Pramoedya Ananta Toer Research Articles

Tindak Tutur Ekspresif dalam Novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer

This study aims to describe the types of expressive speech acts and strategy used in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data contained in this study are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that refer to expressive speech acts contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data source of this research is the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research instrument is the researcher himself with a note taking tool to record things that indicate expessive speech acts found in the novel . Data collection techniques were carried out in several stages including reading and understanding the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer; (2) identifying data containing expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer; and (3) inventorizing data containing expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data validation technique used in this study is a detailed description technique. The data analysis technique is done by classifying the data, analyzing the data, and concluding the results of the research. The research results found, namely (1) types of expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in the from of saying thanks, saying congratulations, apologizing, praising, accusing, exressing anger, expressing pleasure, feeling embarrased, and feeling surprised; (2) the storytelling strategy used by the characters Minke, Annalies, dan Nyai Ontosoroh is in the form of a stratedy without the nonsense, a strategy of a speaking with pleasantries of positive courtesy, a strategy of speaking with small talk of negative politeness, vague speech strategies, and strategies that speak silently

NILAI NILAI KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH MINKE DALAM ROMAN BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

ABSTRACTMinke Figure in the Roman Earth Human Earth The work of Pramoedya Ananta Toer can be drawn in the following extracts: This study aims to find out the main characters in Roman language, the character used is Minke. Another goal is to find out the story of Minke's struggle with the Colonial people and also the romance between Minke and Annelies. The results that can be analyzed by Minke have characters such as: Smart, caring, full of struggle, humane, merciful, polite, brave, obedient to parents, sincere. Minke is a priyayi-blooded native figure who always upholds priority values above all. When his native people were being oppressed by Europeans Minke was a figure who fought for these values, he was supported by Nyai Ontosoroh in freeing his people from the cruelty of European nations. He was a revolutionary figure who changed the way people think when indigenous degrees were brought down in front of Europeans. This research uses descriptive method by using qualitative research of the main character in the Roman language of Human Earth by Pramoedya Ananta Toer with scientific theories about personality choosing in the analysis of the main character's character. The technique of receiving data carried out in this study is the method of listening and recording traffic techniques and quoting from various sources in journals and on the internet.Keywords: Minke, Struggle, Character.

NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DAN NILAI SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL AROK DEDES KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER SERTA PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR CERITA SEJARAH SISWA SMA

<p><em>This study aims to describe and explain: (1) the value of character education (moral) in the novel Arok Dedes by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, (2) the social values contained in the novel Arok Dedes by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and (3) the use of character education values and social values in the novel Arok Dedes as the development of historical story teaching materials for high school students. The data source in this study is the novel Arok Dedes by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a content analysis approach. Sources of data used are novel documents of Arok Dedes and informants. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using document analysis techniques and interviews. The data validity was done by theory triangulation and source triangulation. The data analysis technique in this research is content analysis. The results of this study are (1) there are character education values (moral), including ing ngarso sung tuladha, ing madya mangun karsa, tut wuri handayani, honesty, justice, tolerance, wisdom, self-discipline, cooperation, courage, and democracy; (2) social values, including the values of love, devotion, help, kinship, loyalty and care; and (3) novel Arok Dedes deserves to be used as teaching material for class XII SMA because it contains character education values. The most dominant character education value is justice, and the dominant social value is kinship.</em></p>

Aktivitas masyarakat jawa dalam novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Kajian antropologi sastra

This research aims to describe the complexity cultures consisting of kinship activities, economy, education, beauty and recreation, religion, politics, and physical needs in the novel Bumi Manusia written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The approach used in this research is the anthropology literature approach. Read notes, literature, and description of the analysis are methods used in collecting the data. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results obtained are (1) kinship activities: helping each other, visiting houses and caring among human, (2) economic activities: complementing the needs of human life, (3) educational activities: formal and non formal, (4) beauty and recreation activities: the art of motion and the art of sound done by human, (5) religious activities: marriage and mutual respect for every beliefs between people, (6) political activities: the fields of government and organization, and (7) physical needs activities: the fields of food, beverages, and clothing.

THE CHARACTER VALUE IN THE FAIRY TALE "CERITA CALON ARANG" BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER AS A MEANS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

The purpose of this study is to describe the value of characters found in fairy tales. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis techniques. The theory used is the theory of children's literature and character education. Source of research data in the form of a fairy tale entitled The Story of Candidate Charcoal by Pramoedya Ananta Toer totaling 100 pages published by PT. Lantern Dipantara in 2003. Data validity was tested using data triangulation and method triangulation. Data analysis is carried out in stages: a) identification of fairy tales as research objects; b) data reduction; c) data presentation; d) interpretation of data according to children's literary theory and character education; e) inference (Miles Huberman, 1994). The results of the study found fourteen character values, namely: wise, socially caring, fond of reading, prominence, compassion, democratic, good decision-makers, good citizens, care for the environment, religious, respectful, cooperation, curiosity, and brave character. This research shows that fairy tales can be used as teaching materials for character education. However, development research needs to be done regarding increasing crime in the community. Various efforts in transmitting the values of character education to students have been carried out both in the family, school, and community environment.

Mimicri in Novel Anak Semua Bangsa Pramoedya Ananta Toer Works: Postcolonial Review

This study aims to describe and interpret the form of mimicry contained in the novel Anak Semua Bangsa by Pramoedya Ananta Toer through postcolonial review. This research is a qualitative research that uses a content analysis approach and is descriptive in nature. The data source used in this study is a document in the form of a novel entitled Anak Semua Bangsa published by Lentera Dipantara in 2019 (21st print) with a total of 536 pages. The data used are in the form of words, sentences or utterances that contain the mimicry phenomenon. The data collection technique in this study is to use document analysis techniques. The validity of the data used in this study used theoretical triangulation and method triangulation, while the analysis technique used in this study was an interactive model analysis. The phenomena of mimicry found in the novel Anak Semua Bangsa by Pramoedya Ananta Toer include mimicry towards language, mimicry for transportation tools, mimicry for lifestyle, mimicry for art, and mimicry on dress styles.

The Contrapuntal Reading of Colonial Logic and the Play of Caricature in “Houseboy + Maid” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s works are highly distinguished for their strong realist characteristic and profound analysis of interactions among pre- and post- colonial human beings and their place in society. One of the works that portray such characteristics is “Houseboy + Maid”, the first story in Toer’s collection Tales from Djakarta: Caricatures of Circumstances and Their Human Beings. In this research, post-colonialism and contrapuntal reading proposed by Edward Said are used as methods to interpret a literary work whose narration is about two characters who live in post-colonial Indonesia, or rather post-revolutionary Indonesia. Their unfixed identities which are interrelated through the changing event of the plot indicates that their very destiny cannot be separated from the “politicality, sociality, and historicality” of much bigger entities.

The Connotation Meaning of Education in Rumah Kaca Novel of Pramoedya Ananta Toer

This study discussed the connotation meaning of expressions containing the sense of education. This study used a semantic review. The method used was descriptive qualitative, which analyzed and described the data objects. The data of word research contained connotations related to education. The data was the novel of Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Data collection used were observation and note-taking technique. The validity used the source and theory triangulation. The results found that words were containing 16 good connotations and five bad connotations.

ABSURDITY IN THE NOVEL PERBURUAN BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER: EXISTENTIALISM STUDY

Abstract: The research aims to find absurdity aspects in the main character of the novel Perburuan that was written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The method used was qualitative descriptive. The approach was existentialism. The research technique was done by collecting data from words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that afterwards were categorized and analysed based on absurdity aspects. By the data analysed, it was interpreted with existentialism approach. The findings of the research study displayed the absurdity aspects as follows desperation, unbelief, unafraid of anything, cynicism, soul emptiness, pseudo hope, freedom, sentimentalism, and deadness. Keywords: Absurdity; Novel of Perburuan; Existentialism.

Translating “Interjections, Exclamations dan Phatic Expressions” from Indonesian Literature into English

Due to their uniqueness, which among others are having various forms (particles, morphemes, words, phrases, minor and extra-sentences), different form of part of speech, containing connotative, emotive or affective, and social-stylistic meanings, culturally-bound, etcetera, it is quite challenging to translate interjections, exclamations and phatic communions from one language to another, especially when it involves literary work. To discover the most effective strategies, analysis was conducted by comparing BumiManusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer with its English translation ‘This Earth of Mankind’ by Max lane. To gain the optimum meaning transportation, interjections, exclamations and phatic communions especially those containing socio-cultural meaning, those which has been archaic, universally used and understood, and any interjections, exclamations and phatic communions written in other language than that of source text should be retained. The spelling and the orthography can be adjusted to target language system if necessary andwhen the context allows. Any interjections, exclamations and phatic communions which have equivalent in target language have to be translated. Those with no equivalents should be retained as they are. For clarity,extra information can be added on their first appearance. On their second appearance onward, they can be retained. It is sometimes wise to translate them into a different part of speech.

Bilingualism in Gadis Pantai Novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

The background of this study begins from people who rarely use monoligual language (one language). But in daily life, there are still many people who use two languages (bilingualism). People who use local languages and Indonesian language for example. The purpose of this study is to describe bilingualism in novels as a sociolinguistic study that examines language in assessment with the user community. This research is used to provide information to readers about the bilingualism in Gadis Pantai (The Girl from the Coast) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study uses qualitative research with content analysis methods. The data source used in this study is primary data in the form of novel as the main data source. Secondary data of this study are reference books that support the study conducted by researchers. This research is useful for studying bilingualism in Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta. From the results of the study and discussion it can be concluded that Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer contains 25 sentences in bilingualism. Bilingualism that is found is between Javanese language and Indonesian language but indonesian dominated. Bilingualism is not only found directly in the communication of the language community but also can be found in literary works. This type of literary work can be in the form of a novel. Bilingualism in novels is found in conversations between characters in the novel.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA DALAM BIOGRAFI PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER KARYA MUHAMMAD RIFAI

Language error analysis is a method used in language learning, which aims to find out language mistakes made by students. This study aims to determine the language errors contained in the biography of Pramoedya Ananta Toer written by Muhammad Rifai. Using qualitative methods by reading and examining Pramoedya Ananta Toer's biography to find out the errors contained in the biography, the technique used for data collection is literature review by carefully reading Pramoedya Ananta Toer's biography to find out what errors are found in the biography. While the data analysis technique is to classify the errors found and then analyzed in accordance with these errors. From the biography there are errors in (1) phonology (there are 1 errors in phoneme change and there are 2 errors in phoneme removal), (2) morphology (sound errors that should be melted, but there are no errors and 1 error is used), (3) syntax (phrase field errors there are 2 errors, redundant word errors there are 2 errors and errors in the sentence field there are 6 errors), preposition errors there are 1 errors), (4) semantics (errors in the choice of words there are 4 errors), and language errors in the application of spelling (punctuation errors there are 2 errors. So the number of errors found is 22 errors.

PEREMPUAN MANDIRI DALAM NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMUDYA ANANTA TOER DAN DRAMA MUTTER COURAGE UND IHRE KINDER KARYA BERTOLT BRECHT

The purpose of this study to describe and reveal the comparation of the independence of female characters in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia and in Bertolt Brecht’s Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using the comparative literature method. This research will describe and comprehend the comparison of independent female characters in the Pramudya Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia and in Brecht’s Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder by Bertolt Brecht. The results showed that from the comparison of two independent female character in two literary works, namely novel Bumi Manusia and drama Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder, it can be concluded that there are many similarities of the two independent female characters despite the difference. Equation (affinity) also showed that the two works were created by different authors are also mutually influence. Drama Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder by Bertolt Brecht created in 1938 possibly affect Bumi Manusia novel created by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in 1975. Moreover, both authors are communist and they created the two literary works while in exile.

SUBALTERNITAS PEREMPUAN DALAM CERPEN "INEM" DAN "PELARIAN YANG TAK DICARI" KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

This research studies about women subaltern in the two short stories of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Through his works, Pramoedya potrays gender inequality in which women are positioned marginally. Both characters do not have ability to voice themselves which Spivak mentions as subaltern. The research problems are the structure of the two short stories and the position of subaltern in the structure. This research uses deconstruction analysis method. The results indicate that there is such resistance by those oppressed group. Meanwhile, the author presents not only the subaltern who acts passively throughout the text, but also makes effort to fight for freedom. However, the voice of them are not heard. They remains under the oppression of men.

Translating Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes toward Women in Pulau Buru Quartet: An Appraisal Theory Approach

Indonesian classic literary works culturally represent ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Instead of campaign againts sexism in most of countries, the novelist directly or indirectly plays role in the case of spreading out sexism. The track record of Indonesian literary works in wide world literature exposes that Pulau Buru quartet written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer has obtained special attention by readers over the globe. It has been translated into more than 40 foreign languages. Due to the phenomena, the research is conducted to examine how the translator translates the utterances which contain ambivalent sexist attitutes toward women in English version. The research is focused on analyzing the application of translation techniques and the impact to its translation quality. The results reveals that translator shows a contradictive attitudinal positioning. It means that the translator both takes it for granted and retains ambivalent sexist attitudes in the target text. Simultaneously, the translator attempts to make censorship for the issues. It is evidently reflected by the application of translation techniques. Both of translator’s decisions dealing with the choice of applying translation techniques impacts its translation quality. Therefore, it is product oriented translation research. Consequently, it needs futher research to dig up the translator’s reasons dealing with the absence and existence of ambivalent sexist attitudes in the target text.

NOVEL KORUPSI KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER DAN KORUPSI KARYA TAHAR BEN JELLOUN SERTA KESESUAIANNYA SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SEKOLAH

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Korupsi and Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Korupsi are two literary works of world writers who have similarities in terms of titles and themes. This study aims to find out and describe the structure, describe the similarities and differences, and knowing and describing the suitability between Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Korupsi and Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Korupsi as material for literary learning at school. The object of this research is Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Korupsi and Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Korupsi. Through the qualitative research paradigm, this research was conducted using descriptive methods of comparative analysis and objective approaches based on the literature itself. The data collection technique of this study uses library research. In connection with the comparative literary work step, research applies structural analysis by applying Robert Stanton's structuralism theory to reveal the similarities and differences contained in the two novels. Based on the results of comparative analysis of textual structures, we obtain a description of differences and similarities from two data sources so that it can be concluded that the Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Korupsi influences to Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Korupsi as indicated by the use of titles, themes, characters and characterizations. The results of a comparative study of the Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Korupsi and Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Korupsi are used as recommendations for literary learning in schools. The Corruption novel by Pramooedya Ananta Toer is suitable as a literary learning material in schools, while the Corruption novel Tahar Ben Jelloun is not appropriate because it does not meet 3 criteria and aspects of the selection of teaching materials, namely aspects of language, culture, and psychology.

Ag LANGUAGE VARIATIONS FOUND IN THE NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

The purpose of this study describes the use of language variations found in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach and the method used is a content analysis method that aims to provide an objective picture of language variations in accordance with the data contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data used in this study are written data in the form of novel texts containing language variations in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer published by Mardi Yuana Printing Graphic Printing in 2015. Based on the analysis, there are variations in language in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer namely: Dutch, Japanese, Javanese and English. In the novel Bumi Manusia, Dutch is a variation of language that dominates from other languages ​​because in this novel it is told that there was a Dutchman in the Dutch East Indies. In the novel Bumi Manusia, Japanese is not very visible because Japanese is only a distraction in just one part. Javanese language can be said as a variation of language that dominates the two because in this novel tells the life of a genuine Javanese who falls in love with a Netherland. Same thing with the Javanese language in the novel Bumi Manusia, English is no less in existence with other language variations found in this novel. The significance of the study is to give useful information about the language variation and useful contribution for linguistic and education

The complexity results of Culture Works in A Novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer Anthropological Study of Literature

The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) language, (2) knowledge systems, (3) the equipment system of life and technology, (4) livelihood systems, (5) religious system, and (6) arts in the novel entitled Bumi Manusia written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The approach used in this study is anthropological literature approach. The data collection techniques used in this study are using log read, literature, and an analysis description. Data analysis technique used in this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis. The results obtained are as follows. (1) language: that kowe and Nyai (2) knowledge systems: some kinds of foods such as kopi susu and rujak, (3) the equipment system of life and technology: means of transportation that are dokar and kursi goyang, (4) livelihood systems: the object used is a pencil, (5) the religious system is in the form of flowers, and (6) art is in the form.

Translating “Swear & Curse Words” from Indonesian Literature into English

Translating swear and curse words in a literary work is very challenging. Not only does it depict real life in the past, but it is also socio-culturally bound. Some words might have become archaic. To seek the best strategy, an analysis of the translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s BumiManusia into “This Earth of Mankind” by Max Lane was performed. Strategies employed when a swear or curse words do not have the equivalence in the target language are as follows; 1) translate by using the literal form; 2) substitute the swear words from the target language with the closes features when context can help the readers understand the meaning and add and exclamation mark to deliver the emotive meaning; 3) add a lexical emphasis to preserve the emotive meaning; 4) use a completely different form of swear words but have the same meaning; 5) for swear and curse words using animal names can be replaced with any forms of swear and curse words but with the same meaning; and 6) swear words in a form of onomatopoeia can be retained as it is as long as the context allows.

Swearword in Steinbeck’s Novel “Of Mice and Men” and Its Indonesian Translated Version Toer’s “Tikus dan Manusia”

Of Mice and Men is a novel written by John Steinbeck, published in 1937. It tells about the story of George Milton and Lenny Small, two displaced migrant ranch workers, who move from place to lace in California in searching of a new job opportunities during the Great Depression in the United States. The novel is translated to Indonesian by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in “Tikus dan Manusia. So, it seems fun to analyse how the translator transfer meaning from source language to target language, especially in translating swearword which is found in the novel. The researcher used Hudges’s (1991) theory about swearword and Molina and Albir (2005), and Fawcet(1997) about translation techniques used by the translator. From the analysis, the researcher found 9 data of imbecile term for nuts, cuckoo, and ain’t bright, 23 data general terms for bastard and crazy, 39 data of death terms for the hell and goddamn, 6 data of mother in law terms for son of bitch, 1 data of racist for Nigger, 3 data of animal terms of rats, chicken, and cat, and 6 data of sexual irregulities for tart and bitch. It is also, 5 kinds of swearword translation techniques in the research, they are 9 data of literal translation, 1 data of particularization, 1 data of reduction, 3 data of transposition and 1 data of adaptation