Pre-harvest Interval Research Articles

Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole in Raphanus sativus L.

This study investigated the degradation characteristics and conducted a risk assessment of four pesticides (Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole) in the leaves and roots of radish. Radish was cultivated in two greenhouse fields, and samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. Sample analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS, and the recovery rates ranged from 70.1% to 118.6%. The biological half-life of Diniconazole was found to be 6.2 days (leaf and root), Dinotefuran was 5.3 days (leaf) and 4.6 days (root), Metconazole was 9.3 days (leaf) and 3.2 days (root), and Tebuconazole was 8.0 days (leaf) and 5.1 days (root). After comparing the maximum residue limits (MRL) of each pesticide in Korea with the residues during the pre-harvest interval (PHI), Diniconazole showed a Hazard quotient (HQ) exceeding 1, indicating potential risks for true consumers. Furthermore, Tebuconazole showed an HQ of 0.3 or higher, indicating a significant level of risk.

Residue monitoring and dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad in Chinese kale under open‑field conditions

ABSTRACT Chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad has been used for the control of diamondback moth in kale around the world with a suspension concentrate formulation being prepared for marketing in China. In order to evaluate pesticide residues in kale and intake risks for different populations, a modified QuEChERS procedure of detecting chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad were simultaneously established using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad were in the range of 83–98%, with the precision of intra-day (n = 5) and inter-day (n = 15) ranging from 1.7 to 6.7% and from 2.1 to 4.7%, respectively. The limits of quantification were all 0.01 mg kg−1 in kale. Supervised filed trials were conducted in 12 regions of China, and results showed that residues of chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad in kale were 0.01 to 0.17 and 0.01 to 0.11 mg kg−1, respectively, within the recommended pre-harvest interval (10 days). Based on these data, dietary risk assessments were performed. The long-term intake risk quotient (RQc) values for chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad were 0.33% and 28.09% respectively, while the short-term risk quotient (RQa) values of the more toxic tolfenpyrad were 21% (children, 1–6 years old) and 52% (the general population, >1 years old) respectively, which were all lower than 100%, highlighting the higher chronic risk for children compared with that of the general population. However, the less than 100% value revealed that not only the long-term but also short-term risks were acceptable when consuming kale under Good Agricultural Practice conditions. The paper will be helpful in rational use of chlorantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad on kale.

Exploring health risk issues related to the use of triazoles among farmers in the Souss Massa region, Morocco

ABSTRACT The use of triazole fungicides has been steadily increasing since the 1980s relative to other fungicides available worldwide. There are few studies on triazole handling practices and their effects on farmers’ health. This study investigates farmers’ practices and health risks related to pesticide exposure. A survey of male agricultural workers (n = 76) was conducted in the Souss Massa region of Morocco. Results indicate that most triazole users lack education and agricultural training, relying on suppliers’ advice or recommendations from fellow farmers. Inappropriate practices were observed, such as disregarding pre-harvest intervals and recommended doses. Additionally, 79% of farmers experienced discomfort, including skin itching, eye irritation, and respiratory problems. Age, literacy, and farming experience influenced behaviours and contributed to environmental and health hazards. Urgent actions are needed to minimise human poisoning and environmental contamination.

Detection of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Multan, Punjab Pakistan

Pesticide residues are most frequently found in fruits and vegetables, which are hazardous to human health and may cause serious diseases. However, little information is available on the occurrence of pesticides in fruits and vegetables in Multan, Pakistan. A study was conducted to detect the possible pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables available at the local markets of Multan. A total of 40 fruits and vegetables were selected, and samples were collected from the local market of Multan from 2021 to 2022. Moreover, the samples were analyzed by the multi-residue pesticide scan method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the Central Laboratory MNS University of Agriculture, Multan. The finding of the study showed traces of Carbaryl, Linuron, and phorate which were detected in the samples of pear, lemon, and cabbage. However, this is a matter of concern that pesticide residues are detected in the samples of the market, indicating that extensive efforts are required to reduce the possible health risk of pesticides to consumers due to the residue in fruits and vegetables. It is concluded that pesticide residues should be monitored regularly on national level, and the farming community must educate about improved pesticide safety procedures, particularly the need to adhere to the pre-harvest intervals.

Dissipation, residue distribution, and risk assessment of ethiprole and its metabolites in rice under various open field conditions.

Ethiprole has been registered to control planthoppers in rice fields for many years in Asia. However, its dissipation and residues in rice under natural field conditions and health hazards are largely unclear. Herein, a modified QuEChERS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established to detect ethiprole and its metabolites, ethiprole amide and ethiprole sulfone, in brown rice, rice husks, and rice straw. The field experiments were implemented in 12 representative provinces of China under Good Agricultural Practices to study the fate and terminal residues of ethiprole and its metabolites in rice. Finally, the dietary risk of ethiprole was evaluated. The average recoveries of these analytes in all matrices were 86.4%-99.0% with a repeatability of 0.575%-9.38%. The limits of quantification for each compound were 0.01 mg kg-1 . Dissipation of ethiprole followed the single first-order, first + first-order, and first-order multi-compartment kinetic models with a half-life of 2.68-8.99 days in rice husks. The dissipation half-life of ethiprole combining all metabolites was 5.20-16.2 days in rice husks. The terminal residues of ethiprole and its metabolites at preharvest intervals of 21 days were < 0.011, 0.25, and 0.20 mg kg-1 in brown rice, rice husks, and rice straw, respectively. Ethiprole amide was undetectable in all matrices, and the risk quotient of ethiprole was far less than 100%. Ethiprole rapidly converted to ethiprole sulfone in rice, and ethiprole and ethiprole sulfone mainly remained in rice husks and straws. The dietary risk of ethiprole was acceptable for Chinese consumers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Determination of pre harvest interval for selected pesticides in hyacinth bean in the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to determine the pre harvest interval of chlorpyrifos and quinalphos in hyacinth bean in the agro-climatic condition of Bangladesh to ensure safe food for the consumers. A supervised field trial was undertaken in the experimental field of Entomology Division of BARI, Gazipur and the selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos and quinalphos) were sprayed with the recommended dose (1.5 ml/L of water). The samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 days after spray (DAS). The collected samples were extracted and cleaned up using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique and the residues were determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). The residue of chlorpyrifos was detected upto 8 DAS (0.027 mg/Kg) at a level above the EU-MRL, and at 9 DAS, no residue was detected. So, the PHI for chlorpyrifos was set at 9 DAS. On the other hand, the residue of quinalphos was detected upto 9 DAS, of which the level of residue was above EU-MRL upto 8 DAS (0.02 mg/kg). At 9 DAS, the quinalphos residue remained 0.009 mg/Kg, which was below EU-MRL. So, the PHI for quinalphos was set at 9 DAS. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2023, 7 (1), 47-55

Analysis of cyantraniliprole residues in beetroot and beet top using LC-MS/MS, dietary exposure assessment, and evaluation of decontamination techniques.

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was standardized for the analysis of cyantraniliprole residues in beetroot and beet top (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris L.) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction. Acceptable recovery of 84.74%-104.24% for beetroot and 80.19%-118.55% for beet top matrix was achieved at fortification levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.025μg g-1 , with relative standard deviation<20% that signified the application of the method for detecting cyantraniliprole residues. A field experiment was conducted to determine the half-life and preharvest interval for cyantraniliprole residues in beetroot and beet top. The half-life obtained was 1.86-2.7 days for beetroot and 3.65-5.33 days for beet top. The preharvest interval calculated was 9.12-12.90 and 22.12-37.98 days for beetroot and top, respectively. The dietary exposure assessment at studied doses found cyantraniliprole residues below acceptable daily contact limits. Among different decontamination techniques evaluated, peeling + tap water washing resulted in a higher reduction of residues while cooking and juicing resulted in moderate removal of residues.

Behavior of trifloxystrobin and propineb as combi-product in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their risk assessment for human health.

Fungicides have their own unique characteristics and modes of action; a combination formulation of trifloxystrobin and propineb was applied to tomatoes for their dissipation kinetics and to ensure consumer safety. The combi-product was applied at a 10-day interval with standard (61.25 + 1072.75 g a.i. ha-1 ) and double (122.5 + 2145.50 g a.i. ha-1 ) doses. The efficient analytical method was established using the QuEChERS approach followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maximum residue levels of 0.15 and 0.35 mg kg-1 of trifloxystrobin were detected in tomato fruits immediately after application at standard and double doses, respectively. The corresponding levels of propineb as carbon disulfide were 0.47 and 0.90 mg kg-1 , respectively. Considering trifloxystrobin (0.7 mg kg-1 ) codex MRL and propineb as dithiocarbamate (3.0 mg kg-1 ) EU-MRL in tomato, a PHI of 1 day can be proposed. The anticipated residue contributions of both fungicides were far less than the acceptable daily intake. The targeted hazard quotient and hazard index were also less than one for both fungicides. Furthermore, the theoretical maximum residue contribution was less than its maximum permissible intake, which indicates that the consumption of tomatoes containing the measured value of each fungicide residue could not pose any health risks.

Dissipation and dietary exposure risk assessment of spinosad, thiocyclam and its metabolite nereistoxin in cucumber and groundwater for different population groups.

A QuEChERS technique via UPLC-MS/MS for analysis of spinosad (spinosyn A+spinosyn D), thiocyclam and nereistoxin in cucumber was established with mean recoveries of 93-104%, relative standard deviations of ≤9% and limits of quantifications of 0.01 mg/kg. Field trials of spinosad and thiocyclam were performed in twelve representative cultivating areas in China. Field trial results indicates that spinosyn A and spinosyn D easily dissipated in cucumber with half-lives of 2.48-6.24 days and <3 days, respectively. Nereistoxin produced after thiocyclam application and was more persistent than its parent. The terminal residues of spinosad were all below MRLs (0.2 mg/kg) in China, while the terminal concentration of nereistoxin (calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of thiocyclam), which was much higher than those of thiocyclam, was far beyond MRLs of thiocyclam in cucumber (0.01 mg/kg) established by EU. PNECs of spinosyn A, spinosyn D, thiocyclam and nereistoxin leaching to groundwater were estimated using China-PEARL Models after application. However, the dietary (food and water) exposure risk quotient for different populations was below 1 with Pre-Harvest Interval set at 5 days after the last application, indicating the application of spinosad and thiocyclam in cucumber was unlikely to pose unacceptable risk for human health. This study provides data for the safe use of spinosad and thiocyclam in cucumber ecosystem.

Investigation of the dissipation behaviour and exposure of flonicamid and imidacloprid in open field green beans under dry climatic conditions

ABSTRACT Flonicamid and imidacloprid are insecticides that are commonly used for the protection of many annual open field crops, such as beans, against insects. Residues of these insecticides in the consumable product above the acceptable limits can cause health concerns or trade barriers; thus, the dissipation behaviour and the consumer risk assessment of flonicamid and imidacloprid residues in open field green beans were investigated. The initial concentrations were found to be 0.44 and 0.99 mg kg−1. The decline of residues followed in both cases the first-order kinetics model with half-lives of 2.3 (r2 0.912) and 2.1 (r2 0.977) days, for flonicamid and imidacloprid, respectively, while degraded almost completely after 14 days if applied according to the authorised patterns. The dietary risk assessment performed using the hazard quotient (RQ) and the EFSA PRIMo model showed no concern to consumer health with exposure values <2% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and <22% of the acute reference dose (ARfD) of each compound. In conclusion, the investigation of the dissipation behaviour of these compounds in green bean provides useful information to ensure safe pre-harvest intervals, acceptable dietary exposure and compliance with good agricultural practices and maximum residue levels.

Chitosan nanoparticles modified TLC-densitometry for determination of imidacloprid and deltamethrin residues in plants: greenness assessment

Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one.Graphical

Dissipation pattern and safety assessment of fenazaquin and metaflumizone in butterbur (Petasites japonicus)

This study was conducted to investigate the residual behavior and safety assessment of fenazaquin and metaflumizone in butterbur. The samples were periodically harvested, extracted using QuEChERS method, and determined by LC-MS/MS. The linearity of matrix-matched calibration curve was ≥0.99 for both compounds. The average recoveries of fenazaquin and metaflumizone at two fortification levels (0.01 and 0.1 mg kg−1) ranged from 86.6 to 97.2%. The relative standard deviation was <10%. After 7 days, the fenazaquin and metaflumizone initial residues in butterbur were dissipated to 79 and 78%, with the respective half-lives, 3.08 and 3.15 days. The proposed preharvest intervals (PHIs) for fenazaquin is recommended as twice treatment 14 days before harvest and metaflumizone twice treatment 7 days before harvest of butterbur. Risk assessment showed that the acceptable daily intake of fenazaquin and metaflumizone in butterbur was 0.004 and 0.029%, respectively. The respective theoretical maximum daily intakes of fenazaquin and metaflumizone were 58.74 and 15.15%, indicating negligible risk.

UNDERSTANDING FARMERS’ BAHAVIOUR REGARDING PESTICIDE USE IN VOJVODINA REGION

Requirements to provide high and stable yields and highquality agricultural products at reasonable prices are hard to meet without any use of pesticides. However, in addition to significant positive effect their application often has adverse effects on human health and environment. This study aims to uncover crop farmers’ behaviour regarding pesticide use in Serbia’s region of Vojvodina. The research was conducted based on farmers’ self-assessment regarding the application of pesticides. The results show that farmers have a serious and responsible approach concerning certain aspects of pesticide use. They generally follow recommendations, particularly concerning the preharvest interval, as well as the washing and maintenance of equipment. However, they often neglect other aspects, especially those related to their own safety protection. The study concludes that the mechanisms of appropriate sharing of information and farmers’ education should be addressed by decision-makers and that the advisory service should play a strong role in this process.

Determination and analysis of pesticide residues in fieldgrown and greenhouse-grown tomatoes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The present study aimed to extract pesticide residues in the field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes and homemade paste based on the (QuEChERS) method before being determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The mean difference in percentage reduction of deltamethrin (DLM) and acetamiprid (ACT) in raw tomatoes of greenhouse-grown was obtained at 91.42 and 90.00%, respectively, which was insignificantly more than filed condition (84.91% and 86.34%). Maximum reduction percentages of the DLM in paste under greenhouse and field tomato conditions were achieved by more than 95.86% and 93.11%, respectively. The residual concentration of both DLM (91.42%) and ACT (90.00%) in the greenhouse decreased more than the field (84.91% and 86.34%), respectively. Abamectin(ABA) reached below the MRL in a shorter time after spraying (2 days). Considering the pre-harvest interval (PHI) period of deltamethrin and abamectin can reach their residual concentration to the MRL in both conditions, which were determined by LC-MS. According to the results of the current study, 7 and 5 days can be suggested as the PHI period of the acetamiprid for field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, respectively. Therefore, using pesticides in the proper dosage, considering appropriate PHI, and harvesting can reduce their residues in agricultural products.

Residue levels and dietary risk evaluation of prothioconazole-desthio and kresoxim-methyl in cucumbers after field application in twelve regions in China

A commercial formulation called prothioconazole·kresoxim-methyl 50% water dispersible granule (WG), used to control the powdery mildew, is under registration for use on cucumbers. Therefore it is urgent to validate the reliability of the recommended good agricultural practices (GAP) conditions (187.5 g a.i. ha−1, three sprays with a 7-d interval, and a pre-harvest interval of 3 d) by conducting field trials in 12 regions in China, as required by national regulations, with a subsequent risk assessment. The residues of prothioconazole-desthio and kresoxim-methyl in field samples were determined using QuEChERS coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). On the suggested pre-harvest interval (PHI, 3 d), the residual concentrations of prothioconazole-desthio (no maximum residue limit set in China) and kresoxim-methyl (maximum residue limit = 0.5 mg/kg) in cucumbers were 0.01–0.020 and 0.01–0.050 mg/kg, respectively. The acute risk quotients of prothioconazole-desthio in cucumbers were no higher than 0.079% for Chinese consumers. The chronic dietary risk quotient of kresoxim-methyl and of prothioconazole-desthio for different groups of consumers in China ranged from 2.3% to 5.3% and from 1.6% to 4.6%, respectively. Thus, prothioconazole·kresoxim-methyl 50% WG sprayed on cucumbers under the recommended GAP information can pose a negligible risk for Chinese consumers.

Residue levels of emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and its major metabolites in cabbage from twelve regions in China and dietary risk assessment.

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established to investigate the residues of emamectin benzoate (EB), imidacloprid (IMI) and five IMI metabolites (IMI-olefin, IMI-urea, IMI-guanidine, 5-OH and 6-CNA) in cabbage. The average recoveries of the seven compounds in cabbage were 80%-102%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <8.0%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for each compound was 0.01 mg kg -1 . Standardized residue tests were carried out in 12 areas of China under Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) conditions. A 10% EB-IMI microcapsule suspension was applied once with the high recommended dosage (18 g a.i. ha-1 ) on cabbage. The residues of EB (<0.01 mg kg-1 ), IMI (<0.016 mg kg-1 ) and the sum of IMI and its metabolites (<0.068 mg kg-1 ) in cabbage on the recommended preharvest interval (PHI) (7 d) were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. Based on residual data from fields, toxicology data, and Chinese dietary patterns, dietary risk assessments were conducted. Both the chronic risk quotients (25.2%-73.1%) and acute risk quotients (0.43%-1.57%) of EB and IMI were below 100%, indicating no unacceptable public health risk for different populations. This study provides guidance on the rational application of these insecticides in cabbage.

Residues and dietary risk assessment of fluazinam in root mustard after field experiments.

The residue levels of fluazinam in root mustard were investigated by using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Samples of leaf and root mustard were analyzed. The recoveries of fluazinam were 85.2-110.8% for leaf mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.0-7.2%, and 88.8-93.3% for root mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.9-12.4%. The suspension concentrate formulation of fluazinam was applied on root mustard at 262.5g a.i. ha-1 in accordance with good agricultural practice (GAP), respectively. After the final application, the root mustard samples were collected at 3, 7, and 14days. Fluazinam residues in root mustard were less than 0.01-0.493mgkg-1. The dietary risk of fluazinam was predicted by comparing intake amounts with the toxicological data, namely acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). The risk quotient (RQ) was 72.2-74.3%, for ordinary consumers, which showed negligible risk. According to the maximum residue limit (MRL) and dietary risk assessment, it is suggested that the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3days; meanwhile, the MRL of 2mgkg-1 was suggested for fluazinam in root mustard, which indicates that the dietary risk of fluazinam 500g L-1 suspension concentrate (SC) with the recommended usage on root mustard is negligible. This study provided basic data on the use and safety of fluazinam in root mustard to help the Chinese government formulate a maximum residue level for fluazinam in root mustard.

Efficacy of preharvest application of biocontrol agents against gray mold in grapevine.

The use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) represents a promising alternative to conventional methods for the management of gray mold in vineyards during the berry ripening stage. The main advantages of BCAs are the short preharvest interval and lack of chemical fungicide residues in wine. In this study, eight commercial BCAs (based on different Bacillus or Trichoderma species and strains, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, and Pythium oligandrum) and a reference fungicide (boscalid) were applied to a vineyard during berry ripening over three seasons to evaluate the dynamics over time in terms of their relative efficacies in gray mold control. At 1-13 days after application of BCAs to the berry surfaces in field conditions, the berries were collected and artificially inoculated with conidia of Botrytis cinerea under controlled laboratory conditions, and gray mold severity was observed after 7 days of incubation. Significant differences were observed in gray mold severity among years, according to the number of days the BCAs grew on the berry surface before B. cinerea inoculation, and the season by day interaction (altogether accounting for >80% of the experimental variance). The variability in BCA efficacy was closely related to the environmental conditions at the time of application and in the following days. Overall, the BCA efficacy increased with the degree days accumulated between BCA application in the vineyard and B. cinerea inoculation in the dry (no rain) periods (r = 0.914, P = 0.001). Rainfall and the associated drop in temperature caused a relevant reduction of BCA efficacy. These results demonstrate that BCAs are an effective alternative to conventional chemicals for the preharvest control of gray mold in vineyards. However, environmental conditions can considerably affect the BCA efficacy.

Residue analysis and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam, flonicamid and their metabolites in cucumber under field conditions in China.

Thiamethoxam and flonicamid are two representative insecticides of neonicotinoids which are used to treat cucumber aphids, causing food safety and human health problems. A 60% thiamethoxam-flonicamid commercial mixture water dispersible granule (WDG) is being prepared for registering in China, so it is essential to investigate the residue levels of these neonicotinoids and their metabolites in cucumber and evaluate the dietary risks of these insecticides. We developed a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin, flonicamid and its metabolites 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA), 4-trifluoromethilnicotinamide (TFNA-AM), 4-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinol glycine (TFNG) in cucumber. Method validation indicated good selectivity, linearity (r ≥ 0.9996), accuracy (recoveries of 80-101%), precision (relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤ 9.1%), sensitivity (limits of detection (LOD), 0.28-1.44 × 10-3mg/L; limits of quantification (LOQ), 0.01mg/kg) and minor matrix effect (ME) ( ≤|± 5%|). In the terminal residue trials under good agricultural practice (GAP) conditions, the residue levels of six analytes in cucumber samples were ˂0.01-0.215mg/kg after application trice with an interval of 7days based on pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3days under the high recommended dosage of 54g active ingredient/ha (g a.i./ha). Relevant toxicological, residual chemistry parameters and dietary consumption of the residents were applied to assess the potential risk of dietary exposure. The chronic and acute dietary exposure assessment risk quotient (RQ) values were less than 1. The above results indicated that the potential dietary intake risk of this formulation was negligible to consumers.

Pesticide Utilization in Myanmar and effects on Human Health and Environment

Human health and environmental hazards associated with pesticide handling are common in developing countries, as farmers and agricultural workers frequently lack proper personal protective equipment and may be unable to understand labels with safety instructions. Importation, distribution, use, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Pesticide utilization globally is increasing every year and Myanmar pesticide utilization is also increasing year by year. Its global rank of utilization is 86 and the quantity of pesticide application dosage is 1.4 kg per hectare. Although Myanmar's pesticide application rate per hectare is not as high as in other countries, ignorance of the pre-harvest interval after pesticide application, failure to follow labeling guidelines, calibration, misuse, and improper disposal pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. The goal of this review paper is to examine the uses and application of pesticides in Myanmar to raise awareness about pesticide misuse and to understand the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. Pesticide misuse is a severe problem in agricultural productivity, putting farmers' health and environment at hazard. Pesticide impacts on the environment have a long-term effect on human life, according to numerous studies, it persists in the environment with long-term negative effects. As a result, pesticide management should be strictly regulated for the whole supply chain process of pesticides.