Power Output Of Sources Research Articles

21.8 W acetylene-filled hollow-core anti-resonant fiberamplified spontaneous emission source at 3.1 µm.

We report a 20-W-level acetylene-filled nested hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (nested HC-ARF) amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source at 3.1 µm. A 1535 nm hundred-watt wavelength tunable single-frequency fiber laser with a high signal-to-noise ratio and narrow linewidth is built for pumping acetylene molecules. Simultaneously, a homemade 120 µm core diameter eight-tube nested HC-ARF is used as a gas chamber to obtain high pump laser coupling efficiency. The mid-infrared (mid-IR) ASE source output power of 21.8 W is achieved at 3.1 µm through the low-pressure acetylene gas-filled nested HC-ARF, and the slope efficiency is 25.1%. In addition, the ASE source features an excellent beam quality of Mx 2 = 1.16 and My 2 = 1.13. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, it is a record output power for such mid-infrared ASE sources while maintaining excellent beam quality. This work provides a new way to achieve high-power mid-infrared emission.

Exploring and validating heating dynamics in a radio-frequency electromagnetic field-based resonant chamber for mouse hyperthermia research

ABSTRACT Mild whole-body hyperthermia has been shown to have anti-tumor effects through an immune-modulating mechanism. Before it is widely applied in the clinic, tremendous mechanistic research in animals is necessary to adhere to evidence-based principles. The radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) based heating facility could be a good choice for hyperthermia treatment, but the heating characteristics of a facility, including structure design, electromagnetic and thermal dosimetry, and the biologic effects of hyperthermia, need to be well elucidated. Here, we reported the heating characteristic study on a resonant chamber (RC) excited by a 1800 MHz solid source. The EMF in the RC was stirred by 24 static reflectors, which resulted in the standard deviation of electric field intensity being below 3 dB in the EM homogeneity evaluation. For the exposure scenario, six free-moving mice were loaded into separate cases and exposed simultaneously in the RC. The EMF energy absorption and distribution in exposed mice were calculated with the 12-plane-waves method of numerical simulation. Different levels of core body temperature increment in exposed mice were achieved through regulation of the source output power. Overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) was detected in the liver, lung and muscle, but not in the brain of the exposed mice. The levels of representative inflammatory cytokines in the serum, TNF-α and IL-10 increased post RC exposure. Based on the heating characteristic study and validation, the applied RC would be a qualified heating system for mild whole-body hyperthermia effect research in mice.

Improving power output wind turbine in micro-grids assisted virtual wind speed prediction

Wind energy is an alternative form of energy easily obtainable in the landscape. However, the main challenge is to extract electrical power from varying wind speeds. Wind energy can be a significant production resource for power electronics technologies, converters, and electrical generators. Due to their dependence on wind speed, the output power from wind turbines experiences severe fluctuations with the change in wind speed, and ripples increase the output power from the wind turbine. Therefore, the engineers’ critical research prediction will smooth these extraction fluctuations. Several speed prediction methods have been used to reduce the changes in the output power of wind turbines. One of these wind speed prediction methods is a fast energy storage system that can be charged and discharged in seconds. Applying wind speed prediction to overcome the slowness of the wind source will be the primary approach considered in this article. Also, a wind turbine with a nominal power of 50 kW and an ultra-capacitor storage system are determined, and these sources are made in MATLAB/SIMULINK softwareIn this study, the control signal for adjusting the turbine pitch angle is derived from both actual and predicted data. The signal from actual data undergoes a multiplication by 0.8, while the signal from predicted data is multiplied by 0.2. This approach serves two purposes: firstly, it helps prevent overshooting of turbine power at the initial stages, ensuring a smoother transition. Secondly, it aids in maintaining a consistent power output of 50 kW during subsequent moments. By combining actual and predicted data in this weighted manner, the control system achieves a balanced response, effectively managing turbine power dynamics. Finally, the results show that utilizing wind speed prediction to improve output wind turbine in Micro-grids (MGs) will reduce fluctuations in the wind source's output power and the ultra-capacitor storage.

Quantifying Sustainable Urban Energy Solutions: Statistical Analysis of Renewable Adoption, Economic Viability, and Technological Innovations

In the context of quantifying sustainable and reliable urban microgrid energy solutions economic feasibility, and technological innovation, this study investigates the potential advantages of hybrid AC-DC microgrids (HMGs) over traditional AC microgrids by eliminating the need for voltage inverters and mitigating energy losses associated with AC-DC converters. We propose a probabilistic strategy for economic feasibility and optimizing the unit commitment of HMGs while considering the integration of renewable energy sources and batteries. To account for uncertainties stemming from load demand fluctuations, energy market price variations, and renewable energy source output power variability, we introduce a stochastic power flow model based on the 2 m point estimation method for economic feasibility and technological innovation of HMGs. Furthermore, we present a novel and robust hybrid optimization approach that combines the harmony search optimization method and genetic algorithm to explore the problem space and identify optimal solutions. This hybrid optimization method incorporates a unique two-stage modification technique, enhancing its search capabilities while preventing convergence to local optima. To assess the performance of our proposed method, we apply it to the IEEE test system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in achieving optimal management of the microgrid system, emphasizing its relevance to the quantification of sustainable and reliable urban microgrid energy solutions.

Application of DC-DC power module in electric vehicle system

DC-DC power module has been increasingly widely used in car manufacturing industry and studied by scientists due to its crucial role in electric vehicles. It has two major functions. One is to provide electric power that motivates the power steering system, air conditioning, and other auxiliary equipment; the other is to operate in a hybrid electric source system by connecting with super-capacitors in series in a circuit, which performs a function of regulating power source output, as well as stabilizing the DC voltage bus. This review aims to investigate the fundamental principle of DC-DC converter, to comprehensively review the different types of DC-DC power modules and their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations. In addition, to discuss the major challenges existing in this system currently, and the potential it has for future developments, which refers to the power output efficiency of the system when it is applied in electric vehicles. Finally, to demonstrate some real-life applications of this module, the representative examples of firms successfully applying this power module into production. This paper has a guiding significance for acknowledging the current state of development of DC-DC power modules in the electric vehicle system, and for studying some related research fields.

$\Delta V-\Delta I$ Plane-Based Line Faults Detection and Classification in DC Microgrid

The high fault current rise due to instantaneous capacitor discharge necessitates quick line fault detection in DC microgrids. Hence, this paper proposes a communication-less <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta V-\Delta I$</tex-math></inline-formula> plane-based line faults detection and classification scheme in a Low-Voltage (LV) DC microgrid using local parameters. Simultaneous threshold violations of difference of successive line current and bus voltage samples, with sum of squared currents and disagreement of instantaneous line current to its average echo, aid the scheme to identify forward and backward faults and categorize Pole-to-Ground (PG) and Pole-to-Pole (PP) faults. The proposed scheme is time-efficient as it quickly detects and classifies the worst possible close-in and line-end PG and PP High Resistance Faults (HRFs) within 0.72 ms. The proposed method's feasibility is validated in Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), Numerical Relay Development Environment (NRDE), and microcontroller-based hardware in loop setup. Comparison with previous techniques and tests on two LV DC microgrids indicate that the thresholds in the proposed scheme can aid in quick fault (even line-end HRFs) detection. Also, the proposed scheme is robust to grid-connected and islanded modes of operation, ring and radial configurations, noise, and non-fault events, like load switching, varying power output of sources, and AC side and internal converter faults.

Design and analysis of a d15 mode piezoelectric energy generator using friction-induced vibration

Research works have been conducted on transverse and longitudinal mode piezoelectric energy generation to collect energy from ambient vibrations. However, the inconsistency with the frequency of the energy source and low output power density remain problems for high energy output. In this work, we propose a shear mode piezoelectric energy generator, which utilizes the friction-induced vibration (FIV) and high shear mode piezoelectric coefficient to improve the energy output. A piezoelectric coupled FIV mathematical model is developed to accurately calculate the dynamic vibration response and voltage output. The dynamic voltage response is validated by experiment, and it proves the possibility of continuous friction-induced high-frequency vibration. The energy generation process is evaluated by transient charging simulation of a storage capacitor through an iteration process, which was experimentally validated in the literature. Parameter studies have been conducted to investigate the influences of the piezoelectric patch dimensional parameters, vibration system parameters, friction model parameters, methods of electrical connections, and different piezoelectric materials on the energy generation performance to provide guidance for better design. Under ideal experiment conditions with proper parameters, a volume of m3 PZT4 piezoelectric material indicates root mean square (RMS) charging power density of Wm−3 and Wm−3 with electrically in parallel and electrically in series, respectively. While using the same amount of material and structural setup, the single crystal PMN-PT piezoelectric material shows RMS charging power density of Wm−3 and Wm−3 with electrically in parallel and electrically in series, correspondingly. These promising results demonstrate that close to W-level RMS charging power output may be realized by structure optimization of energy generator design and incorporating multiple generators together for operation. Possible incorporation into vehicle braking systems can be considered to utilize the wasted friction energy, and it may offer an energy supply for low-power wireless devices.

Load Spectrum Compilation Method of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Reducers Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making

This article proposes a method for compiling the load spectra of reducers for hybrid electric vehicles. Selecting typical working conditions for real vehicle data collection, the load data under each typical working condition were divided into five categories according to the state of the power source and the data were preprocessed. The optimal sample loads for compiling load spectra were obtained based on a multi-criteria decision-making method, rainflow counting for optimal sample loads was performed according to different power source output patterns, non-parametric extrapolation was performed to obtain the full-life two-dimensional load spectrum after dimensionality reduction, and a full-life eight-level programmed load spectrum that could be used for bench tests was obtained. Using the programmed load spectrum and the extracted sample load as the load input, a fatigue life prediction simulation of the reducer gear of a hybrid electric vehicle was carried out. The reducer gear fatigue life from the programmed load spectrum was compared to the gear fatigue life under actual load. The fatigue life of the reducer gear when the programmed load spectrum was used as the input was 1.412 × 103. When the actual load was used as the input load, the fatigue life of the reducer gear was 1.933 × 103. The relative error between the two is only 26%, which is in the normal range. The results show that the programmed load spectrum is effective and reliable and that the load spectrum compilation method provides a basis for accurately evaluating the reliability of the hybrid electric vehicle reducer.

Modelling of ducted noise sources in the proximity of acoustic liners

This paper focuses on modelling and predicting the acoustic field generated by ducted point sources in close proximity to an acoustic liner. Two analytical models are presented. The first model comprises a point monopole or dipole source in an infinite lined duct based on an existing Green’s function. The predictions are compared with classic solutions for a source over an infinite lined plane and with a high frequency asymptotic duct approximation. The second model extends the Green’s function to include a liner section of finite length connected to hard-wall extensions by using mode-matching techniques. The new model features the inclusion of point sources in the vicinity of an impedance discontinuity. The accuracy of this model is demonstrated by comparison with reference FE solutions. Both models indicate a significant impact of the source proximity to the liner surface in the source power output. These models offer insight on the source modification effects beyond the conventional approach in the design of liners solely based on acoustic absorption.

Design of Buck Converter and PV Module for Solar Powered Sailing Boat

The main intention of this work is to minimize the operating cost and increase the power generation of solar photovoltaic (PV) power-driven sailing boat with buck converter. The design of dc-dc converter for solar powered sailing boat is presented here. The entire PV source output power is taken and given to the solar boat through buck converter. The entire output power from the PV source which is given to the dc load is enough to drive a boat. The Buck converter model and solar PV module has been designed and simulated with the use of Matlab Simulink and compared with theoretical predictions.

On the Development of a Light Dosimetry Planning Tool for Photodynamic Therapy in Arbitrary Shaped Cavities: Initial Results.

Previous dosimetric studies during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of superficial lesions within a cavity such as the nasopharynx, demonstrated significant intra- and interpatient variations in fluence rate build-up as a result of tissue surface re-emitted and reflected photons, which depends on the optical properties. This scattering effect affects the response to PDT. Recently, a meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-mediated PDT study of malignancies in the paranasal sinuses after salvage surgery was initiated. These geometries are complex in shape, with spatially varying optical properties. Therefore, preplanning and in vivo dosimetry is required to ensure an effective fluence delivered to the tumor. For this purpose, two 3D light distribution models were developed: first, a simple empirical model that directly calculates the fluence rate at the cavity surface using a simple linear function that includes the scatter contribution as function of the light source to surface distance. And second, an analytical model based on Lambert's cosine law assuming a global diffuse reflectance constant. The models were evaluated by means of three 3D printed optical phantoms and one porcine tissue phantom. Predictive fluence rate distributions of both models are within±20% accurate and have the potential to determine the optimal source location and light source output power settings.

Stable and Robust Alternating Current Power Source Control Technique Applied to Ultraprecision Machining of Aluminum Alloy Materials

This paper develops a stable, robust control technique for AC power sources in ultraprecision machining of aluminum alloy materials that maintains low total harmonic distortion output-voltage and fast transient under uncertain interferences. The proposed control technique associates the properties of the finite-time variable structure controller (FTVSC) with the gray Bernoulli model (GBM). The FTVSC provides finite system state convergence time with non-singular advantages, which is different from the asymptotic convergence of the traditional variable structure controller in infinite time. However, once there is a highly uncertain disturbance, there will be chatter around FTVSC. The chatter produces high voltage harmonics in the AC power source output, which reduces the stability of ultraprecision machining of aluminum alloy materials. The GBM is used to eliminate the chatter and produce a high performance AC power source. Experimental results on a high-performance AC power source show that the proposed stable and robust control technique can result in high quality AC output voltage against system uncertainties. Since the proposed control technique is easier to implement than the existing control technique, and has high-precision tracking, fast convergence speed and efficient calculation, this paper will cause an interest in researchers of related aluminum alloy materials applications.

Power and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Optimization in Mesh-Based Hybrid Optical Network-on-Chip using Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

To address the performance bottleneck in metal-based interconnects, hybrid optical network-on-chip (HONoC) has emerged as a new alternative. However, as the size of the HONoC grows, insertion loss and crosstalk noise increase, leading to excessive laser source output power and performance degradation. Therefore, we propose a low-power scalable HONoC architecture by incorporating semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). An SOA placement algorithm is developed considering insertion loss and crosstalk noise. Furthermore, we establish a worst-case crosstalk noise model of SOA-enabled HONoC and induce optimized SOA gains with respect to power consumption and performance, respectively. Extensive simulations for worst-case signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and power consumption are conducted under various traffic patterns and different network sizes. Simulation results show that the proposed SOA-enabled HONoC architecture and the associated algorithm help sustain the performance as network size increases without additional laser source power.

A low-phase noise D-band signal source based on 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS and 0.15 µm AlGaN/GaN HEMT technologies

AbstractThis paper reports on a record-low-phase noise D-band signal source with 5 dBm output power, and 1.3 GHz tuning range. The source is based on the unconventional combination of a fundamental frequency 23 GHz oscillator in 150 nm AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology followed by a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS MMIC including a sixtupler and an amplifier. The amplifier operates in compression mode as power-limiting amplifier, to equalize the source output power so that it is nearly independent of the oscillator's gate and drain bias voltages used for tuning the frequency of the source. The choice of using a GaN HEMT oscillator is motivated by the need for a low oscillator noise floor, which recently has been demonstrated as a bottle-neck for data rates in wideband millimeter-wave communication systems. The phase noise performance of this signal source is −128 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz-offset. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this result is the lowest reported phase noise of D-band signal source.

Fluorescence microscope light source stability.

The process of fluorescence starts with the efficient generation of light that is required for the excitation of fluorophores. As such, light sources are a crucial component of a fluorescence microscope. Choosing the right illumination tool can not only improve the quality of experimental results, but also the microscope's economic and environmental footprint. While arc lamps have historically proven to be a reliable light source for widefield fluorescence microscopy, solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become the light source of choice for new fluorescence microscopy systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that LEDs have superior light stability on all timescales tested and use less electrical power than traditional light sources when used at lower power outputs. They can be readily switched on and off electronically, have a longer lifetime and they do not contain mercury, and thus are better for the environment. We demonstrate that it is important to measure light source power output during warm-up and switching, as a light source's responsiveness (in terms of power) can be quite variable. Several general protocols for testing light source stability are presented. A detailed life cycle analysis shows that an LED light source can have a fourfold lower environmental impact when compared to a metal halide source.

Cloud-Fog Architecture Based Energy Management and Decision-Making for Next-Generation Distribution Network with Prosumers and Internet of Things Devices

With the increasing penetration of Internet of Things devices and distributed energy resources in the next-generation distribution network, the efficient energy management for system operation are facing new challenges. One reason is that the large-scale resources cannot be all connected to the supervisory control and data acquisition system, which have limited storage and computation capabilities. In order to adapt to the new energy management requirements of next-generation distribution networks, a state-of-the-art energy management method called cloud-fog hierarchical architecture is proposed in this work. Based on this architecture, we established a utility and revenue model for various stakeholders, including normal customers, prosumers, and distribution system operators. Furthermore, by embedding an artificial intelligence module in the proposed architecture, energy management could be implemented automatically. In this work, neural network are used at fog computing layers to achieve regression prediction of energy usage behavior and power source output. Moreover, based on the maximizing utility objective function, the amount of energy consumption of customers and prosumers in the distribution network was optimized with a genetic algorithm at cloud layer. The proposed methods were tested with a set of normal customers and prosumers in a general distribution network, and the results, including the captured usage patterns of the customers and revenues of various stakeholders, verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work provides an effective reference for the development of real-time energy management systems for the next-generation distribution network.

Economic Dispatch of Micro-grid Based on Sequential Quadratic Programming—Model and Formulation

This paper proposes an economic dispatch strategy for micro-grid based on the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. In this paper, in the off-grid operating state, according to the load, the kinds of micro sources and the operating cost, the power output minimizing the operating cost is calculated. When the system is connected to the grid, considering the tiered price, generation cost of CHP (Combined heat and power) based on micro-turbine, and generation cost of fuel cell, the paper calculates micro source power output based on the minimum operating cost. The characteristics of the proposed model and its benefits are investigated through several case studies.

Development of recycling method for CD-ROM using pulsed power

This paper describes a new recycling method for metal-coated plastics. Pulsed power technology was used to remove a metal layer (aluminum) from CD-ROM. The progress of removal and the state of discharge were investigated in detail. In addition, the shadow picture method including a digital image processing was used to estimate removal amount. A pulsed power generator using magnetic pulse compression (MPC-PPG) with maximum storage energy of 40 J/pulse was used. Pulsed power was applied to concentric ring electrodes placed on the CD-ROM. Separation between electrodes was about 35 mm. Results show that almost all of the metal layer was removed under application of about 30 shots of pulse power. A strong correlation between the removed area measured by the shadow picture method and the removed mass was obtained, allowing the removed area and mass to be measured instantly by the shadow picture method. Furthermore, it was revealed that the discharge onset voltage increases with gap length between the electrodes and the aluminum layer left on the surface. Due to the surface flashover voltage between ring electrodes of about 80 kV, a pulsed power source output voltage larger than 80 kV is required.

Multi-Input Single-Output State Space for Hybrid Power System Approach Using PEMFC

This paper presents the utilization of an Ultra-capacitor as an auxiliary power source in a hybrid power system, composed of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as a main energy source. The PEMFC source may not be sufficient to satisfy the power required, especially, the peak demand periods. So, we use an Ultra-Capacitor (UCap) because it offers a very fast power response and a high specific power. In addition, the UCap can round off the slowdown of the main source output power to produce the effectiveness and performance characteristics needed to a variable load. A regulation for the PEMFC and the UCap was given. Furthermore, a Power Management Unit (PMU) is proposed in order to reach the good functioning of the system. The analysis and the evaluation of the PMU is performed through simulation results to verify the reliability and the effectiveness of the proposed system using Matlab/Simulink environment.

Power measurements and coupler optimization in inductive discharges.

The power absorbed by the plasma is one of the key parameters which defines processes in any plasma source. This power, however, can be very different from the power at the rf power source output or the coupler terminals, which has been used in many publications to characterize the plasma. This article describes how to find the power absorbed by the plasma and the power lost in the coupler and matcher network for inductively coupled plasmas. In addition, several practical coupler configurations to reduce the coupler coil loss and minimize the rf plasma potential are discussed. We propose an effective and simple method to achieve that by the coupler coil splitting and insertion of the resonating capacitor in the middle of the coil. Our experimental data demonstrate this approach having superior coupler efficiency and substantially lower rf plasma potential.