Agglomeration Of Powders Research Articles

Polydopamine as interfacial layer regulating micron-sized boron/polytetrafluoroethylene composite to improve the combustion performance

Boron powder has high bulk calorific value and mass calorific value, and is widely used in high-energy explosives and propellants. However, in practical application, there are issues such as poor ignition performance and low combustion efficiency, which affect its energy performance. In this work, firstly, polydopamine (PDA) was used as a cladding to coat the micron-sized boron (µB) and formed µB@PDA, and then the µB@PDA was connected with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to study the effect of fluoride and PDA interfacial structure on the combustion and agglomeration of boron powder in air. Results indicate that the PDA interfacial layer thickness on the µB surface increases with the concentration of the dopamine hydrochloride mixed solution. By slowing down the rate of PTFE decomposition, the PDA coating can control the thermal reaction characteristics of µB, which in turn has a considerable impact on the flame spread and the combustion intensity. In particular, the synergy of PDA and PTFE can considerably reduce µB agglomeration during combustion.

Mechanism of nano-SiO2 internal generation for modification of cement-based materials

In order to address the issue of agglomeration of nano-SiO2 mineral powder and maximize its nano-effect, a novel method is proposed to internally generate nano-SiO2 for modifying cement-based materials. Firstly, a highly stable nano-SiO2 precursor solution (NP) is synthesized by liquid-phase method. The existence state and precipitation evolution of SiO2 in NP are then studied based on the theory of silicic acid polymerization and rheological reaction kinetics. Then, the effects of NP on cement-based materials from microstructure (morphology, composition, pore) to macroscopic mechanical behavior are studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and mercury porosimeter. The results show that SiO2 in NP primarily exists in the form of silicate molecules, silicate oligomers, and colloidal particles, thereby avoiding the agglomeration problem commonly associated with solid nanoparticles. When NP is mixed with cement, the original NP dispersion system is destabilized, resulting in the precipitation of SiO2 as nanoparticles and fully utilizing the nano-effect. Consequently, the cement paste exhibits a denser microstructure and significantly higher compressive strength after hardening.

Study on Preparation of Homogenized Highly Dispersible AlON Powder

The quality of Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) powder is the main factor affecting the properties of ceramics. To accurately control the nitrogen AlON content and improve the dispersion degree of powder, AlON powder was prepared from γ-Al2O3 and activated carbon powder by carbothermic reduction and nitridation. The uniformity of distribution of raw materials and the dimension and microstructure of AlON powder was controlled by changing the time and rotation rate of the ball milling process. The influences of ball milling process parameters on the microstructure and distribution uniformity of Al2O3/C mixed powder, microstructure, and particle size of AlON powder were studied. The results show that powder agglomeration was effectively reduced, and the uniformity of raw material distribution was increased by controlling the time and rotation rate of the ball milling process. The Al2O3/C mixed powder has good particle size and uniform distribution with roller ball milling for 24 h. After holding the powder at 1700 °C for 60 min, the homogenized AlON powder was obtained, and the residual carbon content was about 0.04 wt%. When the time of planetary ball milling at 250 rpm was 16 h, highly dispersible AlON powder was obtained.

Failure analysis of three-way catalysts through comprehensive characterization and understanding the role of pretreatment

Currently, most of the studies on waste three-way catalysts (TWCs) have focused on the extraction of platinum group metals (PGMs), with less characterization and analysis of their properties. This can lead to an incomplete understanding of the physicochemical properties and causes of failure of waste TWCs, which in turn affects the recovery of PGMs. This paper conducted various characterization analyses on waste TWCs, including their chemical composition, particle size, surface elements, microscopic morphology, specific surface area, and thermal stability. The PGMs content in the waste TWCs is 1468 g/t, and the total content of rare earth elements is about 1.58%, which has high recovery value. The analysis identified several reasons for TWC failure: the presence of S and P elements caused sulfidation and phosphorylation poisoning of PGMs; PGMs were also partially oxidized to PtO2, PdO2 and Rh2O3; in addition, sintering and agglomeration of waste TWC powder, encapsulation of PGMs in the substrate, reduction of specific surface area and total pore volume, and adsorption of accumulated carbon were also considered as causes of failure. The physicochemical properties of waste TWCs are extremely important for the selection of the PGM extraction process among them. Therefore, the effects of several pretreatment methods on the leaching efficiency of PGM were investigated. The results showed that grinding reduced the leaching rate of PGMs, and HCOOH reduction and NaHSO4 calcination pretreatment could improve the leaching rate of Pt and Rh, respectively; while the Li2CO3 calcination pretreatment could result in 70.87% leaching of Pt directly in HCl. The feasibility of extracting PGMs from waste TWCs using a Li2CO3 calcination pretreatment followed by direct HCl leaching was validated.

Geometrical features and mechanical properties of the sheet-based gyroid scaffolds with functionally graded porosity manufactured by electron beam melting

Functionally graded porous scaffolds (FGPS) constructed with pores of different size arranged as spatially continuous structure based on sheet-based gyroid with three different scaling factors of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 were produced by electron beam powder bed fusion. The pore dimensions of the obtained scaffolds satisfy the values required for optimal bone tissue ingrowth. Agglomerates of residual powder were found inside all structures, which required post-manufacturing treatment. Using X-ray Computed Tomography powder agglomerations were visualized and average wall thickness, wall-to-wall distances, micro- and macro-porosities were evaluated. The initial cleaning by powder recovery system (PRS) was insufficient for complete powder removal. Additional treatment by dry ultrasonic vibration (USV) was applied and was found successful for gyroids with the scaling factors of 0.05 and 0.1. Mechanical properties of the samples, including quasi-elastic gradients and first maximum compressive strengths of the structures before and after USV were evaluated to prove that additional treatment does not produce structural damage. The estimated quasi-elastic gradients for gyroids with different scaling factors lie in a range between 2.5 and 2.9 GPa, while the first maximum compressive strength vary from 52.5 for to 59.8 MPa, compressive offset stress vary from 46.2 for to 53.2 MPa.

Integration of efficient LaSrCoO4 perovskite and polyacrylonitrile membrane to enhance mass transfer for rapid contaminant degradation

A2BO4-type perovskite with Ruddlesden-Popper structure performed favorable catalytic activity in the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of organic pollutants than ABO3, but the higher forming temperature limits its further application. In this work, a series of A-site Sr doped La2CoO4-δ perovskites were prepared and used for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The introduction of Sr lowered the formation temperature of the perovskite and improved the catalytic capability. The LaSrCoO4 perovskite with 50 % Sr doping possessed the best TC degradation efficiency (complete degradation in 14 min). Besides, to overcome the mass transfer limitation caused by catalyst powder agglomeration and the difficulty of recovery, perovskite powder catalysts were embedded in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane by phase conversion method. The resulting PAN/LSC catalytic separation membranes achieved efficient degradation of TC due to the partial increase in the concentration of contaminants inside the membrane pores. The membrane embedded with 5 wt% LaSrCoO4 perovskite degraded 94 % TC in 3 min, which improved over 24 % compared to the perovskite powder. The catalytic degradation mechanism of TC and the toxicity of the intermediates were then analyzed. The effectiveness of catalytic membranes in practical applications was also evaluated. Overall, PAN/LSC membranes provide the potential for rapid purification of organic wastewater.

Numerical simulation using in the preparation process of micron‐sized silica–aluminium composite powders by high‐energy alloying: Building visualisation and guiding preparation

AbstractSilica‐aluminium composite powders are important precursors for the preparation of sealant coatings by supersonic flame spraying. Micron‐scale silica‐aluminium composite powders can be prepared using a planetary ball mill, but powder agglomeration often leads to composite failure. Using relevant modelling software to build the 3D modelling of the ball mill jar, which based on the discrete element method, using the Hertz–Mindlin contact model and after specifying the simulation boundary conditions, the ball mill process was simulated and analysed. Visualise the influence of important process parameters such as frequency, size and diameter of milling balls and ball‐to‐powder weight ratio, and systematically analyse the microscopic morphology and composite condition of the agglomerated and dispersed powders. The results show that the ball motion during the ball milling process is mainly divided into three representative types: ball–ball impact, ball crushing motion against the jar wall and ball–wall impact. The energy transfer efficiency of the milling balls to the powder system is highest when the ratio of the three types of motion is uniform. SEM images and EDS spectra showed that the aluminium powder was sufficiently crushed, with an average particle size below 1 μm. The aluminium powder was uniformly distributed on the surface of the silicon powder, and the particle size of the composite silicon aggregates was sufficiently reduced.

Performance and optimization design of high-strength geopolymer cold-bonded lightweight aggregate: Effect of silica fume

Geopolymer cold-bonded aggregate (GCBA) is a new artificial aggregate manufactured by agglomeration of aluminosilicate precursor powder hardened by alkali activation. This paper presents a multi-objective material design procedure for GCBA based on the simplex centroid design method, using metakaolin (MK), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF) as the ternary precursor materials. Based on the test data from 10 groups of GCBAs with designed compositions and response surface models established thereby, the optimal composition domain of the precursors was determined and experimentally validated. The effect of the precursor composition, especially the content of SF, on the performance of GCBA was evaluated. Results showed that in the optimal composition domain of the precursor (36–48 wt% of MK, 33–46 wt% of FA, and 15–24 wt% of SF), the developed GCBA achieved the given high-performance targets of bulk crushing strength higher than 21.0 MPa, the loose bulk density less than 1200 kg/m3, and water absorption less than 10%. SF content (Si/Al ratio) has a great influence on the performance of GCBA: a suitable amount of the incorporated SF (Si/Al<1.7) promoted the formation of K-A-S-H gels in GCBA, leading to an increase in strength and density, and a decrease in water absorption; while excessive SF (Si/Al>1.7) induced a self-foaming reaction, resulting in a porous microstructure and reduced strength and density.

Mechanical and tribological behaviour of Al—Mg—Cu(p) composite cladded on AA1050 substrate

The effect of adding copper powder and changing the rotational speed of the consumable rod during friction surfacing of Al—Mg alloy on AA1050 aluminum substrate was investigated. The copper powder was inserted by drilling holes in the cross-section of the consumable rod. The coating microstructure was studied using optical and electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties of coatings were studied using a shear test. The results showed that with increasing the rotational speed of the consumable rod from 600 to 1000 r/min, the copper powder distribution becomes more uniform, and the agglomeration of copper powder occurs less frequently. The average grain size of coatings decreased from (2.0±0.1) to (0.9±0.2) μm by increasing the rotational speed from 600 to 1000 r/min. As the rotational speed increases, the copper-rich particles become smaller and are formed as CuAl2 intermetallic compounds. The maximum load required for debonding coating from substrate increases from 16.2 to 18.4 kN by increasing rotational speed from 600 to 1000 r/min. The coating with rotational speeds of 600, 800, and 1000 r/min results in 12%, 18%, and 21% lower wear rate than that of the AA1050 substrate, respectively.

部分酸化・反応焼結によるアルミナ/ムライト/炭化ケイ素配向ナノコンポジットの作製と特性

Nanocomposites with nanoparticles dispersed as the second phase have been reported to have improved mechanical properties. In spite of this potential processing methods to produce these nanocomposites are not well established. In this study, Al2O3/mullite/SiC nanocomposites were prepared by the reaction sintering of green compacts prepared by slip casting of a mixture of SiC and Al2O3 powders. Here, the surface of the SiC particles was first oxidized to produce SiO2 and to reduce the core of the SiC particles, and then the surface SiO2 was reacted with Al2O3 to produce mullite. By applying a strong magnetic field during slip casting, the Al2O3/mullite/SiC nanocomposites were fabricated with Al2O3 oriented, but not with mullite, Al2O3 was oriented so that the c-axis of the crystal was parallel to the direction of the strong magnetic field. The density was low due to the agglomeration of SiC raw powder. The bead mill using fine zirconia beads of 50 μm was effective to disperse the agglomerated particles and succeeded in obtaining high-density Al2O3/mullite/SiC with no agglomeration of SiC nanoparticles. The bending strength was greatly improved by dispersing the particles, but such improvement was not observed by texturing.

Novel Alumina Dispersion-Strengthened 316L Steel Produced by Attrition Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering

Alumina dispersion-strengthened 316L stainless steels were successfully produced using attrition milling and spark plasma sintering. Two different composites (316L/0.33 wt% and 316L/1 wt% Al2O3) were prepared by powder technology. The attrition milling produced a significant morphological transformation of the globular 316L starting powders and provided a homogeneous distribution of the nanosized alumina particles. The XRD results confirmed that the 316L steel was an austenitic γ-Fe3Ni2. The formation of a ferrite α-Fe phase was detected after milling; this was transformed to the austenitic γ-Fe3Ni2 after the sintering process. The addition of nanosized alumina particles increased the composites’ microhardness significantly to 2.25 GPa HV. With higher amounts of alumina, the nanosized particles tended to agglomerate during the milling process. The friction coefficient (FC) of the 316L/0.33 wt% Al2O3 and the 316L/1 wt% Al2O3 decreased because of the increase in the composite’s hardness; FC values of 0.96, 0.93 and 0.85, respectively, were measured respectively for the 316L reference, the 316L/0.33 wt% and the 316L/1 wt% Al2O3. The 316L/0.33 wt% Al2O3 composite had a higher flexural strength of 630.4 MPa compared with the 316L/1 wt% Al2O3 with 386.6 MPa; the lower value of the latter was related the agglomeration of the alumina powder during attrition milling.

Microstructural characteristics and hydrogen storage properties of the Mg–Ni–TiS2 nanocomposite prepared by a solution-based method

Magnesium hydride is considered as a promising solid-state hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen capacity. How to improve hydrogen desorption kinetics of MgH2 is one of key issues for its practical applications. In this study, we synthesize a Mg–Ni–TiS2 composite through a solution-based synthetic strategy. In the as-prepared composite, the co-precipitated Mg and Ni nanoparticles are highly dispersed on TiS2 nanosheets. As a result, the activation energy for hydrogen desorption decreases to 79.4 kJ mol−1. Meanwhile, the capacity retention rate is kept at the level of 98% and only slight kinetic deterioration is caused after fifty hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycles. Further investigation indicates that the superior hydrogen desorption kinetics is attributed to the synergistically catalytic effect of the in situ formed Mg2NiH4 and TiH2, and the remained TiS2. The excellent cycle stability is related not only to the inhibition effect of the secondary phases on powder agglomeration and crystallite growth of Mg and MgH2 but also to the prevention effect of MgS and TiS2 on redistribution of catalytic Mg2NiH4 and TiH2 nanoparticles during cycling. This work introduces a feasible approach to develop Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.

Supported photocatalyst for Cr (VI) conversion and removal of organic pollutants.

The photocatalytic property of available semiconductor catalysts still suffers from some urgent problems, such as the high excitation energy, easy agglomeration of powders, or weak recycling property. Therefore, developing novel visible light-supported catalysts and catalyst loading have aroused great attention recently. In this work, a novel Ag3PO4/BiVO4/MWCNTs@Cotton functional fabric was prepared by introducing Ag3PO4 as a plasma resonance photocatalyst and MWCNTs with cotton as composite substrates. Not only did the introduction of Ag3PO4 and MWCNTs effectively strengthen the application ability of BiVO4, but also inhibited the recombination of carriers, and promoted the transport of carriers according to spectroscopic and electrochemical tests. Degradation tests remained that Ag3PO4/BiVO4/MWCNTs @cotton retained the high photocatalytic efficiency of the powder catalyst, along with the degradation degree of active blue KN-R (50mg/L) as well as Cr (VI) (20mg/L) could reach more than 90% within 120 min. What's more, the functional fabric has gained excellent performance in degrading pollutants for 5 cycles. Meanwhile, the prepared BiVO4 is consistent with the band structure and electron density calculated theoretically by the GGA-PBE function. Free radical trapping and scavenging experiments exhibited that functional fabrics could produce active substances such as h+,·O2-, and·OH, among which the first two are the main active substances in the reaction. To sum up, this study is an effective attempt based on the existing problems of photocatalysts together with providing some study directions for the development of photocatalytic technology in the future.

Regeneration of iron fuel in fluidized beds, Part I: Defluidization experiments and theoretical prediction model

Hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron oxide powder in gas-fluidized beds has become an emerging technology. Agglomeration of fine powder at elevated temperatures is however one key issue hindering the technological development. To obtain better knowledge of the high-temperature agglomeration mechanism, the (de-)fluidization behavior of micron-sized combusted iron particles is experimentally studied in this Part I. Effects of various operating and material variables (temperature, gas flow rate, and particle size) on the fluidization and agglomeration behavior are investigated. Different fluidization regimes (e.g. stable fluidization, agglomerating fluidization, fast defluidization) are categorized based on the experimental results. A theoretical model based on the force balance is developed to predict the regime boundaries of fluidization. The obtained knowledge is applied for experimental design of the hydrogen-based iron direct reduction process in Part II.

Effects of Various Ripening Media on the Mesoporous Structure and Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Powders.

Mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HA) materials demonstrate advantages as catalysts and as support systems for catalysis, as adsorbent materials for removing contamination from soil and water, and as nanocarriers of functional agents for bone-related therapies. The present research demonstrates the possibility of the enlargement of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area (SSA), pore volume, and average pore diameter via changing the synthesis medium and ripening the material in the mother solution after the precipitation processes have been completed. HA powders were investigated via chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Their SSA, pore volume, and pore-size distributions were determined via low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements, the zeta potential was established, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was performed. When the materials were synthesized in water-ethanol and water-acetone media, the SSA and total pore volume were 52.1 m2g-1 and 116.4 m2g-1, and 0.231 and 0.286 cm3g-1, respectively. After ripening for 21 days, the particle morphology changed, the length/width aspect ratio decreased, and looser and smaller powder agglomerates were obtained. These changes in their characteristics led to an increase in SSA for the water and water-ethanol samples, while pore volume demonstrated a multiplied increase for all samples, reaching 0.593 cm3g-1 for the water-acetone sample.

Physical, Morphological, and Rheological Properties of Agglomerated Milk Protein Isolate Powders: Effect of Binder Type and Concentration

Milk protein isolate powder (MPIP), a high protein-based powder, is a common dietary ingredient but has poor physical properties due to its cohesive nature. Powder agglomeration is one of the most widely used methods to improve and modify the quality of MPIP structures. In this study, the physical, morphological, and rheological properties of MPIPs agglomerated in a fluidized-bed agglomeration process were investigated as a function of sugar binder type and concentration. The physical properties of MPIP were evaluated by their flowability, cohesiveness, porosity, particle size distribution (PSD), and water-holding properties (wettability, solubility, and water-binding capacity). The density values of the agglomerated MPIPs decreased with increasing the binder concentration, whereas the porosity, wettability, and solubility values increased. Such trends were consistent with SEM observations. The MPIP agglomerated with 10% sorbitol had the largest particle diameter (D50) and showed better physical properties compared to the other sugar binders. The viscosity values (ηa,50) of the MPIPs agglomerated with sugar binders showed lower values than the control (no sugar binder). The agglomeration process enhanced the viscoelasticity of the MPIP, but the viscoelasticity decreased with increasing the sugar binder concentration. These observations suggested that the physical, morphological, and rheological properties of MPIP can be greatly affected by the binder type and concentration in the agglomeration process.

Removal of toxic cadmium (II) from zinc sulfate solution with zinc powder enhanced by ultrasound: Kinetics and mechanism

Currently, removing cadmium (II) from zinc sulfate electrolytes using zinc powder presents several problems, such as the agglomeration and encapsulation of the zinc powder, which leads to increased consumption of the zinc powder and poor removal performance. To overcome this limitation, ultrasound is used to assist the replacement of the zinc powder to remove cadmium (II) from zinc sulfate electrolytes. Compared with conventional replacements, the ultrasonic-assisted replacements reduce the reaction time from 120 to 40 min, the reaction temperature from 60 to 55 ℃, and the required amount of zinc powder from 5 to 3 g/L. Under the same process conditions, the replacement rate of cadmium (II) is increased from 68.9 to 98.7 %. According to kinetic studies, ultrasound reduces the required activation energy for replacement from 34.77 to 16.83 kJ/mol, which significantly reduces the energy barrier of the cadmium precipitation. In addition, ultrasound can remove the reaction layer between the zinc powder and cadmium (II), thus accelerating the chemical reaction rate. The kinetic behavior changes when the initial cadmium (II) concentration is in the range of 800–1200 mg/L in conventional experiments, and 1600–2000 mg/L in ultrasound experiments. The characterization of the purification slags confirms that ultrasound can refine particles, improve the replacement rate of cadmium (II), and significantly reduce the consumption of the zinc powder. The ultrasound-enhanced purifying technology of zinc sulfate electrolytes with zinc powder is of great significance for zinc electrowinning and comprehensive recovery of cadmium.

Agglomeration of Spray-Dried Milk Powder in a Spray Fluidized Bed: A Morphological Modeling

The type of solid substrate plays a critical role in determining the kinetics of the spray fluidized bed (SFB) agglomeration process. In the case of porous (also soft) primary particles (PPs), droplet aging is due to imbibition and drying. The surface properties of the substrate also change due to imbibition. The focus of the present work is to simulate the agglomeration of the spray-dried milk powder using the Monte Carlo (MC) method coupled with a drying-imbibition model. In order to extract the morphology of the formed agglomerates, an aggregation model is employed. Further, this aggregation model is employed to predict the number of positions on the PPs (later agglomerates) for droplet deposition; previously, the ‘concept of positions’ was used. The transient growth of different milk powders (whole and skim) is depicted using the enhanced MC model. The enhancement in the droplet deposition model had a prominent influence on the overall kinetics of agglomeration. As expected, this enhanced MC model predicted that the agglomeration rate of skim milk powder is higher than that of whole milk powder.

On Efficient Powder Manufacturing Using Process Control Methods and Cybernetics: A Background, Results and Policy Case Study

Powder manufacturing processes involve a systematic processing of particulate material towards forming a final product which needs to meet specific quality standards. A means towards ensuring that standards are met in a manufacturing plant is to apply self-regulating intelligent machinery that can take mitigatory actions in the presence of a process deviation or unsatisfactory process behavior. Given a case study of an open-loop batch powder agglomeration process, this work synthesizes the process of how a feedback element can be applied towards the powder manufacturing plant in order to allow for self-regulation and process optimization which, in turn, would increase process efficiency, minimize waste and ensure that the overall product quality meets production targets. Focusing on a proposed cybernetic loop with a feedback element, a vital component is the ability to measure key quality attributes of the powder mixture, which is crucial towards ensuring the control algorithm is able to implement the most reflective and appropriate control strategy on the powder process; thus, this work discusses heavily the sensing and associated signal processing component of the cybernetic loop. The results from the reviewed signal processing scenarios which comprised the in-process material spanned estimation accuracies of 3–10%, depending on the scenario that was considered. This paper also addresses the feared dystopian view of mass redundancy and job losses in the age of the introduction of enhanced automation technology within a manufacturing process, where it is distilled what kinds of knock-on effects can be expected as a result of the technology, in addition to means by which policy makers can contribute towards ensuring that the adaptation and transition process is as smooth as possible.

A Review Study on 3D Printing in Tablets

The growing need for tablet production as a personalized dosage form led to the use of 3D printing for tablet production. In this technique, pills are printed to control the release rate with complex structures and to print the on-demand personalized dosage drugs formulations. Different steps involved in 3D printing start from model designing to 3D Printed tablets. Each technique has been discussed in the article along with its principle and examples. Material extrusion uses temperature or pressure to extrude tablet material. Vat polymerization, Material Jetting and Selective Laser Sintering use UV light and laser for 3D printing of tablets. In Binder jetting, the binder solution acts as an adhesive to form a tablet. For selecting the right kind of 3D printing technology, it is important to analyze the characteristic properties of each tablet using various methods, this includes their importance in tablet formulation. 3D printing of tablets includes some challenges which should be taken into consideration while preparing tablets. Challenges faced during 3D printing of tablets include powder agglomeration, incompatibility of the drug substance leading to structural imperfections in the final product, lack of constant and consistent flow, clogging of the 3D printer head in terms of powder-based 3D printing, concerns related to resin toxicity in case of Vat photopolymerization, thermal stability(SLS) and as current 3D printing technology is slow therefore mass production of tablet printing is a challenge.