Ppm GA3 Research Articles

Effect of nitrogen and plant growth regulators on seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The present investigation on effect of nitrogen [N0 (Control), N1 (50 kg N/ha), N2 (100 kg N/ha), and N3 (150 kg N/ ha)] and plant growth regulators [G0 (Control), G1 (50 ppm GA3), G2 (50 ppm NAA) and G3 (500 ppm Cycocel)] on seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. GJB 3 was carried out at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during kharif 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in field as per randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications. The seed harvested from 16 different treatments combinations replicated thrice from the field were analyzed in the laboratory following completely randomized design (factorial) for various seed quality parameters. Application of nitrogen @ 150 kg N/ha recorded significantly (P<0.05) highest seed yield per plant, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and vigour index – 2 (mass), while application of 100 kg N/ha resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight and vigour index – 1 (length). Application of GA3 at 50 ppm recorded significantly the highest seed yield per plant, germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, vigour index – 1 (length) and vigour index – 2 (mass). Among the 16 different treatment combinations, nitrogen @ 150 kg/ha and GA3 50 ppm noted the maximum seed yield per plant, shoot dry weight and vigour index – 2 (mass), while significantly the maxi-mum germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and vigour index – 1 (length) were registered in treatment combination nitrogen 100 kg N/ha and GA3 @ 50 ppm. Therefore, it is advised that application of 100-150 kg of N/ha as a nitrogenous fertilizer and spray GA3 @ 50 ppm (G1) at 45 days after transplanting helps in increasing the seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal seed production.

Seed Dormancy and Germination Requirements of Two Endemic Palm Species of Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan endemic lowland rain forest palm species Areca concinna and Oncosperma fasciculatum are considered to be threatened due to habitat loss. Seed dormancy and germination behavior of these species are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the dormancy, germination requirements and the effect of storage time on dormancy alleviation of these species. Ripe fruits of A. concinna and O. fasciculatum were collected from home-gardens and natural populations. Initial moisture contents of fruits were measured. The effects of different gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) and the removal of fruit coats and/or operculum on seed germination of both species were tested in vitro. The effects of wet storage (moist coir dust in sealed bags) at 250 C and dry storage (open trays) at ambient room temperature (approx. 29º C) on seed dormancy break and seed viability were tested after 0, 3, 9 and 12 months. Fruit moisture of A. concinna and O. fasciculatum were approximately 15% and 30%, respectively. Intact fruits of A. concinna treated with 500 ppm GA3, showed a significantly higher germination percentage (88%) than 0 ppm (33%) (P<0.05).Intact fruits of O. fasciculatum did not respond to GA3 treatments, with <4% germination. The highest germination percentages were achieved by removing pericarp+mesocarp+endocarp and 1000 ppm GA3 application in A. concinna (89%), and removing pericarp+mesocarp and operculum in O. fasciculatum (36%). Seed viability of fresh A. concinna was 87% and remained high even after 12 months of dry storage while that of O. fasciculatum has declined to 2% from 85% after 6 months of dry storage. Seed germination percentages of intact A. concinna and O. fasciculatum after 12 months of dry storage were 20% and 0% respectively. Seeds of A. concinna stored wet at 25ºC germinated slowly during 12 month period reaching 22%. Seeds of O. fasciculatum showed a similar pattern reaching 36%. It can be concluded that both species exhibit physiological dormancy. O. fasciculatum was identified as recalcitrant while A. concinnaas orthodox. Seed germination of A. concinna can be promoted by removing all fruit coats and GA3 treatment whereas in O. fasciculatum by removing the operculumor storing seeds in moist coir dust for >6 months. These findings will be useful in producing seedlings for restoration of these species.Keywords: Areca, Oncosperma, Orthodox, Physiological dormancy, Recalcitrant

Response of GA3 as foliar spray on the performance of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) varieties

A field experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 at R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra, U.P to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on growth and flower production in different varieties of Gladiolus. The investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting12 treatment combinations (0, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) GA3 along with 3 Varieties viz. Pusa Vidushi (V1) Chandni (V2) and Popidear (V3) Among all the treatment combination under the trial was found significant, On the basis of results obtained on various aspects of the study envisaged that foliar spray of 150 ppm GA3 on variety Chandni produced better growth and flowering as well as corms production of gladiolus under the experiment.

Effect of pre-sowing treatment on seed germination of Ixora coccinea L.

<p><em>Ixora coccinea</em> L. is ornamentally and medicinally important coastal plant also associated with mangroves of Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri district. In present study seeds of <em>I. coccinea</em> were treated with cold water, 50°C hot water, germinator solution and also 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 500 ppm GA. Germination percentage were measured every day until no germination were observed. Data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant mean difference in pair of treatments was analysed by using t-Test. Seeds of <em>I. coccinea </em>treated with 100 ppm GA showed highest germination percentage i.e. 90% followed by hot water treated seeds and it showed 85% germination.<em> </em>Seeds were treated with GA, Hot water, Germinator, soaking in cold water showed significant difference in between treatments ( p<0.05). Overall results suggest that 100 ppm GA and hot water treatment used for enhance the germination of <em>I. coccinea</em> seeds.</p>

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

Germanium, gallium and indium are in high demand due to their growing usage in high-tech and green-tech applications. However, the mineralogy and the mechanisms of concentration of these critical elements in different types of hydrothermal ore deposits remain poorly constrained. We investigated the mineralogical distribution of Ge, Ga and In at the Mt Carlton high-sulfidation epithermal deposit in NE Australia, using electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Parageneses from which selected minerals were analyzed include: Stage 1 acid sulfate alteration (alunite), Stage 2A high-sulfidation enargite mineralization (enargite, argyrodite, sphalerite, pyrite, barite), Stage 2B intermediate-sulfidation sphalerite mineralization (sphalerite, pyrite, galena) and Stage 3 hydrothermal void fill (dickite). Moderate to locally high concentrations of Ga were measured in Stage 1 alunite (up to 339 ppm) and in Stage 3 dickite (up to 150 ppm). The Stage 2A ores show enrichment in Ge, which is primarily associated with argyrodite (up to 6.95 wt % Ge) and Ge-bearing enargite (up to 2189 ppm Ge). Co-existing sphalerite has comparatively low Ge content (up to 143 ppm), while Ga (up to 1181 ppm) and In (up to 571 ppm) are higher. Sphalerite in Stage 2B contains up to 611 ppm Ge, 2829 ppm Ga and 2169 ppm In, and locally exhibits fine colloform bands of an uncharacterized Zn-In mineral with compositions close to CuZn2(In,Ga)S4. Barite, pyrite and galena which occur in association with Stage 2 mineralization were found to play negligible roles as carriers of Ge, Ga and In at Mt Carlton. Analyzed reference samples of enargite from seven similar deposits worldwide have average Ge concentrations ranging from 12 to 717 ppm (maximum 2679 ppm). The deposits from which samples showed high enrichment in critical elements in this study are all hosted in stratigraphic sequences that locally contain carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. In addition to magmatic-hydrothermal processes, such rocks could potentially be important for the concentration of critical elements in high-sulfidation epithermal deposits.

Effect of GA3 and Shading on the Growth and Content of Artemisinin Compound in Leaf of Artemisia (<i>Artemisia annua</i> L.) Grown on the Medium Land of Karanganyar, Indonesia

Malaria is still becomes a concern for the government of Indonesia, since this disease has affected many people. Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic plant that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fever and of which the secondary metabolite is artemisinin. Enhanced production of the artemisinin content in the whole plant is desirable. This experiment was conducted in Karanganyar, Indonesia 900m asl. The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of GA3 and shading on the growth and content of artemisinin of Artemisia. Experiment using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) arranged in factorial treatments. The first factor was the concentration of GA3 consists of 4 levels, namely: G0 (without GA3), G1 (50 ppm GA3), G2 (100 ppm GA3) and G3 (150 ppm GA3). The second factor was the level of shade, which consists of three levels, namely: N0 (without shade), N1 (55% shade) and N2 (75% shade). The results showed that: 100 ppm GA3 increased plant dry weight, chlorophyll content and yield of total extract. A treatment without shade gives the best results on the height of plant, length of root, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant and yield of total extract. Treatment of 150 ppm of GA3 and 75% shade gave the highest content of artemisinin (3.96%) while control provided 0.64%.

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) under protected conditions

A field trial was conducted during 2015 and 2016, to study the effect ofgrowth regulators on growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality of strawberry cv. Chandler. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with 16 treatments viz.CPPU at 1, 2 and 4 ppm, GA3 at 25, 50 and 75 ppm, Promalin at 2, 4 and 6 ppm, GA4+7 at 5, 10 and15 ppm, NAA at 10, 20 and 30 ppm and control (water spray) and each treatment was replicated thrice. The results revealed that the plants sprayed with 15 ppm GA4+7 two weeks before flowering significantly reported highest plant height (33.43 cm), leaf area (239.70 cm2), number of flowers (31.94), fruit set (87.45 %), number of fruits per plant (29.02), yield (540.01 g/plant), fruit length (53.63 mm) and fruit diameter (37.19 mm) and fruit weight (23.70 g) as compared to control. This treatment resulted in 196.36 % increase in yield and 56.22 %in fruit weight over control. Plants sprayed with 6 ppm promalin also showed significant improvement in vegetative growth, fruit size, yield and fruit quality, which resulted in 137.92 % increase in yield and 51.81 % increase in fruit weight over control. Hence, it is concluded that foliar spray of 15 ppm GA4+7 applied 2 weeks before flowering is beneficial in improving growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry plants.

Behavior of some Hungarian wheat varieties to seed soaking in gibberellic acid under salt stress

Various abiotic stresses including high salinity strongly affect seed germination. Three Hungarian wheat landraces Gamási, Fóti and Kartali have been tested for seed germination, seedling growth and chemicals parameters when seeds were soaked in gibberellic acid (GA3) at the concentrations of 0, 75 and 150 ppm and at four levels of salinity stress 0, 5, 10 and 15 dSm-1. A laboratory experiment took place at Research Institute of Nyíregyháza. Factorial Experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications has been conducted. Seed soaking in GA3 before sowing significantly affected germination characteristics, seedling properties and the results of chemical analysis. The highest germination as well as K+ content of seeds were observed at seed soaking into 150 ppm GA3. However, Na+ and proline contents in seedling were decreased. The behavior of the tested Hungarian wheat varieties was genotype-dependent. Increasing salinity stress up to 15 dSm-1 significantly affected germination characteristics, seedlings parameters and chemical analysis. Fóti variety turned out to be the best at 150 ppm GA3 compared to the other two varieties. Moreover, it had the lowest Na+ and proline contents and highest K+ content.

Effects of Planting Date and Growth Hormone on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from October 2014 to March 2015 to study the effects of planting date and growth hormone on the growth and yield of cauliflower. The experiment consisted of two factors; Factor A: Three planting dates, such as P1: Planting on 1 November; P2: Planting on 15 November and P3: Planting on 1 December; Factor B: Four levels of Growth hormone, such as H0: No Hormone (control); H1: 10 ppm IAA (Indole-3 Acetic Acid); H2: 70 ppm GA3 (Gibberellic Acid) and H3: 10 ppm IAA + 70 ppm GA3. The experiment was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In case of planting date, the highest plant height (63.26 cm), number of leaves per plant (24.13), leaf length (59.26 cm), leaf breadth (19.31 cm) at harvest, curd diameter (22.25 cm), marketable yield per hectare (28.11 t ha-1) were recorded from P2 and the lowest of those parameters were recorded from P3. In case of growth hormone the highest plant height (63.10 cm), number of leaves per plant (23.66), leaf length (59.05 cm), leaf breadth (18.98 cm) at harvest, curd diameter (22.39 cm), marketable yield per hectare (29.88 t ha-1) were recorded from H3 and the lowest of those perameters were recorded from H0. Combination of planting date and growth hormone the highest plant height (65.96 cm), number of leaves per plant (26.42), leaf length (63.64 cm), leaf breadth (20.92 cm) at harvest, curd diameter (25.75 cm), marketable yield per hectare (31.03 t ha-1) were recorded from planting on 15 November and 10 ppm IAA with 70 ppm GA3 (P2H3) and the lowest parameters (21.75 t ha-1) were recorded from planting on 1 December and no hormone (P3H0). It is apparent from the above results that the combination of planting on 15 November and 10 ppm IAA with 70 ppm GA3 (P2H3) was more productive from the other combinations.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(2): 143-150 2016

Growth of mango (Mangifera indica L.) rootstocks as influenced by pre-sowing treatments

An experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2014 to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments on survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks. Mango stones were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm), Beejamruth (2 % and 3 %) and Thiourea (1 % and 2 %) for 12 and 24 hours. The trial was evaluated in Completely Randomized Design based on factorial concept and the treatments were replicated thrice. Imposition of treatments led to significant differences at 5 % level of significance for all parameters chosen in this study. Mango stones when treated with Thiourea at 1 % had the maximum shoot length (49.93 cm), root length (34.38 cm), shoot dry weight (21.08 g) and total dry weight (26.36 g). The highest number of lateral roots (10.90) and survival percentage (64.17) was observed in mango stones dipped in 100 ppm GA3. Between the two soaking duration, soaking mango stones for 24 hours recorded higher values for shoot length (45.03 cm), root length (32.79 cm), number of lateral roots (9.83), survival percentage (62.72), shoot root fresh weight ratio (4.30), shoot dry weight (21.33 g), total dry weight (26.28 g) and shoot root dry weight ratio (4.32). Thus, survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks can be substantially improved by soaking mango stones in aqueous solutions of 100 ppm GA3 or Thiourea at 1 % for 24 hours before sowing.

Effects of different dormancy-breaking and storage methods on seed tuber sprouting and subsequent yield of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties

Abstract Potato is an important food and cash crop which in Ethiopia is produced two or more times in a year. However, its productivity is low owing to a number of constraints including a) limited availability of quality planting materials, and b) poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at the time of planting. Two consecutive experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014: 1) to assess the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and storage methods on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties; and 2) to assess the effects of dormancy breakage treatments and storage methods on subsequent growth, yield and related traits of potato crop. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (Bubu and Bate), three levels of GA3 [0, 10 and 20 parts per million (ppm)], and three storage methods [in diffused light store (DLS), in pit store (PS), and in farm-yard manure (FYM)]. The first trial was laid out as a complete randomized design with four replications and conducted at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. The second trial consisted of seed from each treatment in the first experiment, planted in randomized complete block design with three replications on a farmers’ field. The results showed that varieties, application of GA3 and storage methods as well as the interaction among the variety and treatments significantly affected tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics and subsequent tuber yield. When tubers were treated with 20 ppm GA3 and stored under FYM, the dormancy period was reduced from 102.5 and 52 to 36.5 and 31 days in improved and farmer’s variety, respectively. Tuber treatment with 20 ppm GA3 and stored under DLS, PS, and FYM, increased marketable tuber yield by 31.6%, 29.6%, and 33.6%, respectively for Bubu variety and by 92.5%, 78.4%, and 80.9% for Bate variety, respectively compared to non-GA3 treated tubers stored under DLS, PS, and FYM. However, tubers of improved variety Bubu treated with 20 ppm GA3 and stored under DLS produced the highest marketable tuber yield of 34.20 ton per ha. Tuber quality attributes (specific gravity, dry matter, and total starch content) were affected only due to interaction effects of variety and GA3 application with the highest values at 20 ppm GA3 for improved potato variety Bubu. In general, the research indicated that treating seed tubers with GA3 and storing under DLS, PS or FYM promoted early tuber sprouting and better tuber yield of both varieties. These results suggest that, use of GA3 treatment combined with different storage methods enhances early tuber sprouting and increases tuber yield. Nevertheless, further research should be continued to evaluate different potato varieties, GA3 treatment, and storage methods under different atmospheric conditions and production seasons.

Seed dormancy in Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae): effects of cold-stratification and exogenous gibberellic acid application on germination

There are several different opinions regarding dormancy in tea (Camellia sinensis L.), but there is no strong evidence available to conclude whether or not these seeds are dormant. Freshly matured tea seeds collected from Hangzhou, China, at the natural dispersal time did not germinate in light at daily alternative temperature regimes of 10/15, 15/20, 20/25, or 25/35 °C, or at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Seeds were permeable to water and the embryos did not grow prior to radicle emergence, thus, the seeds have no physical, morphological, or morphophysiological dormancy. When cold-stratified at 4 °C for 1, 2, and 3 months, 64%, 88%, and 93% of the seeds germinated, respectively. Intact fresh seeds failed to germinate after treatment with 0, 10, 500, and 1000 ppm GA3, whereas 3%, 4%, 61%, and 86% of cracked seeds germinated, respectively. Thus, the seeds have nondeep and intermediate physiological dormancy. Seeds cold-stratified for 2 months that were buried at soil depths of 0, 1, and 5 cm in pots showed that seeds at 1 cm depth established significantly higher number of seedlings (P < 0.05) than at other two depths. Because tea seeds are susceptible to summer temperature drying, these seeds do not establish a persistent seed bank.

Effect of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Nutritional Status of Kiwifruit cv. Hayward

An experiment was conducted on 11-year-old vines of kiwifruit cv. Hayward grown on a T-bar trellis system for two years to study the influence of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on fruit nutritional status. Four different plant growth regulators viz., GA3 (25 and 50 mgL-1), BA (10 and 20 mgL-1), 2,4-D (10 and 25 mgL-1), TRIA (10 and 20 mgL-1) and a natural extract (4 gmL-1) were sprayed four weeks after full bloom. All the growth regulators proved effective in improving the nutritional status of kiwifruit. Highest fruit juice percentage was recorded with the application of 25 ppm GA3 followed by 10 ppm 2,4-D. TSS/ acidity ratio, vitamin C, total phenols and total carotenoids were also highest with 25 ppm GA3 followed by 50 ppm GA3. Fruit characteristics viz., fruit juice percentage, TSS/acidity ratio, vitamin C, total phenols and total carotenoids were lowest under control. It was concluded that application of 25 ppmGA3 or 50 ppm GA3 improved nutritional status of kiwifruit

Growth and Yield of Potato Solanum Tuberosum L. as Influenced by Soaking in GA3 and Potassium Fertilizer Rates

Gibberellic acid is a naturally occurring plant growth regulator which may cause a variety of effects, including the stimulation of seed germination by breaking seed dormancy. Gibberellins influence the dormancy of seeds, shoots, and other plant parts. Potato requires of balanced plant, mineral nutrients for growth and development without which yield and qualities of tubers are reduced. Potassium fertilizers are overlooked assuming that the soil is developed from K rich parent material and contains a sufficient amount of K to support crop growth. To achieve this aim, two field experiments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 seasons. Results revealed that increasing concentration of GA3 rates from 0 ppm GA3 to 30 ppm GA3 markedly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, foliage fresh and dry weight g/plant and No. of tubers/plant, tuber weight g/plant, tuber yield t/ha, TSS%, crude protein, tuber dry matter and starch %. It could be stated that increasing of GA3 rates from 0 ppm GA3 to 30 ppm GA3 significantly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, foliage fresh and dry weight g/plant and No. of tubers/plant, tuber weight g/plant, tuber yield t/ha, TSS%, crude protein, tuber dry matter and starch % by 8.82, 9.35, 4.5, 4.58, 34.7, 12.23, 12.48, 11.96, 25.15, 13.69 and 19.04 %, respectively as an average of both seasons. The results indicated that increasing potassium fertilizer rates from 0 kgK2O/ha to 172.5 kgK2O/ha markedly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, foliage fresh and dry weight g/plant and No. of tubers/plant, tuber weight g/plant, tuber yield t/ha, TSS%, crude protein, tuber dry matter and starch %. It could be noticed that increasing potassium fertilizer rates from 0 kgK2O/ha to 172.5 kgK2O/ha significantly increased plant height, chlorophyll content, foliage dry weight g/plant and No. of tubers/plant, tuber weight g/plant, tuber yield t/ha, TSS%, crude protein, tuber dry matter and starch % by 3.6, 10.83, 9.02, 16.18, 6.69, 6.62, 11.47,7.11, 7.1 and 4.66 %, respectively as an average of both seasons. It could be concluded that soaking seed tuber in 30 ppm GA3 and adding 172.5 kgK2O/ha maximized tuber yield and its quality.

Effect of growth regulators, PGPR and nitrogen on growth of apple nursery plants under protected conditions

The present investigations were conducted to assess the effect of growth regulators, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen on growth of nursery plants of apple under protected conditions at the experimental field of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design consisting of 18 treatments viz. soaking of seeds in 50 and 100 ppm GA3, PGPR's Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus methylotroicus for 12 hours before sowing, drenching of seedlings with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus methylotroicus, soaking of seeds + drenching of seedlings with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus methylotroicus, spray of GA3 (50, 100 and 150 ppm), CPPU (5, 10 and 15 ppm), urea (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and untreated control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The results revealed that seed soaking in 100 ppm GA3 for 12 h resulted in significant increase in height (86.03 cm), diameter (6.11 mm) and root growth (14.50 m), proportion of buddable seedlings (97%) and saleable plants (97%) in comparison to control. Soaking of seeds and drenching of seedlings with Bacillus licheniformis also registered better seedling and root growth and 95% seedlings attained buddable size in the month of July and resulted in production of 94% saleable plants in a year.

Effect of GA3 in combination with urea phosphate and BA on yield and physical quality parameters of grape cv. thompson Seedless

Effect of GA3 in combination with Urea Phosphate and BA on yield and quality parameters of grape cv. thompson Seedless was evaluated. ten treatments of GA3 in combination with Urea Phosphate and BA and control (water spray) were applied at two stages that were pre bloom and berry set. All the bioregulator and chemical treatments proved effective in improving yield and fruit physical characteristics as compared to control. Among all the treatments, the combined application of both GA3 and BA at different concentrations (30 ppm, 40 ppm GA3 and 10 ppm BA) at two stages (pre-bloom and berry set) effectively improved fruit physical parameters such as berry length, breadth, weight and number of berries per bunches. Finally we concluded that GA3 along with Urea phosphate and BA influence the yield and quality of grape cv. Thompson Seedless.

Seed oil quality of GA3 induced flowering evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.).

Gamma-linoleic acid in the seed oil of evening primrose makes it nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable. If evening primrose wants to be cultivated as an annual plant, sowing time is important. By the late sowing and depends to time most plants do not produce flower stem and stay in rosette stage until next spring. To solve this problem, the present study was performed. Seedling were transplanted to 4 kg plastic pots containing a mixture of leaf compost: local soil: perlite (1:2:1 ratio) and placed in outdoor conditions. Non-vernalized plants were then selected and treated with different temperature regimes (1, 2 and 3 weeks in 4-6oC) and gibberellic acid (GA3) application in different concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm, separately. The results showed that although some physiological parameters were affected by low temperature, no flower stem was produced. In contrast, plants that were treated with GA3 produced flower stem. Time of flowering and the number of flowers were significantly affected by the concentrations of applied GA3. Although yield components of GA3 induced plants were higher than that of normal growth plant, the seed yield of them was low. Surprisingly, the gamma linolenic acid (GLA) percentage of seed oil of plants treated with 2000 ppm GA3 was significantly higher than that of non- treated plants. Finally, it can be concluded that, although the application of GA3 guarantees delayed sowing evening primrose flowering and better GLA production, but low seed yield is a subject that cannot be easily ignored in production.

Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on seed germination of ker (Capparis decidua L.) and phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis)

Phalsa and Ker commonly propagated through seeds. Cuttings are difficult to root due to the presence of mu-cilage. The seedling plants of phalsa are fairly true to typem i.e., similar to mother plant, where ker germination and growth of the seedlings is one of the major problem. The investigation was carried by using different growth regulators and chemicals at different concentrations. The significant differences were found among the different treatments for Ker germination. The initiation and 50 per cent of germination was early in 300 ppm GA3 treated seeds (7.2 and 7.8 days, respectively) which is at par with GA3 200 ppm (7.4 and 8.0 days) and GA3 100 ppm (7.6 and 8.4 days) and delayed germination was observed in control (11.80 and 14.2 days). The maximum germination percentage was noticed in the seeds treated with GA3 300 ppm (97.33%) which was on par with GA3 200 (94.66%) and GA3 100 ppm (91.99%) and minimum was in control (64.0%). The survival per cent of seedlings varies from 22 to 30 per cent. Where as in Phalsa, initiation of germination was observed from 7th day to 11th day and 50% of germination was completed within 10th day to 15th day. The range of germination varies from 62 to 86% and Survival per cent of seedlings are 70 to 96 per cent.

Effect of seed priming with plant growth regulators and temperature on Withania somnifera L. DUNAL

Seeds of Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera var. Poshita and Jawahar-20) were exposed to various pre-soaking treatments (24,48 and 72 hours) with different concentrations of three growth regulators (GA3, IBA, and IAA) ranges from 0.25 to 150 ppm at different temperatures (22, 25 and 280C) to observe the combined effect of these factors on germination. Exposure at 280C with 100ppm GA3 for 24 hours soaking time and 125 ppm GA3 with 72 hours soaking time showed most synergistic effect on germination in J20 (76.66%) and Poshita (73.33%), respectively. Though IBA and IAA also showed significant increase in germination in both the varieties but it was not as effective as GA3. Study concluded that growth regulators and appropriate temperatures play a synergistic role in breaking the seed dormancy by influencing various metabolic activities at this moment.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit-set and Quality of Guava

Two plant growth regulators: β-NOA (50 and 80 ppm) and GA (200 and 250 ppm) were applied to emasculated flowers at anthesis to set parthenocarpic fruit, while in the control treatment fruit set was achieved by natural pollination. The application of β-NOA found ineffective in setting parthenocarpic guava. No significant differences were observed in the length and diameter of fruit between parthenocarpic and naturally pollinated seeded fruit at different days after anthesis. The mean fruit weight, TSS and ascorbic acid content of parthenocarpic fruit were similar to that of seeded fruit. Significant higher amount of total polyphenol was detected in the seeded fruit than the parthenocarpic fruit. Although 200 ppm GA showed comparatively better response to fruit growth, TSS and ascorbic acid content than 250 ppm GA but not in a statistical level.