Pre-disaster Phase Research Articles

Stochastic optimization model for distribution and evacuation planning (A case study of Tehran earthquake)

In this study, a stochastic multi-objective mixed-integer mathematical programming is proposed for logistic distribution and evacuation planning during an earthquake. Decisions about the pre- and post-phases of the disaster are considered seamless. The decisions of the pre-disaster phase relate to the location of permanent relief distribution centers and the number of the commodities to be stored. The decisions of the second phase are to determine the optimal location for the establishment of temporary care centers to increase the speed of treating the injured people and the distribution of the commodities at the affected areas. Humanitarian and cost issues are considered in the proposed models through three objective functions. Several sets of constraints are also considered in the proposed model to make it flexible to handle real issues. Demands for food, blood, water, blanket, and tent are assumed to be probabilistic which are related to several complicated factors and modeled using a complicated network in this study. A simulation is setup to generate the probabilistic distribution of demands through several scenarios. The stochastic demands are assumed as inputs for the proposed stochastic multi-objective mixed integer mathematical programming model.The model is transformed to its deterministic equivalent using chance constraint programming approach. The equivalent deterministic model is solved using an efficient epsilon-constraint approach and an evolutionary algorithm, called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). First several illustrative numerical examples are solved using both solution procedures. The performance of solution procedures is compared and the most efficient solution procedure, i.e., NSGA-II, is used to handle the case study of Tehran earthquake. The results are promising and show that the proposed model and the solution approach can handle the real case study in an efficient way.

Success Factors for Community Participation in the Pre-Disaster Phase

This study aimed to characterize the factors involved in successful participation in the pre-disaster phase in Palestinian communities involved with non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Data were obtained using a purposive sampling method of 86 community members in neighborhood committees, and the collected data underwent factor analysis. Correlations between the variables revealed that five components represented the success factors for community participation in pre-disaster management: risk perception, capacity building, education and knowledge, trust and networks, and awareness of disaster management. Capacity building for community committees and volunteers is considered an important success factor for community participation in the pre-disaster phase. Community awareness of risk sustains its preparedness activities. High levels of education and knowledge are crucial for proper functioning of a community, and engender resilience to potential disaster. It is advisable to establish a disaster management fund, which can be utilized to organize disaster management activities related to awareness and training and to support the vulnerable areas. Governments should play a significant role in strengthening capacity building in local communities and support NGOs before disasters occur to reduce disasters and their impact. This study adds to the current body of knowledge about disaster management in developing countries, particularly Palestine.

Comparative Case Study of the Comprehensive Impact and Prevention of Typhoon Disasters to Coastal Areas in China: Typhoon Hato and Mangkhut

台风是各种自然灾难中危害严重，发生频繁的灾难之一｡ 中国地处太平洋西北部地区，海岸线长，海洋广阔，成为世界上最容易遭受台风侵袭的国家之一｡ 中国东南沿海地区是中国经济产业 发展的核心地区，人口密集，随着中国经济发展水平的不断提高，台风灾害对沿海地区的综合影响日趋严重｡ 本研究的目的是提出加强中国东南沿海地区台风灾害防御对策的方案｡ 通过推广有关台风的知识和信息，增强应急管理能力，补充政府预警系统，为受灾群众提供补偿等措施，最大限度地减少台风危害｡Natural disasters cause tremendous damage to humanity and huge economic losses. Typhoon disaster is one of catastrophic and frequent disasters among various natural disasters. China in the northwest Pacific region has become one of the world s most vulnerable to typhoons because of its long coastline and wide ocean. As economic development continues to improve, the overall impact of typhoon damage on coastal areas is becoming serious. Recently, social issues in China are how to effectively prepare against natural disaster crises like typhoons and reduce the damage to people. The main focus of urban disaster prevention is to enhance the disaster prevention capability of coastal cities. The purpose of this study is to suggest some plans to reduce the damage of typhoon in coastal areas of the southeast China. Typhoon Hato, 2017 and Typhoon Mangkhut, 2018 had a great impact on China. They made Chinese people suffer such as loss of life and property and, still now, the measures to prevent typhoon damage has left much to be desired. Typhoon damage can be classified into three phases: pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster. First, in the pre-disaster phase, it is necessary to promote knowledge and information about typhoons and improve the perception of typhoon hazard. The public should be made aware of the seriousness and threat of typhoon hazards and prepare for preventive measures. Second, response measures of during-disaster phase should enhance the emergency management capabilities and complement early warning systems of government. Third, the post-disaster recovery phase should ensure socio-economic recovery and reconstruction after the disaster and provide compensation for disaster victims. The occurrence of typhoon itself cannot be prevented, but hazards can be minimized by recognizing accurate damage and supplementing preventive measures.

Volcanic Springs, An Alternative Emergency Water Resource to Support Sustainable Disaster Management in Southern Flank of Merapi Volcano

The activities of Merapi Volcano which still pose risks over time require good and sustainable disaster management. Identification of potential water resources that can be utilized in disaster emergency situations is needed to support the management of the disaster. For the southern slope of Merapi Volcano as an area directly affected by the eruption in 2010, the availability of water resources and infrastructure is a very important part to be ensured in the pre-disaster phase. This paper aims: (1) analyze the potential of springs, (2) analyze the spatial pattern of the distribution of springs with the distribution of population settlements, (3) design the use of springs for handling disaster emergencies; in disaster eruption prone area of the southern flank of Merapi Volcano. To achieve these objectives a field survey and secondary data collection were carried out through library research and document tracking. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed descriptively with a geographic approach supported by the application of geographic information system analysis. The results: (1) The area of southern flank of Merapi Volcano has many springs with varying quantity and quality, which generally can be used to meet water resource needs in disaster emergency situations. (2) the distribution of springs in disaster-prone areas is clustered according to geomorphological factors, while the distribution of settlements is random. The pattern of spreading of springs and settlements needs to be considered to determine the spring regulation system to meet the needs of the population, in addition to other considerations, namely population, population density, water needs per capita and administrative factors, (3) in this writing several wells have been chosen which can be used to fulfill needs in disaster emergency situations. In conclusion, the active volcanic area has a very good potential for springs which can be used to meet resource needs in disaster emergency situations. Management of existing potential well is very necessary in supporting sustainable disaster management.

Collaboration and performance in disaster and emergency management: Focusing on South Korea

The detrimental consequences of unstable presence health sector in disasters necessitated the collaboration in pre-disaster phase. The variety of teams, having no plans to get to know capacities, services, and experiences, and lack of interest in teamwork have led to uncoordinated measures of health sector in disasters. Lack of collaboration as a main challenge of health sector in disaster can affect response phase and as a result on people's health. This study aimed to identify the components affecting collaboration of health sector in disasters. In this systematic review were searched electronic databases (MEDLINE through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar), as well as articles in two key journals in the period of 2000–2019. We used the combination of five groups of keywords: collaboration, intra-organizational, framework, disasters and health using “OR” and “AND”. A total of 5889 extracted studies, 46 articles were included for data analysis with use of PRISMA checklist. The components were classified in 6 categories and 16 sub-categories. The six categories include; initial conditions, collaborative structures, collaborative processes, facilitators, conflicts and tensions, and, accountabilities and outcomes. The initial conditions, collaborative structures and processes with 97%, 95% and 65%, respectively, have been considered more important than other components. The health sector preparedness and response plans should develop and update base on accurate description of roles and responsibilities, networking and collaborative processes, and resource sharing methods. Developing and using standard assessment tool can help managers to improve their future collaborations in disasters.

The Relationship between Experience and Training with Nurses Knowledge in the Pre-Disaster Phase

The Relationship between Experience and Training with Nurses Knowledge in the Pre-Disaster Phase

Strategies for Community Participation in Pre-Disaster Phase in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Strategies for Community Participation in Pre-Disaster Phase in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

ANALISIS PENGARUH MOTIVASI INTERNAL TERHADAP FASE PRA-BENCANA DI DUSUN WONOSARI DAN SUKOSARI, DESA PANDANSARI, KEC. PONCOKUSUMO KAB. MALANG

Introduction : Community resiliency is one of important factor in order to encounter disaster and accelerate recovery phase after a disaster occur. To enhance this resilience, various efforts can be done during pre-disaster phase. However, without intense internal motivation, this efforts were useless. The aim of this research was to find out the internal motivation which has a dominant influence on the pre-disaster phase. Method : This research was a non-experimental with cross-sectional design. Data was collected in one time for each respondent using a questionnaire. Partial Least Square test were done to found out the most influential components in internal motivation and pre-disaster phase and the relational strength between those two variables Result and Analysis: Internal motivation affected pre-disaster phase, it was shown by t score 2,508. Variables which contributed predominantly to internal motivation was knowledge which was indicated by a t value of 2.074. Whereas the pre-disaster phase which contributed predominantly was Expedient hazard Mitigation which was indicated by t value of 21,346. Discussion : It can be concluded that the provision of sustainable knowledge to the population can improve the population ability to recognize vulnerabilities in their location and create a better mitigation system. Nurses can improve the community ability in mitigation through the continuous delivery of knowledge about disasters and first aid in a sustainable emergency. Mitigation was not confined only for environment, it also concluded community resources mitigation as well. Economic mitigation was the prior consideration thought by the community, especially for those who had middle-low income.

DISASTER OPERATION READINESS OF THE NUEVA ECIJA SOCIAL WELFARE DEVELOPMENT STAFF

This study aimed to describe the disaster operation readiness level of the staff of the Department of Social Welfare and Development Region III- Nueva Ecija Extension Office. It revealed that the respondents were slightly ready in terms of pre-disaster phase and almost ready in terms of the onslaught of disaster. It further revealed that monthly income of the respondents, the number of trainings they attended related to disaster operations, and their length of service were significantly related with their level of readiness for the pre- disaster-phase. On the other hand, number of trainings attended, monthly income, and position of the respondents were found to be significantly related with the respondents’ readiness for the during- the- disaster- phase. The study further revealed that they were least ready in terms of conducting psycho social interventions to affected families and in managing evacuation centers. It is recommended that all DSWD staff undergo rigid training in terms of disaster management and operation.

STRATEGI MITIGASI UNTUK MENGATASI PENYAKIT AKIBAT SANITASI LINGKUNGAN YANG BURUK : PARADIGMA BARU MITIGASI BENCANA

Indonesia’s disaster potential is very high and varied. Natural conditions, population and cultural diversity in Indonesia cause in increased risks due to natural disasters, man-made disasters and emergencies to be complex, on the other side Indonesia is rich in natural resources. Disaster relief should be directed from pre-disaster phase, during emergency response and post disaster. The initial phase of this effort is the need for understanding of all stakeholders (mainly institutions) about the development of the concept and paradigm change mitigation. By knowing the concept and development of this paradigm is expected that all stakeholders can do things from the smallest to the larger and synergies will occur from all stakeholders to minimize the impact of a disaster. From ancient times until now the concept of a paradigm in disaster management shift very rapidly starting from the conventional to the holistic paradigm. In general, the development paradigm is the conventional paradigm (relief & emergency), mitigation paradigm, development paradigm and paradigm of risk reduction. Paradigm that is now growing and effective enough to minimize the risk mitigation is the analogy of mitigation for diseases caused by poor environmental sanitation. The analogy with disease problems mentioned above, there are disasters which can now be viewed in the same perspective, where the current disaster is something that is not predictable and it is destiny or part of the risks of everyday life. The concentration of people and higher population levels worldwide would increase the risk of disasters and multiply the consequences of natural hazards as dangers that arise. However, based on science “of epidemiology disaster” actually most of these disasters can be prevented or at least many ways to reduce the impact of a disaster (mitigation actions). Like the war against disease, warfare should be fought against disaster by any person jointly and involve society as well as changes in social behavior as well as improvements in individual practices.Keywords : mitigation, disease, environmental sanitation, disaster

An integrated location-inventory-routing humanitarian supply chain network with pre- and post-disaster management considerations

Efficiency is a key success factor in complex supply chain networks. It is imperative to ensure proper flow of goods and services in humanitarian supply chains in response to a disaster. To this end, we propose a multi-echelon humanitarian logistic network that considers the location of central warehouses, managing the inventory of perishable products in the pre-disaster phase, and routing the relief vehicles in the post-disaster phase. An epsilon-constraint method, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), and a modified NSGA-II called reference point based non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (RPBNSGA-II) are proposed to solve this mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyze the results showing that NSGA-II performs better than the other algorithms with small size problems while RPBNSGA-II outperforms the other algorithms with large size problems.

Developing a new stochastic model considering bi-directional relations in a natural disaster: a possible earthquake in Tehran (the Capital of Islamic Republic of Iran)

Timely, effective delivery of relief resources to the sufferers in a natural disaster is quite crucial. All governments especially those having high risk of natural disasters must have a comprehensive and implementable plan to suitably manage humanitarian issues after a natural disaster occurs. They should construct sufficient facilities and prepare and store enough relief items (e.g., tents, medical packages, and meals) to be able to quickly respond to necessary needs of injured and homeless people; otherwise, it might lead to humanitarian crises with high numbers of casualties. In this study, we extend the mathematical two-stage stochastic optimization model proposed by Mete and Zabinsky (Int J Prod Econ 126:76–84, 2010) simultaneously considering two phases: pre- and post-disaster. All decisions pertinent to the pre-disaster phase, such as the locations of warehouse and pre-positioned relief items, should be taken in the first stage; however, other decisions pertinent to the post-disaster phase, such as the allocations of warehouses to the demanding points are taken in the second stage. In this study, we consider bi-directional relations between warehouses, which can increase the flexibility of the constructed network to handle the needs of injured people in a shorter time interval. Furthermore, whereas the relief process should be implemented within a specific time interval (e.g., 3 days), our extended optimization model is constructed for a multi-period and multi-product situation. We construct the extended model based on a professional report prepared by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency in a study of the seismic micro zoning of Tehran on April 13, 1999. The respective data in this report has also been updated based on the reports of Tehran Municipality to be matched with the current situation of Tehran. The results of our extended multi-period model for the respective real case study in this paper verify suitable responses and better services to the affected areas compared to what are provided through the respective single-period optimization model.

Prioritization of flood vulnerability, coping capacity and exposure indicators through the Delphi technique: A case study in Taquari-Antas basin, Brazil

This paper presents the outcomes of a participatory study that aimed to reach agreement among experts about flood vulnerability, coping capacity and exposure indicators through a Delphi survey. The objective was to collaboratively develop an index for the Taquari-Antas basin, Brazil, using the available data. A total of 117 scientists, policy makers, and practitioners were invited to prioritize 26 indicators, focusing on the pre-disaster phase. This survey was followed by a final selection in a focus group. The sensitivity of the ratings was analyzed by bootstrapping the original sample. The response rate was 86.32% and 79.20% in the first and second round, respectively. Overall, the highest rated items were related to coping capacity aspects of vulnerability and human and infrastructure exposure. The answers' deviation was reduced between rounds, thereby enabling the achievement of consensus on 21 indicators. The results revealed similarities in how vulnerability and exposure are perceived across the different professions and sectors investigated. The Delphi process allowed the collaboration of professionals with opposing views to prioritize a common set of indicators in a systematic and transparent way. Hence, this study is timely in describing a feasible alternative to reach agreement among stakeholders to build flood-related indexes. From a practical standpoint, this research provides decision makers with a core list of indicators to better understand the impacts of floods in the basin. We expect that incorporating input from end users in the creation of the index will enable it to reflect the local context and gain legitimacy.

Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle

Crowdsourcing is a communication platform that can be used during and after a disastrous event. Previous research in crisis crowdsourcing demonstrates its wide adoption for aiding response efforts by non-government organizations and public citizens. There is a gap in understanding the government use of crowdsourcing for emergency management, and in the use of crowdsourcing for mitigation and preparedness. This research aims to characterize crowdsourcing in all phases of the disaster management cycle by government agencies in Canada and the USA. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 22 government officials from both countries reveal that crisis crowdsourced information is used in all phases of the disaster management cycle, though direct crowdsourcing is yet to be applied in the pre-disaster phases. Emergency management officials and scholars have an opportunity to discover new ways to directly use crowdsourcing for mitigation and preparedness.

An interactive approach for designing a robust disaster relief logistics network with perishable commodities

Pre-positioning of relief commodities in appropriate locations and quantities at a pre-disaster phase assists a disaster relief logistics network in order to efficiently distribute the commodities to demand points; however, a disaster may occur after a long time, and generally perishable commodities (e.g., medical commodities and packed milk) have a fixed lifetime for use. Hence, this paper aims at developing a new integrated model in order to determine the optimum location-allocation and distribution plan, along with the best ordering policy for renewing the stocked perishable commodities at the pre-disaster phase. The uncertain nature of the problem leads to the utilization of a scenario-based robust stochastic approach. The proposed model simultaneously seeks to minimize: (1) the average of the weighted response times and (2) the total operational cost at the pre-disaster phase and the penalty costs of unmet demand and unused commodities at a post-disaster phase. The reservation level Tchebycheff procedure (RLTP) as an interactive approach is also applied to cope with the presented bi-objective model. The significance of the presented model and the efficiency of the RLTP method are then tested via a real case study in Iran.

Mathematical Models in Humanitarian Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review

In the past decade the humanitarian supply chain (HSC) has attracted the attention of researchers due to the increasing frequency of disasters. The uncertainty in time, location, and severity of disaster during predisaster phase and poor conditions of available infrastructure during postdisaster phase make HSC operations difficult to handle. In order to overcome the difficulties during these phases, we need to assure that HSC operations are designed in an efficient manner to minimize human and economic losses. In the recent times, several mathematical optimization techniques and algorithms have been developed to increase the efficiency of HSC operations. These techniques and algorithms developed for the field of HSC motivate the need of a systematic literature review. Owing to the importance of mathematical modelling techniques, this paper presents the review of the mathematical contributions made in the last decade in the field of HSC. A systematic literature review methodology is used for this paper due to its transparent procedure. There are two objectives of this study: the first one is to conduct an up-to-date survey of mathematical models developed in HSC area and the second one is to highlight the potential research areas which require attention of the researchers.

Development of a Meteorological Risk Map for Disaster Mitigation and Management in the Chishan Basin, Taiwan

This study involved developing a natural disaster risk assessment framework based on the consideration of three phases: a pre-disaster phase, disaster impact phase, and post-disaster recovery phase. The exposure of natural disasters exhibits unique characteristics. The interactions of numerous factors should be considered in risk assessment as well as in monitoring environment to provide natural disaster warnings. In each phase, specific factors indicate the relative status in the area subjected to risk assessment. Three types of natural disaster were assessed, namely debris flows, floods, and droughts. The Chishan basin in Taiwan was used as a case study and the adequacy of the relocation of Xiaolin village was evaluated. Incorporating resilience into the assessment revealed that the higher the exposure is, the higher the resilience becomes. This is because highly populated areas are typically allocated enough resources to respond to disasters. In addition, highly populated areas typically exhibit high resilience. The application of this analysis in the policy of relocation of damaged village after disaster provides valuable information for decision makers to achieve the sustainability of land use planning.

Disaster resilience in transportation: Japan earthquake and tsunami 2011

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the transportation organizational service provision and travel behavioral responses after the March 2011 disaster in North East Japan. This research aims to identify the areas for capacity building in transportation to support resilient built environments. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach was taken to examine the transportation organizational service provision in one of the most devastated communities after the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami. Data on post-disaster transportation arrangements were collected from local newspapers, desk reviews of reports by transportation operators and the local council, semi-structured interviews with local council and community groups, and a residents’ questionnaire surveying travel behavior. Organizational responses were analyzed by: the pre-disaster phase, the emergency phase, the rebuilding (temporary settlement) phase and the recovery (permanent settlement) phase. Findings – Transportation demand changes dramatically in the emergency phase. In the re-building phase, an efficient and effective provision of a transportation service is required. The recovery and pre-disaster phases are critical as these are the time to build capacity for resilience. Practical application of the land use and transportation planning process is recommended in forming a transportation master plan. Originality/value – This research is the first attempt to analyze the transportation organizational responses after a disaster in four discrete temporal dimensions. The knowledge provided in the paper is derived from the examination of the transportation responses in a city after a major disaster. The findings are more generally applicable to any built environments that are aiming for resilience.

Optimization of Nigerian Satellites in Flood Disaster Preparedness and Response

Nigeria as a nation suffers the effects of Climate Change majorly through flood events. Recent flood disasters in Nigeria have been of major concern to people, communities and institutions. In a bid to mitigate the extent of damage and casualties during a flood disaster, this study aimed to promote the use of Nigeria satellites in the preparedness phase of flood disaster management cycle for more practicable and effective response and mitigation. The study also identifies the relevant agencies to collaborate with the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) in order to promote synergy towards attaining a stable disaster risk management in Nigeria; and provides a framework for improving and managing disaster preparedness and response using Nigerian satellites and through geospatial approach. The approach employed was a combination of satellite imagery, imagery intelligence and geospatial information with the help of Information Communication Technology to plan ahead for any flood event during the pre-disaster phase. The incorporation of geospatial techniques using the Nigerian earth observation and communication satellites in disaster preparedness and response will strengthen our contingency plan provided there is synergy, commitment and information sharing among relevant agencies.

Role of Geomatics in the Management of Disasters and Infrastructural Failures

The article identifies the role of Geomatics in the highly interdisciplinary disaster management to include identification and mapping of hazard prone areas, deformation monitoring of hazard prone areas and massive engineering structures, production of rescue maps and assessment of damages among others. A case study of surveying activities in the proposed flood management of Asa River in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria was presented. The study identified possible causes of the flood to include silting along the river, blockades of free flow of water resulting from human activities such as dumping of refuse in the river and natural causes such as growth of vegetation along the river channel. The study recommends the development and deployment of Geomatics potentials in the three phases of disaster management namely; pre-disaster phase, disaster phase and post disaster phase.Keywords: Geomatics, Disaster, Mapping, Assessment, Management