Shrimp Farming Research Articles

Utilization of metal and radionuclide concentrations to assess the influence of shrimp farming on the geochemical characteristics of sediments.

This article assesses the environmental impacts of aquatic biota cultivation, focusing on shrimp farming in Brazil's Northeast, as this practice has proven to be one of the main sources of economic growth in the region. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected from areas impacted and not directly impacted by shrimp farming, and concentrations of key geochemical parameters such as salinity, various elements (K, P, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Na), and natural radionuclides (K-40, Ra-226 and Ra-228) were compared using statistical tools. Element concentrations were determined using ICP-OES, and naturally occurring radionuclide concentrations were obtained through gamma spectrometry. Statistical tests, such as ANOVA and/or Mann-Whitney, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were applied to the results. Additionally, the ERICA Tool software was employed to estimate deleterious effects on both human and non-human biota. Descriptive statistics reveal variability in sediment parameters around shrimp farming. ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests compare concentrations of shrimp farm sediment and not directly impacted sediment, showing non-significant differences for most elements. pH and salinity, crucial for shrimp health, exhibit higher values in shrimp farm sediment. Alkali and alkaline earth metals, including K and Na, show no significant differences. Factor and cluster analyses suggest that certain elements, mainly radionuclides, are influenced by sediment variability. Hazard indices for naturally occurring radionuclides indicate negligible risk to both human and non-human biota, reinforcing the absence of adverse effects from shrimp farming activities. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts of shrimp farming, emphasizing the importance of monitoring geochemical parameters for coastal environmental management.

Water Quality Monitoring System Based on the Internet of Things (IoT) for Vannamei Shrimp Farming

As Internet of Things (IoT) technology develops, water quality monitoring systems for Vannamei shrimp farms have become more inventive and straightforward. The prototype IoT system monitors and controls the pool using sensors that can measure water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, and salinity. The research aimed to design an automated water quality monitoring system for Vannamei shrimp aquaculture. The research used the E-4052C sensor, DS18B20 sensor, and DFRobot V1.0 sensor as data transmitting hardware (transmitter) and the receiving hardware microcontroller NodeMCU ESP32 as data processing, management, and control system tools. Then, the system used a Wi-Fi network to transfer data from the microcontroller to the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) server as a data cloud. Several software programs, including Telegram, Node-Red, and ThingSpeak, help Android devices display real-time data. Test results for the accuracy of the sensor’s reading on water pH are 99.71, with an error rate of 0.29%. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the temperature sensor is 98.03 with an error rate of 1.7%. On the other hand, the accuracy of the salinity sensor is 99.49, with an error rate of 0.41%. The results indicate that all sensors have excellent performance. The real-time monitoring display and Android Telegram notification functions are good, and the automatic water quality monitoring tool is successfully operating in the Vannamei shrimp pool in Pamandati, South Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi ssProvince, Indonesia.

Tropical Shrimp Biofloc Aquaculture within Greenhouses in the Mediterranean: Preconditions, Perspectives, and a Prototype Description

Biofloc technology (BFT) offers an innovative eco-friendly approach that is particularly applicable in shrimp farming. Penaeus vannamei is the most important seafood species in terms of global economic value. Nevertheless, its increasing global demand highlights the necessity for sustainable production of P. vannamei shrimps outside their native range, assuring the avoidance of genetic pollution risk. Towards this direction, the present study focuses on the feasibility of tropical shrimp species aquaculture in indoor systems evaluating BFT application in temperate zones. The achievability of P. vannamei cultivation inside greenhouses in temperate latitudes is thoroughly examined and a representative experimental biofloc setup for P. vannamei within a greenhouse in Northern Greece is demonstrated. Nevertheless, there are two major limitations, related to economy and ecology, namely the energy demand for high seawater temperature and the fact that most reared shrimps are non-indigenous species setting risk for genetic pollution, respectively. To overcome the former, energy-saving measures such as tank and greenhouse insulation in combination with a microclimate chamber construction were implemented to optimize water temperature at minimal cost. Concerning the latter, there is clear evidence that P. vannamei populations cannot be established in the Mediterranean, setting aside any environmental risk. Overall, based on the developed and tested pilot prototype, employment of optimal management practices, innovative manufacturing and clean energy alternatives, and the utilization of ecosystem services could reduce the environmental impact and maximize the profitability of biofloc operations. These actions could probably permit sustainable and economically viable farming of P. vannamei employing BFT within greenhouses in the Mediterranean.

A Chelex-100-based rapid DNA extraction method and its application in the detection of shrimp pathogens

BackgroundThe Pacific white shrimp is one of the world’s most economically significant aquatic species, being one of the top three species cultured globally. However, the increasing incidence of diseases such as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and hepatopancreatic microsporidia has led to a serious decline in shrimp production and severe economic losses. With the increasing demand for pathogen detection in shrimp farms, rapid DNA extraction technology has become more sophisticated. In this study, a rapid and crude method of extracting genomic DNA from shrimp muscle and hepatopancreas using Chelex-100 was established. ResultsDNA was successfully extracted from muscle and hepatopancreatic tissues using both the Chelex-100 method and commercial kits. The internal reference genes of shrimp were successfully amplified via PCR and real-time PCR using the obtained DNA samples. Moreover, a field assay was successfully conducted using real-time PCR and real-time enzymatic recombinase amplification (real-time ERA), indicating that the quality of the DNA extracted using Chelex-100 is sufficient for use in conjunction with nucleic acid amplification to detect pathogens in shrimps. ConclusionsChelex-100 is an efficient method for extracting DNA from shrimp muscle or hepatopancreas tissues, with a short extraction time, high extraction efficiency, and simple operation, making it appropriate for use in the detection of pathogens in shrimp.How to cite: Yang H, Zhou Q, Hu J, et al. A Chelex-100-based rapid DNA extraction method and its application in the detection of shrimp pathogens. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.04.004.

Planning for the Construction of a Solar Power Plant in Vaname Shrimp Ponds in Sungai Kuruk III Village, Seruway District, Aceh Tamiang Regency

The construction of a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) in the Vaname Shrimp Pond, Sungai Kuruk III Village is an efficient solution in overcoming excessive electricity consumption in vaname shrimp cultivation. With the majority of the population working as fishermen and shrimp farmers, shrimp farming requires significant electricity consumption for lights, water pumps and windmills. PLTS is an efficient and sustainable solution by utilizing abundant solar energy in coastal areas. This research uses 28 solar modules with a capacity of 500 Wp, 23 batteries, an inverter with a power of 3,000 watts, and a Solar Charge Controller (SCC) with a capacity of 350 A. Thus, the implementation of PLTS is expected to reduce dependence on PLN electricity while still increasing and maintaining energy productivity as well as maintaining environmental sustainability in vaname shrimp cultivation.

Changes of bacterial communities and bile acid metabolism reveal the potential “intestine-hepatopancreas axis” in shrimp

The interaction between the gut and the liver plays a significant role in individual health and diseases. Mounting evidence supports that bile acids are important metabolites in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the liver. Most of the current studies on the “gut-liver axis” have focused on higher vertebrates, however, few was reported on lower invertebrates such as shrimp with an open circulatory system. Here, microbiomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to investigate the bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei fed diets supplemented with octanoic acid and oleic acid. After six days of feeding, the bacterial composition in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas changed at different stages, with significant increases in the relative abundance of several genera such as Pseudomonas and Rheinheimera in intestine and hepatopancreas. Notably, there was a more similar bacterial composition in intestine and hepatopancreas at the genus level, which indicated the close communication between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, higher content of some bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) and α-muricholic acid (α-MCA) in intestine and lower content of some bile acids such as taurohyocholic acids (THCA) and isolithocholic acid (IsoLCA) in hepatopancreas were detected. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine and hepatopancreas. The microbial source tracking analysis showed that there was a high proportion of intestine and hepatopancreas bacterial community as the source of each other. Collectively, these results showed a strong crosstalk between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas, which suggests a unique potential “intestine-hepatopancreas axis” in lower invertebrate shrimp with an open circulatory system. Our finding contributed to the understanding of the interplay between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas in the view of microecology and provided new ideas for shrimp farming and disease control.

Understanding the link between climate change adaptation and household food security among shrimp farmers in Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of climate change adaptation strategies on household food security in Indonesia based on a comprehensive analysis of data from 445 shrimp farmers. Employing the innovative Two Stage Predictor Substitution (2SPS) method, the research reveals key determinants influencing farmers' decisions to adopt adaptation measures. Factors such as mechanization, proximity to main roads, cultivated land area, participation in field schools, and individual perceptions of climate change significantly affect climate change adaptation. Importantly, the study uncovers a strong positive relationship between the level of adaptation implemented and household food security among shrimp farmers. This correlation means that the more intense the adaptation practices are, the better the household food security status will be. This study also demonstrates that the impact of climate change adaptation on food security is particularly pronounced among farmers with lower income levels and smaller cultivated land areas. This positive effect diminishes for households with higher income levels and larger land areas. These findings underscore the need to tailor adaptation strategies, particularly for small-scale farmers, and customize interventions to ensure food security in the face of climate change challenges.

Assessing the nitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics potential and growth performance of Gracilaria corticata var. cylindrica in shrimp farm water (SFW)

Gracilaria corticata var. cylindrica (GCC) was studied as a biofilter in shrimp farm water (SFW) and its growth and biochemical attributes in the medium were evaluated. GCC showed significant nutrient absorption from SFW, with maximum nitrate and phosphate uptake observed after the first 48 h. Nitrate depletion happened faster than phosphate, thus showing a higher affinity for nitrate uptake (78.4% removal) by GCC. Nutrient uptake kinetics followed the Michaelis–Menten curve, with Vmax values of 43.16 μM g dw−1 h−1 for nitrate and 67.50 μM g dw−1 h−1 for phosphate. Also, GCC’s low Km values (12.53 µM for nitrate, 1.91 µM for phosphate) indicated efficient nutrient utilization. GCC showed rapid growth in SFW, with a daily growth rate of 2.93 ± 0.19% d−1, comparable to the commercial MP1 media (3.54 ± 0.19% d−1) and greater to seawater (2.23 ± 0.13% d−1). Proximate analysis revealed consistent biochemical compositions across all three media, with carbohydrate and protein contents of 2.24 ± 0.41% and 0.76 ± 0.12%, respectively, in SFW. Pigment analysis revealed that pigment concentrations varied, with SFW having the greatest R-PE concentration (182.25 ± 32.77 µg g−1), followed by MP1 media and saltwater. R-PC concentrations followed a similar pattern, with SFW having the greatest concentration (85.73 ± 19.33 µg g−1). These findings highlight GCC’s potential as an efficient biofilter for reducing nitrate and phosphate levels in SFW, therefore offering a sustainable solution for aquaculture effluent management and the potential integration of GCC into shrimp farming practices.

Functional and mechanistic studies of a phytogenic formulation, Shrimp Best, in growth performance and vibriosis in whiteleg shrimp

Climate change and disease threaten shrimp farming. Here, we studied the beneficial properties of a phytogenic formulation, Shrimp Best (SB), in whiteleg shrimp. Functional studies showed that SB dose-dependently increased shrimp body weight and decreased feed conversion ratio. We found that SB protected against Vibrio parahaemolyticus as evidenced by survival rate, bacterial load, and hepatopancreatic pathology in shrimp. Finally, we explored the likely mechanism by which SB affects growth performance and vibriosis in shrimp. The 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that SB increased 6 probiotic genera and decreased 6 genera of pathogenic bacteria in shrimp. Among these, SB increased the proportion of Lactobacillus johnsonii and decreased that of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp guts. To dissect the relationship among SB, Lactobacillus and Vibrio, we investigated the in vitro regulation of Lactobacillus and Vibrio by SB. SB at ≥ 0.25 μg/mL promoted L. johnsonii growth. Additionally, L. johnsonii and its supernatant could inhibit V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, SB could up-regulate five anti-Vibrio metabolites of L. johnsonii, which caused bacterial membrane destruction. In parallel, we identified 3 fatty acids as active compounds from SB. Overall, this work demonstrated that SB improved growth performance and vibriosis protection in shrimp via the regulation of gut microbiota.

Collection Practices and Socio-Economic Status of Crab Collectors at Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira Distrct in Bangladesh

This study evaluated the mud crab (Scylla olivacea) collection techniques and socio-economic conditions of crab collectors in Shyamnagar Upazila. The results showed that 48% of the collectors collected crabs from the Sundarbans mangrove forest; on the other hand, 42% of the crab collectors collected crabs from coastal rivers, and 10% collected crabs from canals and shrimp farms. In the study area, 63% of crab collectors used doon with Cuchia fish as bait, 6.66% used thopa with Tilapia fish as bait, and the rest used net or hand-picking techniques to collect crabs. Most crab collectors were Muslims (56.9%), and the rest were Hindu (43.1%) regarding religious belief. Regarding gender, 58.1% of crab collectors were female, whereas 41.9% were male. Almost half of crab collectors (41.9%) had no institutional education. In this area, 33.72% were landless and lived on ‘Khas’ land. A significant number of people (29.5%) were married at an early age. The crab collectors (36.2%) earned less than Tk. 200 daily. Natural calamities and other constraints are making the livelihood of crab collectors vulnerable, but they are trying to continue their occupation to sustain their lives. Jagannath University Journal of Life and Earth Sciences, 9(1): 57–68, 2023 (June)

Influence of stocking density on the growth, immune and physiological responses, and cultivation environment of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc systems

Biofloc (BF) stands out as a promising system for sustainable shrimp farming. Optimizing various culture conditions, such as stocking density, carbohydrate source, and feeding management, is crucial for the widespread adoption of the BF system. This study compares the growth performance of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in culture ponds at low density (LD) with 50 organisms/m2 and high density (HD) with 200 organisms/m2. Post-larvae of white-leg shrimp were stocked for 16 weeks in both LD and HD groups. The LD group exhibited a superior survival rate, growth rate, and feed consumption compared to the HD group. The BF from the LD system recorded a significantly higher protein content (16.63 ± 0.21%) than the HD group (15.21 ± 0.34%). Heterotrophic bacterial counts in water did not significantly differ with stocking density. However, Vibrio count in water samples was higher in the HD group (3.59 ± 0.35 log CFU/mL) compared to the LD group (2.45 ± 0.43 log CFU/mL). The whole shrimp body analysis revealed significantly higher protein and lipid content in the LD group. In contrast, the total aerobic bacterial count in shrimp from the HD group was high, with the identification of Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae. Additionally, Vibrio counts in shrimp samples were significantly higher in the HD group (4.63 ± 0.32 log CFU/g) compared to the LD group (3.57 ± 0.22 log CFU/g). The expression levels of immune-associated genes, including prophenoloxidase, transglutaminase, penaiedin 3, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, serine proteinase, and the growth-related gene ras-related protein (rap-2a), were significantly enhanced in the LD group. Conversely, stress-related gene expression increased significantly in the HD group. Hepatopancreases amylase, lipase, and protease were higher in the LD group, while trypsin activity did not differ significantly. Antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased in the LD group. The histological structure of hepatopancreas, musculature, and female gonads remained similar in both densities. However, negative effects were observed in the gills' histology of the HD group. These results suggest that increasing stocking density is associated with significantly negative biological, microbial, and physiological effects on white-leg shrimp under the BF system.

Economic effects of a controlled mangrove-to-pond coverage ratio policy on mangrove conservation and shrimp farming: A case study in vietnam using instrumental regression analysis

The mangrove-shrimp farming model in Vietnam's Mekong Delta region was devised to foster mangrove conservation while supporting the livelihoods of small-scale shrimp farmers by allocating them land for both mangrove protection and shrimp farming. However, this model faces challenges as farmers often clear mangrove areas to expand shrimp ponds, seeking greater profits. Based on data collected from structured interviews with shrimp farming households, an Instrumental Variable (IV) regression method is used in this study to examine the economic viability of mangrove-shrimp farming in the Tam Giang Protection Forest of Ca Mau province and predict the impacts of recommended fixed mangrove-to-pond coverage ratios (MPR) on shrimp yield and household income in two different scenarios. Findings reveal that almost half of the surveyed farmers do not meet the recommended MPR, prioritizing pond expansion over mangrove protection, suggesting prevalent noncompliance and ineffective regulatory enforcement. Additionally, the research highlighted the critical role of mangrove-shrimp farming in the livelihoods of these communities, with findings indicating that even minimal increases in pond area can enhance productivity. Conversely, stricter pond coverage regulations could potentially worsen the economic situation for numerous households.

MANGLEE: A Tool for Mapping and Monitoring MANgrove Ecosystem on Google Earth Engine—A Case Study in Ecuador

Mangroves, integral to ecological balance and socioeconomic well-being, are facing a concerning decline worldwide. Remote sensing is essential for monitoring their evolution, yet its effectiveness is hindered in developing countries by economic and technical constraints. In addressing this issue, this paper introduces MANGLEE (Mangrove Mapping and Monitoring Tool in Google Earth Engine), an accessible, adaptable, and multipurpose tool designed to address the challenges associated with sustainable mangrove management. Leveraging remote sensing data, machine learning techniques (Random Forest), and change detection methods, MANGLEE consists of three independent modules. The first module acquires, processes, and calculates indices of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, enhancing tracking capabilities in the presence of atmospheric interferences. The second module employs Random Forest to classify mangrove and non-mangrove areas, providing accurate binary maps. The third module identifies changes between two-time mangrove maps, categorizing alterations as losses or gains. To validate MANGLEE’s effectiveness, we conducted a case study in the mangroves of Guayas, Ecuador, a region historically threatened by shrimp farming. Utilizing data from 2018 to 2022, our findings reveal a significant loss of over 2900 hectares, with 46% occurring in legally protected areas. This loss corresponds to the rapid expansion of Ecuador’s shrimp industry, confirming the tool’s efficacy in monitoring mangroves despite cloud cover challenges. MANGLEE demonstrates its potential as a valuable tool for mangrove monitoring, offering insights essential for conservation, management plans, and decision-making processes. Remarkably, it facilitates equal access and the optimal utilization of resources, contributing significantly to the preservation of coastal ecosystems.

Monitoring Diseases in Water of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei), Banyuwangi District

Banyuwangi Regency has high potential for vannamei shrimp farming. Vannamei shrimp farming is susceptible to disease attack. Disease monitoring serves to determine the distribution of disease in vannamei shrimp ponds. The purpose of this study was to monitor disease in vannamei shrimp pond waters of Banyuwangi Regency. This research method uses descriptive method. Monitoring of water quality parameters insitu and exitu. Disease monitoring using Real-Time PCR Quant studio 5 to detect AHPND, WSSV, EHP, and IMNV. The analysis used was descriptive analysis. The results showed that the water quality in vannamei shrimp ponds in Banyuwangi Regency was an average temperature of 25.8℃, average salinity of 33.9 g.L-1 , average dissolved oxygen (DO) 7.15 mg.L-1 , average pH 8.15, average ammonia 0.257 mg.L-1 , average nitrite 0.04 mg.L-1 , average nitrate 4.9 mg.L-1 . As for the disease, there are three types, namely AHPND, EHP, and IMNV.

Synbiotic encapsulation against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in whiteleg shrimps

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a severe pathogenic bacterium which causes significant mortality and economical loss in shrimp farming. To control vibriosis in whiteleg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei), we developed synbiotic beads by microencapsulating probiotic of Lactobacillus plantarum and prebiotic of xanthan gum in agarose matrix through emulsion technique. Coculture method indicated that synbiotic beads reduce viability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by 3 orders of magnitude. The high inhibitory activity of synbiotic beads against pathogen could result from the antibacterial substances secreted from encapsulated probiotics, and access blocking of pathogens to prebiotics as food source so that the encapsulated prebiotics solely stimulate nearby probiotic growth without boosting pathogen growth. Bacterial challenge test indicated that exposure to synbiotic beads in advance can delay mortality and increase shrimp survival from 10% to 57%. As a smart encapsulation platform, our design can be extended to various probiotics, prebiotics, and pathogens, thus providing an alternative strategy to the use of antibiotics for disease prevention and sustainable aquaculture.

Bacterial Community Characteristics and Roles in Nitrogen Transformation in Industrial Farming Systems of Litopenaeus vannamei

Industrial farming is one of the main farming systems used for L. vannamei, and it is also the main direction of development in the future. To investigate the role of the bacterial community in nitrogen transformation in industrial L. vannamei farming systems, we studied the concentration of nitrogen compounds, the bacterial community using 16S rRNA sequencing, and nitrogen cycling genes’ abundance using absolute quantitative PCR in aquaculture water (using seawater (WD) and groundwater mixed with seawater (CY)) and analyzed the correlations between them using a person analysis. The results showed that the bacterial α-diversity index (ACE, Shannon, and Sobs) significantly changed during culture in WD but not in CY. Bacterial community species composition analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe analysis) revealed that Cyanobiaceae and Microbacteriaceae were the dominant bacteria and biomarkers in WD. Vibrionaceae, Ateromonadaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Saprospiraceae, and Cryomorphaceae were the dominant bacteria and biomarkers in CY. A functional annotation of procaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) analysis revealed that the bacterial community in WD exhibited a greater phototrophic activity at early culture stages, while at the same stage, CY exhibited strong nitrate reduction. A correlation analysis of nitrogen cycling genes and environmental factors revealed that napA, narG, ureC, amoA, and nirK were significantly correlated with the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite (NO2−-N), nitrate (NO3−-N), and total nitrogen (TN) in WD. In CY, amoA was positively correlated and napA and nirK were negatively correlated with TAN and TN concentrations. A correlation analysis between bacterial abundance and environmental factors revealed that Flavobacteriaceae, Saprospiraceae, Cryomorphaceae, Cyanobiaceae, Halieaceae, and Cyclobacteriaceae were significantly correlated with the concentrations of TAN and NO2−-N. The above results indicated that the bacterial community in industrial shrimp farming systems changed under different conditions, with consequent changes in the abundance of genes being involved in the nitrogen cycle and in this biogeochemical process in the water. Our study facilitates further understanding of microbes and their functions in nitrogen cycling in industrial shrimp farming systems.

Analisis Usaha dan Pemasaran Pembenihan Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) di HSRT Windu Tirta Samudra Desa Tanjung Limau Kecamatan Muara Badak

Tiger shrimp farming is an aquaculture business associated with the rearing of shrimp from egg hatching until they are ready to be harvested for consumption. The amount of tiger shrimp production is highly dependent on the tiger shrimp hatchery process. This study was conducted with the aim to 1) Calculate the income of tiger shrimp hatchery business, 2) Analyze the feasibility of tiger shrimp hatchery business based on the criteria of Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR), Break Even Point (BEP), Payback Period, Return On Investman (ROI), and 3) Describe marketing channels, marketing margins, and farmer share in shrimp hatchery business. The sample method used was purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The results showed that tiger shrimp hatcheries in HSRT Windu Tirta Samudra earned an income of Rp.43,313,992/month. Based on the criteria of RCR, BEP, ROI and Payback Period (PP) tiger shrimp hatchery business is feasible to continue and run. Marketing of tiger shrimp seed forms level 0 and level 1 marketing channels, with a margin of Rp.2/head on level 1 marketing channels, and the farmer's share obtained is efficient because it is above 60%.

Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Shrimp Farming at Navsari, Gujarat, India

The lockdown on account of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely impacted the food production sector including aquaculture globally. Unfortunately, it coincided with the major shrimp farming season in India which contributes 60% of the national annual shrimp production hence the impact was substantial. Shrimp farmers follow the different management practices in shrimp farming operations like seed, feed, probiotics, medicine, disruptions in the supply chain, transportation, harvesting and marketing. Therefore, the objective of present study was to find out the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on shrimp farming sector in Navsari (Gujarat). These findings are depicted that management practices of the shrimp farming in study area was disturbed and huge economic losses was faced by the shrimp farmers during pandemic situations. It is suggested that technical and financial assistance for safe, sufficient and hygienic supply of seed, feed, probiotics, chemicals, medicines and probiotics by the government agencies should be ensured which help to shrimp enhance the aquaculture production and survive of shrimp farmers. The result of present study is also helpful for the government authorities to develop policies and execution of the plans during such pandemic condition for shrimp farmers that can prevent the production loss and sustain the shrimp farming industry.

Assessing the interconnected effects of policy interventions on shrimp farming expansion and mangrove ecosystems through system dynamics

Since the early 2000s, Ca Mau has experienced a rapid boom in shrimp farming, leading to the conversion of mangroves into shrimp ponds and impeding mangrove forest conservation. Despite its negative environmental impacts, shrimp aquaculture remains vital to Ca Mau’s economy by providing employment opportunities and contributing to the province’s gross domestic product. This study constructed a system dynamic model to analyze the complex system of shrimp aquaculture and mangrove forests under two development scenarios: the Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario and the Policy scenario. In the BAU scenario, shrimp aquaculture will continue to expand, resulting in the conversion of more mangroves into ponds and a decrease in Ca Mau’s mangrove forest to 70,349 (± 888.801) hectares in 2050. However, this expansion will bolster rural employment and the province’s economy, generating 14,250 (± 0.336) billion VND (US$ 570 million) in 2050. Conversely, in the Policy scenario, stabilizing shrimp areas at 280,000 hectares as a policy target will regulate mangrove conversion, allowing mangroves to regenerate (77,016 (± 687.155) hectares in 2050) and enhancing carbon storage (65 × 106 (± 0.58 × 106) MgC in 2050). However, challenges arise in the Policy scenario concerning potential economic stagnation, conflicts with other development priorities, and rural job losses. Officials must consider more than just the area of shrimp ponds to achieve sustainable development. Effective land use strategies should be implemented to ensure equilibrium between shrimp aquaculture and mangroves. Diversifying economic activities and promoting alternative livelihoods can mitigate the dependence on shrimp farming and offset the effects of policy interventions.

Possibility Of Using Sonneratia Caseolaris (L.) Engl) In the Aquaponic Model with White Shrimp combined with Tilapia

The Aquaponic system has been widely implemented in various locations, primarily in freshwater environments, requiring adaptation to be compatible with saltwater ecosystems. The objective of this research is to explore the wastewater treatment capability of the Sonneratia caseolaris in a saltwater environment when applied to a recirculating aquaponic model for white-leg shrimp cultivation. The investigative process involves cultivation and determination of the water treatment coefficient of the Sonneratia caseolaris. The environmental parameters under scrutiny include NH4 +, NO2 −, NO3 −, and total phosphorus per gram of plant biomass. Phase 1 consists of seedling production and model design; when the plants reach three months old, they will be tested with shrimp wastewater to assess their treatment capabilities. The results will provide parameters for operating the model in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the aquaponic model involves shrimp tanks (300 shrimp/1 m3), fish tanks (50 fish/0.5 m3), and the plant’s cultivation system. In Phase 1, the plant demonstrated treatment efficiencies of 90% for NH4 +, 95% for NO2-, 32% for NO3 −, and 27% for total phosphorus after 7 days. The treatment coefficients achieved were as follows (mg/g plants biomass): NH4 +: 0.006, NO2 − 0.005, NO3 − 0.017, total phosphorus: 0.057. Transitioning to Phase 2, the results confirm that the aquaponic model, incorporating Sonneratia caseolaris for water recirculation in shrimp farming, is not only technically feasible for small-scale aquaponic models but also scalable for large-scale farm production. Furthermore, the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris can serve as a supplementary herbal source for aquaculture species, enhancing the economic sustainability of the recirculating model.