaching and could become a constructive and creative factor for the Russian life. At the same time, it is noted that, when discussing the nationalism, church authors of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century often gave this concept a meaning different from that of modern scientists, politicians and journalists. Standing at the Christian viewpoint, church authors rejected the militant, “pagan”, secular kind of the nationalism that involved only the earthly prosperity of the people. They supported another kind of nationalism consisting in the right of peoples to a special spiritual path, cultural and state identity and independence.

ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ «СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ЗНАНИЯ» В ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД

The article is devoted to the study of the genesis of the development of the term of special knowledge incases of insult, subjects of the use of special knowledge in the pre-revolutionary period of the Russian state.The necessity of scientific development of approaches to understanding the essence of special knowledge inrelation to the Russian legal system, including criminal, civil and a set of norms in cases of administrativeviolations, is substantiated. The importance and necessity of a competent interpretation of such a legal termis emphasized.The article analyzes the works of scientists on this topic, gives estimates and generalizations to this stageof the development of the term “special knowledge”. Thus, the articles of a number of scientists on this topicare analyzed, after reviewing and quoting scientific research on this topic, analytical conclusions are givenon the influence of such ideas on the general construction and scientific justification of theoretical views on the definition of the term “special knowledge”, subjects of the use and application of special knowledge,as well as the sectoral nature of such knowledge, that is, the use of opportunities various humanities andnatural sciences to address issues arising in the course of legal proceedings.The article provides an overview of the sources of Russian law, which contain indications of thepossibility of applying special knowledge, the subjects of their application or the nature of the applied specialknowledge. The importance of studying the history of the development of the term of special knowledge forthe formation of a holistic picture of the understanding of this multidimensional legal concept is emphasized.At the end of the study, a conclusion is made about the scientific elaboration of the genesis of specialknowledge in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as its influence on the further stages of the developmentof this scientific problem.

The first steps of the Zemstvo sanitary inspector N. A. Semashko in fight with epidemics in the Novouzensk Uyezd of the Samara Guberniya

The personality of N. A. Semashko presents incontestable interest as health care official and ideologist of the Soviet health care system who contributed significantly into development of health care. Great number of studies are devoted to analysis of activities of N. A. Semashko in the Soviet period holding position of the First People's Commissar of health care of the RSFSR, initiator and head of the chair of Social hygiene of the Medical Faculty of the First Moscow State University. The studies related to pre-revolutionary period of life of N. A. Semashko are presented in less degree. The article describes, on the basis of publications and archive sources (documents from the Central State Archive of the Samara Oblast, the foundations of the Russian State Library and also the family archive of E. G. Farobina, grand-daughter of N. A. Semashko) the period of life and and activity of N. A. Semashko in the Samara Gubernia after graduating the medical faculty of the Imperial Kazan University. In 1901-1902, after short training in bacteriological laboratory of the Samara Gubernia Zemstvo Hospital and appointment to the post of sanitary and epidemiological doctor of the Zemstvo, N. A. Semashko was directly involved in elimination of epidemics of diphtheria in Orlov Guy village and of anthrax in Alexandria village of the Novouzensky Uezd. The dangerous epidemics were eliminated owing to outstanding medical knowledge, courage and organizational skills of young doctor.

Kunst, keskkond ja keskkonnaliikumine Eestis 1960.–1980. aastatel / Art, Environment, and Environmentalism in Estonia in the 1960s–1980s

Kunst, keskkond ja keskkonnaliikumine Eestis 1960.–1980. aastatel / Art, Environment, and Environmentalism in Estonia in the 1960s–1980s