Poultry Livestock Research Articles

A systematic review on the trend of transcriptomic study in livestock: An effort to unwind the complexity of adaptation in a climate change environment.

Heat stress has been proven to cause negative effects on livestock leading to lower productivity and economic value. Understanding how heat stress manifests within an animal's body is the first step in devising a heat stress mitigation strategy; transcriptomic studies are one of the methods used. Here, using a systematic literature review methodology, we examine the recent decade of transcriptomics' application to the study of livestock adaptation. We identified 152 studies that met our criteria for using transcriptome methods to heat stress adaptation and were published within the last ten years. Our analysis demonstrates the growing popularity and application of transcriptome approaches in the investigation of the response of ruminants, pigs, and poultry livestock to heat stress. Majority of the works was done in chicken and cattle using multiple organs as the sample, with qRT-PCR as the most employed technique. It has been established that a variety of biomarkers can be used to assess animals under heat stress, such as the HSPs, ILs, and TLRs. Although transcriptomics has lately been employed extensively to uncover the mechanism of heat adaptation, this adaptive feature's complex mechanism remains unclear, leaving many knowledge gaps for investigation. A more complex studies involving more various cell types, organs, or even model organisms using multi-omics approach could be the future research direction in understanding the heat stress effects on livestock better.

Culture-Independent Quantitative PCR Detected Mobilized Colistin Resistance Genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5) in Chicken Gut Contents in Bangladesh

Inappropriate antimicrobial use in food animal farming propels antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that affects all health domains. Colistin is a ‘Reserve’ antibiotic for human treatment to be conserved for multidrug-resistant pathogens; however, it is being used as an animal growth promoter in many developing countries. The evolution of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene-mediated colistin resistance has been reported to be associated with rampant colistin use. This study investigated the current variants of the mcr gene in chicken gut contents in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes in 80 fresh poultry droppings from commercial poultry farms and 40 poultry droppings from household farms. DNA was extracted from each poultry dropping using commercial kits (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed using the qTOWER3 thermal cycler (Analytik Jena GmbH, Jena, Germany) to analyze the mcr gene variants in the extracted DNA. This study observed that 47.5% (57/120) of the samples exhibited the presence of at least one mcr gene out of the five variants investigated. The individual detection rates of the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes were 42.5% (51/120), 2.5% (3/120), 1.7% (2/120), 5% (6/120), and 9.2% (11/120), respectively. The co-carriage of two or more genes was found in over 10% (10/57) of the samples. The triple occurrence of mcr genes was identified in three samples with the combination of mcr-1+mcr-2+mcr-4, mcr-1+mcr-3+mcr-5, and mcr-1+mcr-4+mcr-5. Overall, a significantly higher number of mcr genes were identified in the commercial farm chicken droppings compared to the household chicken droppings (p = 0.007). The existence of mcr genes in poultry feces in Bangladesh emphasizes the importance of proper poultry waste disposal and good hygiene practices in poultry livestock and its value chain. The potential impact of environmental ARGs should be considered in national and global policy documents. An integrated and combined approach to the One Health concept should be applied in all domains to understand and control the environment’s role in the evolution and transmission of AMR.

Supplementation of Coenzyme Ubiquinone (COQ10) in the semen diluent of Balitbangtan’s Superior Native Chicken in Terms of Spermatozoa Cromatin Damage

The development of technology in the field of animal husbandry is growing very rapidly, apart from ruminants from poultry livestock can also be done artificial insemination used for breeding. According to Apriyanti (2017) The success of the mating system can be seen from the success of livestock mating which is influenced by the quality of the semen produced. One of the supplementations used is coenzyme ubiquinone (CoQ10) where CoQ10 is one of the vitamins such as fat-soluble vitamin E which is endogenously present in the inner membrane of mitochondria of mammals and plants (El-Sayed, et al. 2021). This study used an experimental method or field experiment with 4 treatments and 10 replicates on 4 male KUB chickens aged 12 months and the diluent used was egg yolk lactated ringer. The variables observed in this study wes cromatin damage of spermatozoa before freezing and post thawing. The results obtained in this study chromatin damage before freezing obtained the highest average value of 1.18 ± 0.58 with statistical calculations showed significantly different results (P < 0.05). chromatin damage after thawing back obtained the highest result of 2.80 ± 0.89 with statistical test calculations obtained results that were not significantly different (P < 0.01) to the different levels of Coenzyme ubiquinone in diluents with different levels.

Financial Management for MSMEs and Farmer Groups in the District of Kamang Magek

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and farmer groups are a source of the community's economy in Kamang Magek District. SMEs are engaged in various fields such as food and processed products, crafts and carvings, furniture, agricultural and animal husbandry products, while farmer groups in Kamang Magek District also vary from horticultural crops, food crops and plantation crops. In the Livestock sector, there are also poultry livestock, both broiler and laying eggs, small and large ruminants as well as processed agricultural and livestock products. Several SMEs and farmer groups in the Kamang Magek sub-district raised the local wisdom of Kamang Magek, such as kamang crackers, kamang coffee, Kamang duck, Kamang mangosteen, embroidery, and kamang special furniture. Currently, SMEs and Farmer Groups are experiencing difficulties in developing their businesses due to business capital constraints and most of them are even trapped in loans with high interest rates. SMEs have not been able to determine the amount of working capital they need for business development, they do not take into account the size of the loan with their production capacity or business results, so the amount of loans made does not match the actual funding or working capital needs. This has resulted in the amount of the loan submitted being too large in excess of requirements or the amount of the loan being too small so that it is not sufficient for business needs. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to provide counseling to SMEs and farmer groups regarding financial management.

Education on the Introduction of Livestock and Animal-Derived Food Products for Improving Students’ Knowledge in Elementary School

The community service aimed to enhance students’ knowledge of various livestock and the importance of animal-derived food products as the foundation for a healthy and nutritious life. One of the potentials for children's intelligence comes from consuming healthy food products. Activities were carried out using exposure and evaluation methods through pre-test and post-test. The activity results showed increased students' knowledge, with the average pre-test score being 50.74 and the average post-test score after the material presentation being 83.70. During the activity, students were seen as enthusiastic about the material presented. In conclusion, this activity improved knowledge regarding the recognition of various livestock and animal-derived food products. Students were able to enhance their understanding of various ruminant and poultry livestock based on their characteristics and names. Additionally, students better understood the sources of healthy and nutritious animal protein food products.

Induction of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by enrofloxacin in the context of the safety issue of its use in poultry.

The overuse of antibiotics in both humans and livestock has led to the antibiotic resistance phenomenon which is now considered one of the biggest problems in the modern world. Some antibiotics used to control or prevent infections in livestock poultry were registered a long time ago, and as a result, data on the possible side effects of their use, both for birds and humans, are incomplete and should be updated. An example of such an antibiotic is enrofloxacin which has been widely used in poultry since 1989. Data in recent years have begun to indicate that this antibiotic induces the process of apoptosis in diverse types of eukaryotic cells. Unfortunately, such studies have never been conducted on chicken models even though it is in poultry that this antibiotic is most commonly used. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate whether enrofloxacin induces apoptosis in chicken cells of the UMNSAH/DF-1 line and to study the molecular mechanism of its action. The results of these experiments indicated that enrofloxacin induces apoptosis in chicken cells but not in human HEK-293 and PC3 cells. This induction was accompanied by changes in the morphology and size of mitochondria, the process of apoptosome formation and activation of executive caspases, which clearly indicates the role of the mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis by enrofloxacin. This study is the first to show the toxicity of enrofloxacin against chicken cells and to demonstrate the exact mechanism of its action. The results presented in this work show the need to monitor the concentration of antibiotic residues in poultry foods as well as to study their impact on public health to guarantee consumer safety and prevent the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Gallus gallus at the Late Antiquity site of El Castillón (Santa Eulalia de Tábara, Zamora, Spain)

A large number of zooarchaeological remains have been documented at El Castillón archaeological site (Province of Zamora, north-western Spain) and dated to Late Antiquity, in the 5th and 6th centuries cal AD. While most of them belong to domestic mammals, and a few to wild ones, remains of other vertebrates have been reported, among them birds. This article details the archaeofaunistic investigation of the galliform remains documented at the site. It focuses on the anatomic analysis of age profiles and taphonomic and biometric aspects. Through this research, we may conclude that the village practised poultry livestock and that domestic chicken was part of the inhabitants’ diet.

PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN ECENG GONDOK (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK

Eichhornia Crassipes is a plant that is considered a weed because it blocks water channels and evaporates large amounts of water from nutrients. This plant has several benefits that deserve thumbs up to be developed as an animal feed ingredient because it contains high enough protein to be used as an additional processed feed for poultry livestock, especially ducks and chickens. This animal feed is very instant for its manufacture which has been given directly to ducks and chickens. One way to empower the community is to provide training to make animal feed from water hyacinth instantly and easily. The results of the training show increased livestock productivity with lower costs and increased availability of animal feed, reduced water hyacinth waste and increased nutritional quality of livestock products, thereby increasing the economic value of livestock products.

Positive Welfare Indicators and Their Association with Sustainable Management Systems in Poultry

Animal welfare is a key and distinct component of sustainable agriculture and food security. People, both as citizens and consumers, have become more concerned about the husbandry of livestock species. Positive welfare goes a step further than the common welfare approach, supporting that a good life for animals is not only the alleviation of negative aspects, but also the promotion of positive affectivities. So, a sustainable management system for any livestock species should promote positive aspects in the lives of animals. Poultry is one of the species whose welfare is most impaired, and numerous concerns are raised by society. For all the above, we reviewed the positive welfare indicators that have been studied in livestock poultry and that can be used to promote positive effects and assess welfare for the most common species, i.e., broilers, laying hens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and ostriches. We analyzed the results categorized by species, discussed the connection of the indicators with sustainable management, and made proposals for future studies. Exploration and dustbathing have been extensively studied and seem most promising, especially in broilers and laying hens, followed by nesting and perching, and swimming for waterfowl. Qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) is already applied in protocols for broilers and laying hens, but the results are not as promising due to the homogeneity of the flock and the difficulty in observations. Play has been studied mostly in broilers but is a behavior difficult to recognize and needs further understanding. The results are limited for all species, except broilers and laying hens.

Counselling on the utilization of agricultural waste as alternative feed for poultry

Poultry concentrate feed is predominantly produced by animal feed factories in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the selling price of concentrates has been steadily increasing, causing difficulties for poultry farmers in maintaining their businesses. Indonesia, being an agricultural country, possesses a wealth of agricultural products. The abundance of agricultural products, coupled with significant amounts of agricultural waste from by-products, can be processed and utilized as animal feed. In order to address this issue, a service activity was conducted in Suru Village, Doko District, Blitar Regency. The objective was to provide socialization and training on utilizing agricultural waste, which is abundant in Suru Village, as an alternative feed for poultry livestock. The approach employed involved socializing the activities to farmers, addressing the challenges faced by partners, and providing counseling and direct assistance. The counseling sessions focused on the types of agricultural waste readily available in Suru Village that can be utilized in poultry feed, as well as training on formulating simple rations. As a result of this activity, breeders were able to utilize rice bran, an agricultural waste product, as an alternative feed, thereby reducing the cost of expensive commercial feeds. By substituting rice bran in feed formulations for commercial concentrates, farmers were able to save Rp410,000 per 100 kg of purchased feed.

Persentase komponen karkas ayam kampung super yang diberi tepung tongkol jagung fermentasi dengan level berbeda

This study aims to determine the carcass components of super free-range chicken on fermented corn cobs with different levels. This research was carried out in the laboratory of the Poultry Livestock Unit, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Halu Oleo Kendari. This study used 64 super free-range chickens using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely P0 (feed without fermented corn cobs) P1 (feed containing 2% fermented corn cobs) P2 (feed containing 4% fermented corn cobs) P3 (feed containing 4% fermented corn cobs) feed containing 6% fermented corn cobs) and 4 replications. The variables observed were slaughter weight, carcass percentage, carcass components, and abdominal fat. The data obtained were tabulated and analysed using analysis of variance. The use of fermented corn cobs in feed with a level of 2-6% does not significant effect (P>0.05) on slaughter weight, percentage of carcass, but significant effect (P<0,05) on abdominal fat of super native chicken.

Effect of Adding Turmeric Powder and Vitamin C on the Productive Performance of Broilers

This study was conducted in the field of poultry Livestock Research Station of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during the period from 27/12/2021 to 8/2/2022 to study the effect of adding turmeric powder and Vitamin C In some physiological and productive traits of broiler chicken. Using 400 one-day-Un Sexed broiler chickens of Ross-308 breed were randomly distributed to four experimental Treatments. 100 birds per treatment. Each treatment included 5 replicates, with birds per replicate. T1(Control ), T2(Add turmeric Powder at a rate 0.05), T3(Addition of vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg / kg), T4 (Add turmeric Powder at a rate 0.05 and vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg/kg). Statistic analysis of data Showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in the mean live body weight, total weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, relative weight (Thigh, Back, Wings, Neck) and mortality rate.

Techno-Economic Assessment of APS-Based Poultry Feed Production with a Circular Biorefinery Process

Poultry livestock profitability significantly depends on feed, accounting for 60–70% of the total production cost, of which protein sources are among of the most expensive ingredients. The maintenance of profitability while meeting feed demand and reducing the environmental impact represents a considerable challenge driving research of alternative protein sources (APS), such as insects and algae meals. This study employs, for the first time, techno-economic assessment (TEA) methodology to evaluate the technological performance and the industrial feasibility of an APS-based poultry feed production method based on the valorization of the pre-treated organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as a substrate for Hermetia illucens larval growth and microalgae cultivation. The Excel-based analysis, which evaluated the mass and energy balance as well as the income statement, was integrated with a thematic analysis focused on exploring how the overall value attributed to the sustainability concept is reflected in the willingness to adopt sustainable business models by entrepreneurs in the poultry sector. Despite the ability to generate revenues, the model cannot be said to be profitable for animal feed production due to the strong dependence of its profitability on scale economy logics. Enabling solutions could be derived from the recovery of abandoned infrastructures, government financial incentives, and integrated systems associating OFMSW treatment with poultry farming, thus resulting in marked economic sustainability and profitability: key elements from the poultry entrepreneurs’ point of view.

Peningkatan Kadar Protein Terlarut pada Larutan Tepung Jagung Menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Poultry livestock are generally given feed in the form of corn kernels where the corn kernels contain high carbohydrates but have deficiencies of several amino acids. Amino acid deficiency can be overcome by increasing the protein content in the corn kernels. One way to increase the protein content in corn kernels is to carry out a fermentation process in corn flour solution. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of corn starch solution to increase dissolved protein levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass through a fermentation process. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment volumes of corn flour solution were 0 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, 20 mL, 25 mL, 30 mL and 35 mL. Data analysis used the calculation of variance and the BJND test. The results showed that the highest average dissolved protein content and total cell biomass of S. cerevisiae in the 15 ml treatment were 13.52%/g and 15.63 x 107 CFU/mL, the lowest average was in the 35 ml corn flour solution treatment, namely 0. 90%/gr and 3.01 x 107 CFU/mL. Based on the research, it can be concluded that corn flour solution can increase the dissolved protein content in S. cerevisiae biomass up to volume 15 mL/2 mL fermenter through the fermentation process. Based on the results of this study, it can be used as a basis for considering the use of S. cerevisiae fermenters to increase the nutritional value of corn seed-based animal feed.

The Agricultural Factors Influencing the Economic Development of Kazakhstan

This article aims to identify the impact of factors of agriculture on the economic growth of Kazakhstan. The literature review analyzes the current state of the agricultural sector and indicates the role of Kazakh agriculture in the development of the economy in world. Using the SPSS program, a multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between six independent variables and one dependent variable of economic growth expressed as GDP per capita. When constructing the regression, four factors were used, namely investments in agriculture, productivity, livestock of cattle and poultry, and gross output of agricultural services, in addition, the interest rate and the unemployment rate were also taken into account. Descriptive statistics for variables were taken from the Bureau of National Statistics from 2003 to 2021. Three hypotheses were put forward, and two were accepted on a 5% significance level. The third hypothesis was not rejected, and at the same time, there was no evidence to accept it either. According to the results, a small change in GDP per capita as an investment in agriculture and crop yield change by one unit. Also, the difference in a dependent variable while cattle and poultry livestock and gross output of agricultural services change by one unit were insignificant when α=0.05. The government can use the results of the study to develop the economy from the perspective of agriculture.

Preliminary Investigation about Aspergillus spp. Spread in Umbrian Avian Farms.

Among the fungi responsible for deep mycosis, the genus Aspergillus plays a predominant role both in human and veterinary medicine. From a "One Health" perspective, infections by Aspergillus spp. often represent a public health problem linked to specific occupational categories that could have a greater risk of inhaling spores and developing any respiratory disease. This preliminary investigation allowed to acquire information about the spread of Aspergillus spp. in avian livestock of the Umbria region (Central Italy), their sensitivity to antifungals, and the presence of mycotoxins in the considered farms. Environmental, feed, animal, and human samples were collected for mycological investigations; chemical analyses were also performed in feed samples. Moreover, prevalence estimated of the fungal isolates were provided for each individual farm sampled. Direct fungal identification was possible in 298 out of the 559 total samples; 162 of the samples were positive for Aspergillus spp. Mycotoxins were detected in 5 out of the 21 feed samples collected. All the aspergilli tested for antifungal susceptibility were resistant to fluconazole. The results obtained show how much the genus Aspergillus is widespread in the investigated farms; therefore, the poultry livestock represents a favorable environment for the maintenance and spread of fungal spores and their potential transmission to animals and humans.

Prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in poultry meat and egg in Turkey: a meta-analysis

Poultry is a well-known reservoir for Salmonella, hence numerous outbreaks associated with poultry meat/products and eggs have been reported to date. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella in poultry meat and egg in Turkey. For this purpose, international and national electronic databases were searched using appropriate keywords in English and Turkish. Out of 1,818 articles, 41 were found eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella in chicken parts, chicken carcass, chicken giblets and egg were found 24.4% (95% CI:17.8-32.6), 21.9% (95% CI:14.0-32.7), 20.1% (95% CI:10.7-34.6) and 4.8% (95% CI:1.7-13.3), respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis was found to be the most common serotype in egg, chicken parts and chicken carcass with the rates of 22.4% (95% CI:3.6-69.3), 19.0% (95% CI:3.3-61.6) and 5.8% (95% CI:2.2-14.4), respectively. The highest pooled antibiotic resistance prevalence of Salmonella spp., regardless of food type were belonged to tetracycline (73.9%, 95% CI:51.0-88.5), nalidixic acid (73.4%, 95% CI:48.7-88.9) and ampicillin (31.5%, 95% CI:20.7-44.6). The high-pooled prevalence of the organism emphasized the potential threat of Salmonella to public health, and also antibiotic resistance data revealed that the use of tetracyclines, quinolones and penicillin in poultry livestock should be restricted. The results will be of great use in the construction of future epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella spp. presence and antibiotic resistance in poultry meat and egg in Turkey.

Giving Vernonia Amygdalina Juice to Cholesterol, Uric Acid, and Blood Glucose in Broiler Chickens

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of giving African leaf juice (Vernonia amygdalina) on cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose of broiler chickens. The research was carried out in August-September 2021 at the broiler chicken coop unit of the Poultry Livestock Unit Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) using 100 broiler DOCs with 4 treatments and 4 replications and there were 16 experimental units. The treatments used in this study were P0 = without African leaf juice (control), P1 = 2cc of African leaf juice/1 liter of water in drinking water, P2 = 4cc of African leaf juice/1 liter of water in drinking water, P3 = 6cc of African leaf juice /1 liter of water in drinking water. The variables observed were cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose. The results of the study showed that administration of African leaf juice with levels of 2cc, 4cc, 6cc had no effect (P>0,05) on cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose of broiler chickens. Thus, it was concluded that the administration of African leaf juice had no effect on cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose of broiler chickens.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Maggot (Hermetia Illucens), Kunyit (Curcuma Domestica) dan Indigofera Zollingeriana Sebagai Alternatif Feed Additive

Abstract The purpose of this study is to find out how much antioxidant content combination maggot (Hermetia illucens), turmeric (Curcuma domestica) and Indigofera zollingeriana to be used as an alternative feed additive for poultry. This study used a complete randomized design with 6 treatments 3 replays using DPPH method with treatment P0 vitamin C (positive control), P1 (2,5% turmeric + 5% Indigofera + 25% larva BSF), P2 (2,5% turmeric+ 10% Indigofera + 20% larva BSF), P3 (2,5% turmeric + 15% Indigofera + 15% larva BSF), P4 (2,5% turmeric + 20% Indigofera + 10% larva BSF), P5 (2.5% turmeric + 25% Indigofera + 5% larva BSF). The observed parameters are antioxidant activity using orthogonal contrast tests and orthogonal polynomial tests. The results showed that the treatment had a very real effect (P<0.01) on antioxidant activity. Orthogonal contrast test results showed that the treatment of P0 (control) with the treatment of P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 had a very noticeable effect (P<0.01) on antioxidant activity. Further tests of orthogonal polynomials showed that the highest antioxidant was in the P5 treatment (2,5% turmeric + 25% Indigofera + 5% larva BSF) 115.67%. It was concluded that a combination of 25% larva BSF (Hermetia illucens), 2,5% turmeric (Curcuma domestica) and 5% Indigofera zollingeriana can be used as an alternative feed additive source of antioxidants for poultry livestock. Keywords: Antioxidants, larva BSF, turmeric, Indigofera zollingeriana.

Protective Effects of Novel Lactobacillaceae Strains Isolated from Chicken Caeca against Necrotic Enteritis Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences.

The present study aimed to show the benefits of novel lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from the caeca of healthy chickens. These novel strains, identified as Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Ligilactobacillus salivarius, displayed high levels of lactic acid production, capability of biofilm formation, high aggregation and adhesion scores, and significant survival rates under conditions mimicking the chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In addition, these novel Lactobacillaceae isolates were neither hemolytic nor cytotoxic. In vivo trials were able to establish their ability to reduce necrotic enteritis. Notably, a significant weight gain was registered, on day 10 of treatment, in the group of chickens fed with a mixture of L. reuteri ICVB416 and L. salivarius ICVB430 strains, as compared with the control group. This group has also shown a reduced number of lesions in the gut compared with other infected chicken groups. This study provides in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the benefits of these novel Lactobacillaceae isolates for their use in poultry livestock as protective cultures to control the bacterial necrotic enteritis (NE) Clostridium perfringens.