Pramoedya Ananta Toer Research Articles

PERJUANGAN PEREMPUAN MERAIH KEMANDIRIAN DALAM RUANG SOSIAL STUDI ATAS NOVEL MIDAH SIMANIS BERGIGI EMAS KARYA PRAMODYA ANANTA TOER

Abstract. The struggle of women gain independence in the social space studies on novel Midah simanis gold teeth Pramodya work Ananta Toer. This article analyzes the novel Midah Simanis Gold Teeth by Pramoedya Ananta Toer using elements of narrative theory and the concept of Pierre Bourdieu on social room, arena, capital, habitus and distinction, discusses the process of Midah leaders struggle to achieve independence in the social space. The results showed that although Midah received discriminatory treatment in the social space, both private and public, he was able to perform a variety of operations and strategies by optimizing and developing its capitals to achieve success and independence of life.

NOVEL GADIS PANTAI KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER: ANALISIS HEGEMONI *) (A Novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer: an Hegemony Analysis)

A literary work used by author in offering some ideologies to the readers. Through this literary work, especially the conflict between characters, an author can influence reader’s view and ideology. This article tends to explore ideology contention of the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer used Gramsci hegemony analysis. The result of this analysis is novel Gadis Pantai offers three ideologies: feudalism, coast cultural primitive, and socialist realism. In this novel, the two contrast cultures viewed as a quiet enough culture so that the ideal culture is socialist realism. Keywords: ideology, coast, gentry, hegemony, socialist realism.

CRITICISMS TOWARD JAVANESE CULTURE IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S BUMl MANUSlA: AN ANALYSIS ON THE DOMINANT CULTURE OF THE PRIYAYI

It is not an exaggeration if we say Java-with its people and its culture-Dominates almost all aspects of the Republic of Indonesia. Many Javanese things are used and imitated by people other than Javanese. Pramoedya Ananta Toer. as a Javanese writer. sees the Javanese culture from another angle. He is able to notice the inappropriate Javanese concepts and prac.tices. Bumi Manusia is a novel that reveals Pramoedya's criticisms toward Javanese culture

Novel Gadis Pantai Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer

The purpose of this study was to describe the objectification of women in the Gadis Pantai novel work Pramoedya Ananta Toer, published in 2007. The theory used in this research is feminist about gender differences. The data collection was done by using literature. The method used to analyze data is descriptive analysis.This discussion resulted in the following points. First, the social stratification of society that social class of the nobility (flag) and grassroots groups (the majority), creates the relation between women as objects and men as subjects. Second, the weak role of women in society and the family, facilitate the ongoing objectification of women. Third, the objectification of women has always led to the violence that makes women find it difficult to rise..
 
 Keywords: gender, women, objectification

Perjuangan Kesetaraan Gender dalam Karya Sastra Kajian terhadap Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban dan Gadis Pantai

The struggling of gender in the male hegemony challance were discussed often in discourse, a part is in literature. This paper was analyzed the gender struggle in two novel i.e. Perempuan Berkalung Surban (The Woman to wear a necklace of headdress) novel, that wrote by Abidah El-Khalieqy and Gadis Pantai (The Beach Girl) novel, that wrote by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The first novel is wrote by a woman have pesantren ‘educational institute with a Moslem bacground’ background and second novel is wrote by a man have nasionalism-realism-socialist ideology. To analyze second novel have used sociology of literature and with feminist literature chritic approach.Result of analyze are shown that gender struggle in novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban is backgrounded by male repressive against women base the explanation and interpretation of the verses from the Koran (Islam religion) that very patriarchal. As for the gender struggle in novel Gadis Pantai is backgrounded by male repressive against women base feudalistic tradition, the woman as private property of man. Standing point of feudalist, tirany, and have not to appraise or to value the women, then respond by women with gender struggle.

ANALISIS TERJEMAHAN BAHASA PERANCIS PADA NOVEL PERBURUAN KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

This article reveals the results of this analyze the translation into French language of novel Perburuan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This novel has chosen as our resource of this research because this novel has won the BalaiPustaka award in 1949 in Jakarta and this novel describes the ideology of the people in Indonesia and Japanese colonizer in Japanese colonization period. This study was conducted to answer our two questions, such as how translator translates the novelPerburuan and is the translator is a faithful translator or unfaithful translator?. This study is based on qualitative research by analyzing the translation of title, book cover and also the phrases translated which has indicated a translation style of French translator.we analyze this data by using the theories of translation such as post-colonial translation theory and cultural translation theory for third word countries as our references to analyze the novel translated intitledLe Fugitif by François-René Daillie. The results of this study are the translator is a faithful translator based on the contexte and content in the novel Perburuan. The style of faithful translation aims to convey the author’s intention as faithfully as possible into original version to the French readers.Keywords: Translation, language, novel, post-colonial translation, cultural translation

Pandangan Pramoedya Terhadap Resistansi Perempuan dalam Novel Era Revolusi dan Reformasi

A literary work reflects world vision of its writer, including the world of women. Pramoedya Ananta Toer participated to reveal the idealism of women’s resistance in revolution and reformation era through the characters of his story. Obtaining the world view of the writer toward women is important. This research aims to examine women’s resistance in the Revolution and Reformation era within 3 novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This research uses qualitative method with content and sociological analysis model. The problems of the analysis are (1) the historic flaming in which Pramoedya Ananta Toer writes Larasati, MSBE, and PRdCM; and (2) world’s view of Pramoedya Ananta Toer toward women’s resistance in Larasati, MSBE, and PRdCM. To explain the world’s view of the writer, this research also applies Lucien Goldmann’s genetic structuralism. The objective of this research is to reveal the women’s resistance within three prominent characters who have fought in some different ways for justice in revolution and reformation era. This confirms that Pramoedya brings justice and gender equality in the world of women.

PRIBUMI SUBALTERN DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL INDONESIA PASCAKOLONIAL

This research is motivated by colonial problems in the archipelago that still leave traces of oppression as well as efforts of the struggle of the natives to escape from the impact of the ideology. The trail of colonial colonization that still lags behind creates indigenous groups that become subalterns-isolated, oppressed, and discarded groups. In the postcolonial theory of subaltern Gayatri Spivax it is stated that among the most victimized groups of colonialism are women. Relevant to the issue, this study aims to describe the forms of oppression and the struggle of indigenous people, especially women who become subalterns, against the colonial ideology. Data obtained from modern Indonesian novels are then analyzed qualitatively. Based on the research data source, Orang-orang Blanti by Wisran Hadi, Maya by Ayu Utami and Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, the result of this research shows that indigenous figures, especially women become subaltern because they are marginalized, economically impoverished, labeled, As well as experiencing sexual harassment. Furthermore the form of the struggle of indigenous women in the face of colonial oppression in the context of the subaltern is to foster the spirit of struggle by recalling the glory of the past, practicing the knowledge gained through modern education, maintaining traditional and cultural values, as well as mimicry

THE ROLE OF LITERATURE IN INDONESIAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

In Indonesia, literature has been one of critical media to respond to the political and social issues. This study reviewed three literary works of the three Indonesian writers from different era: Bumi Manusia (1980) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Potret Pembangunan dalam Puisi (1980) by W.S. Rendra and Laskar Pelangi (2008) by Andrea Hirata. In this study, the writer analyzed how each literary work conceive the idea of political and educational development and how they contribute positive impacts to the development process of Indonesia society. The findings confirm each literary work has some similarities to the other in regards to contribute the idea of Indonesia development. The three authors agreed that education is an effective aspect to develop Indonesia society. They also have the same opinion that education which has a better quality is not always come from the formal institution. They depict a wider concept of education which is obtained from the fantastic culture and moral values.Keywords: Indonesian literature, the role of literature, development

Colonial/Postcolonial Chronotopes in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's The Girl from the Coast

ABSTRACTThis essay uses Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of the “chronotope” to analyze the little-known novel The Girl from the Coast (written 1962; first published 1987) by the Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925–2006). It identifies three specific chronotopes—the house in the city, the village, and the road—which structure the narrative. Each of these chronotopes represents a stage in the development of the novel's anonymous female protagonist, who has grown up in a small village on Java's coast and at the age of 14 is handed over by her parents to a nobleman in the city to become his “practice wife.” By breaking out of her spatial marginalization, the protagonist simultaneously also develops a more complex sense of time, not only through an awareness of her country's troubled past, but also of its future potential. The novel can be read as a critique of power structures not only in place during colonial times, but also in Indonesia after its declaration of independence.

‘Anehnja hubungan ajah dan anak ini’

ABSTRACTThis article asks to what extent the depiction of father-son relationships in works by Pramoedya Ananta Toer published up to 1952 reflects what we know of his relationship with his father during those years. It finds that four works written between 1945 and 1949, when Pramoedya had little contact with a father with whom his relations had been difficult, contain negative portraits of fathers, including, in one case, Pramoedya’s own father and, in another, a character substantially modelled on his father. There is a marked change of attitude in Bukan pasar malam (It’s not an all night fair), Pramoedya’s account of his visit to his dying father, when sympathy and respect for his father as man and nationalist dominate the author’s feelings. Something of this change of attitude remains in two stories from the collection Cerita dari Blora (Tales from Blora) which recount Pramoedya’s own childhood memories of his family, but echoes of the tensions between father and son remain in other stories from that collection. So, it appears, do they in Bumi manusia (This earth of mankind), the first volume of Pramoedya’s late major work, the Buru quartet.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Voice for Humanity Values vs. Javanese Tradition in The Girl from the Coast

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, an Indonesian leading prose writer in 1940s to 1960s, deeply understands that authors have great role in creating good sense in society through their works. Pramoedya often reflects the struggle for raising, human dignity in his compositions. His critical attitude in expressing the social change often makes him in conflict with the state power. Consequently, Indonesian government banned his works for a long time, but international world welcomes them positively. He loads his works with messages of humanity values appreciation that mostly are not in line with local culture values in the works. Pramoedya often sets his stories in Javanese culture, which is believed to have practiced a number of world views related to the degradation of humanity values.The Girl from the Coast is one of Pramoedyas works containing contradiction between these two different sides of values. The Girl from the Coast loaded with a deeply personal source portrays a nameless Javanese teenage girl facing difficult problem in her life becoming a practice wife of a Javanese aristocrat (Bendoro) and becoming a commoner. It tells the story of Pramoedyas maternal grandmother and based on stories he had heard about her, her life as he had witnessed it while still a child and his imagination. The work contains some concepts that deteriorate the human kind values. These values encompass different position of woman and man nobility and commoner, and violence in maintaining the nobilitys worldview. By using content analysis, this paper attempts to reveal Pramoedyas effort in voicing his concept on humanity values, which are contradictive with the Javanese tradition in the earlier time.

THE STRUCTURE OF MYTH FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA'S THE KING, THE WITCH AND THE PRIEST

Being a part of a certain culture makes a literary work is not immune from its influence. This applies also to literary works which deliver stories from the past, Pramoedya Ananta Toer's The King, The Witch and The Priest for example. To confirm the influence, this article would like to see the structure of myth in this story with the help of Greimas' Actantial Model. Under the approach of structuralism, finding the six actants of some important actions selected from the plot analysis is conducted to discover the pattern. The pattern then is used to understand the structure of mythfound in the story. This study results on the existence of the structure of myth whereby the good one always wins at the end of the story, no matter how powerful the evil is.

Khazanah Sastra Indonesia sebagai Sumber Kekayaan Konten Budaya di Zaman Ekonomi Kreatif

Indonesian literature may serve as a source of culture contents in today’s creative economy. Appear in various genres, both traditional and modern Indonesian literatures provide stories with culture content that gives marvelous economic value. The success story of Harry Potter series in UK is the perfect example. The richness of the story and the creativity of Indonesian people are possibly dug up deeper and developed in the creative industry. In accordance to this particular matter, academicians in linguistics and literature major need to be given some kind of stimuli by the government. The enormous number of traditional tribes in Indonesia makes it rich with its culture and literature. Indonesia built priceless historical sites such as Borobudur Temple. It shows that it is one of the nations with fine culture. It has rich and unique civilization and cultural heritage. It is the source for interesting folktale, which in turn, plays role as a means of propagating various cultural traditions. Indonesia is highly potential in its culture contents because of its enormous number of story and people’s creativity. It has interesting stories across the archipelago and also some iconic figures such as Pramoedya Ananta Toer and others. This condition opens the door for deeper exploration and development in creative industry. To make it happen, the role of the government is more than needed because they have the power to guide and integrate those potentials.

PROSA, RUANG, DAN KOTA PASCAKOLONIAL

Today, the studies on post-colonial urban space in relation with Indonesian modern prose can be said to be minimal. On the other hand, in the history of Indonesian literature, we are endowed with writers like Armijn Pane, Idrus, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Iwan Simatupang, Budi Darma etc., who consistently write prose with the background of the ex-colonial towns. Unfortunately, there is no enough studies of the encounter between those writers with the city as a representation of a post-colonial experience. This paper tried to track the integral relationship between Indonesian modern prose writers to the city by using the spatial space theory in relation to the study of post-colonial literature in Indonesia. This analysis used the spatial theory by Sara Upstone as the approach, especially regarding to space (spatial) city. Keywords: spatial, city, postcolonial.

PROSA, RUANG, DAN KOTA PASCAKOLONIAL

Today, the studies on post-colonial urban space in relation with Indonesian modern prose can be said to be minimal. On the other hand, in the history of Indonesian literature, we are endowed with writers like Armijn Pane, Idrus, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Iwan Simatupang, Budi Darma etc., who consistently write prose with the background of the ex-colonial towns. Unfortunately, there is no enough studies of the encounter between those writers with the city as a representation of a post-colonial experience. This paper tried to track the integral relationship between Indonesian modern prose writers to the city by using the spatial space theory in relation to the study of post-colonial literature in Indonesia. This analysis used the spatial theory by Sara Upstone as the approach, especially regarding to space (spatial) city. Keywords: spatial, city, postcolonial.

The Role of Imprisonment and Censorship in the International Success of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Buru Quartet Novels

Imprisonment and censorship that is meant to silence Pramoedya Ananta Toer and his books did not succeed. On the contrary, they only help popularize Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Buru Quartet novels in the international market. Through some library researches, this article analyzed the purpose of imprisonment, the impacts it has on Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s career in the literary world and related them to Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of capital. It is concluded that this triumph over imprisonment and censorship owes its success to Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s strong connections with the people that matter in his lifetime.

Cultural Imaginary, the Rule of Law, and (Post-) Colonialism in Indonesia: Perspectives from Pramoedya Ananta Toer's 'This Earth of Mankind'

This article focuses on culture and rule of law in Indonesia, which provides an excellent case study in colonialism and post-colonialism. The colonial heritage of Indonesia goes back to the early 1500’s until independence was declared in August 1945. This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer is an appropriate text because it concerns the struggle of a Native Indonesian with various colonial institutions at the turn of the 19th Century through the eyes of an author who lived through colonial rule, Japanese occupation, and liberation. This article begins with a framework for analysis of the cultural imaginary based on recent work of Desmond Manderson. He identified three methods for law and literary analysis: the mimetic, the romantic and modernism. After summarizing the method of analysis, the article will outline two main tenets for assessing the rule of law. The third section applies the methods and the rule of law standards to the narrative in This Earth of Mankind. It will show that the colonialism’s use of law, at least from the perspective of the colonized, was inconsistent with core tenets of rule of law. It also shows that the narrative includes persuasive arguments critical of colonial rule of law. More importantly, it will show that the narrative provides a more nuanced depiction of law and colonialism, including a showing that non-colonial practices were even less consistent with rule of law and that colonialism empowered the colonized so as to promote the rule of law, although without success in the narrative. The third section ends with a few comments about historical context for the narrative, before turning to the conclusion.

PERANAN SASTRA INDONESIA DALAM MEMBANGUN KERAGAMAN BUDAYA: PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH

Dulce et utile is not an odd word in literary world, Dulce et utile is not an odd word to the world of literature, because it is the function of literature. A literary work which is born as the graffiti of the writer has a goal to be entertaining and useful to readers. The benefit is the reader can get many forms of messages, such as moral, religious, even culture. Such as works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer is considered to be influencing the things that are not good for the reader. This can be explained that literary works actually have the ability to affect the thought dimension and socio-cultural of society. This paper describes how the literature can have a cultural influence in Indonesia in terms of history.

Situated testimonies: dread and enchantment in an Indonesian literary archive

The Indonesian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer made a distinction between a downstream literary reality and an historical reality. Pramoedya suggested that literature has an effect on the upstream flow of history and that it can in fact change history. In Situated Testimonies Laurie Sears illuminates this process by considering a selection of Dutch Indies and Indonesian literary works that span the twentieth century and beyond and by showing how authors like Louis Couperus and Maria Dermout help retell and remodel history. Sears sees certain literary works as situated testimonies, bringing ineffable experiences of trauma into narrative form and preserving something of the dread and enchantment that animated the past. These literary works offer a method of reading the emotional traces that historians may fail to witness or record-traces that elude archival constructions where political factors or colonial conditions have influenced processes of what is preserved and how it is shaped. Sears' use of Donna Haraway's notion of situatedness reiterates the idea that all of us speak from somewhere. Testimony, especially eyewitness testimony, is a gold standard in historical methodology, and the authors of literary works are eyewitnesses of their time. But the works of authors like Tirto Adhi Soerjo and Soewarsih Djojopoespito are first of all written as literature, and literary or stylistic devices cannot be ignored. Sears finds substantial evidence of the movement of psychoanalytic theories between Europe and the Indies/Indonesia throughout the twentieth century. She concludes that far from being only a Jewish or European discourse, psychoanalysis is a transnational discourse of desire that has influenced Indies and Indonesian writers for more than a century. Psychoanalytic ideas, and the suggestion by French psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche and Indonesian author Ayu Utami that memories, like literature, can move us back and forth in time, have inspired Sears' thinking about historical archives, literature, and trauma. Soekarno's words haunt this book as he haunts Indonesia's past. Situated Testimonies rewrites portions of the literary and social history of Indonesia over a sweep of many decades. Historians, scholars of literary theory, and Indonesianists will all be interested in the book's insights on how colonial and postcolonial novels of the Indies and Indonesia illuminate nationalist narratives and imperial histories.