Poultry Farm Soil Research Articles

Biodegradation of Keratin Waste by Bacillus velezensis HFS_F2 through Optimized Keratinase Production Medium.

Enormous aggregates of keratinous wastes are produced annually by the poultry and leather industries which cause environmental degradation globally. To combat this issue, microbially synthesized extracellular proteases known as keratinase are used widely which is effective in degrading keratin found in hair and feathers. In the present work, keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm soil and feather waste, and various cultural conditions were optimized to provide the highest enzyme production for efficient keratin waste degradation. Based on the primary and secondary screening methods, the potent keratinolytic strain (HFS_F2T) with the highest enzyme activity 32.65 ± 0.16 U/mL was genotypically characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and was confirmed as Bacillus velezensis HFS_F2T ON556508. Through one-variable-at-a-time approach (OVAT), the keratinase production medium was optimized with sucrose (carbon source), beef extract (nitrogen source) pH-7, inoculum size (5%), and incubation at 37 °C). The degree of degradation (%DD) of keratin wastes was evaluated after 35days of degradation in the optimized keratinase production medium devoid of feather meal under submerged fermentation conditions. Further, the deteriorated keratin wastes were visually examined and the hydrolysed bovine hair with 77.32 ± 0.32% degradation was morphologically analysed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to confirm the structural disintegration of the cuticle. Therefore, the current study would be a convincing strategy for reducing the detrimental impact of pollutants from the poultry and leather industries by efficient keratin waste degradation through the production of microbial keratinase.

Influence of phase structure of MnO2 for enhancing the electrochemical sensitivity of environmental pollutant chlortetracycline

Electrochemical sensing of chlortetracycline (CTC) using α and β- MnO2 nanowires has been studied. The influence of different phase structures (α and β) of MnO2 nanowires on the determination of chlortetracycline (CTC) was studied systematically. To enhance the sensitivity of MnO2, a high conductivity microporous carbon (MC) was employed as a support matrix for MnO2. The electrochemical sensing results illustrate that the α-MnO2 exhibited better electrochemical performance than β-MnO2. This better activity was correlated with its excellent properties like more exposed MnO6 edges, higher conductivity, and lowest average oxidation state . The kinetics study illustrated that the MnO2 modified electrodes perform much better than the bare electrodes. The number of electron transfer, electron transfer coefficient, and diffusion coefficient of CTC were calculated from the scan rate effect; the values are 1, 0.50, and 1.581 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 respectively. Amperometry was used to calculate the lowest detection limit (LOD) at a potential of 0.82 V. The α-MnO2/MC electrode exhibits a better linear range (1–55 µM) with a LOD value of 103 nM towards CTC. Furthermore, the proposed sensor exhibited better anti-interference ability towards KCl, kanamycin sulfate, zinc acetate, magnesium chloride, tetracycline, streptomycin sulfate, and oxytetracycline. The sensor's ability to accurately determine the level of CTC in samples of drinking water, tap water, poultry farm soil, and milk highlights its suitability for industrial applications. The developed sensor showed better reproducibility (RSD=0.45%) and repeatability (RSD=2.06%) towards CTC. Therefore, the proposed sensor can be used as a more practical platform for monitoring environmental contaminants.

An ensemble learning approach to identify pastured poultry farm practice variables and soil constituents that promote Salmonella prevalence

Animal sourced foods including contaminated poultry meat and eggs contribute to human non-typhoidal salmonellosis, a foodborne zoonosis. Prevalence of Salmonella in pastured poultry production systems can lead to contamination of the final product. Identification of farm practices that affect Salmonella prevalence is critical for implementing control measures to ensure the safety of these products. In this study, we developed predictive models based predominantly on deep learning approaches to identify key pre-harvest management variables (using soil and feces samples) in pastured poultry farms that contribute to Salmonella prevalence. Our ensemble approach utilizing five different machine learning techniques predicts that physicochemical parameters of the soil and feces (elements such as sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), copper (Cu)), electrical conductivity (EC), the number of years that the farms have been in use, and flock size significantly influence pre-harvest Salmonella prevalence. Egg source, feed type, breed, and manganese (Mn) levels in the soil/feces are other important variables identified to contribute to Salmonella prevalence on larger (≥3 flocks reared per year) farms, while pasture feed and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio are predicted to be important for smaller/hobby (<3 flocks reared per year) farms. Predictive models such as the ones described here are important for developing science-based control measures for Salmonella to reduce the environmental, animal, and public health impacts from these types of poultry production systems.

Evaluation of Bioavailable Contents of Arsenic, Copper and Zinc in Some Poultry Farms Soils in Osun State, Nigeria

This work evaluated the mobility and bioavailability of arsenic, copper and zinc in chosen poultry farmlands situated within Osun State, Nigeria in respect to the soil physico-chemical characteristics. The site was split into 12 zones of about equal sites. Soil samples were collected over a period of four months from each zone for analysis of soil physico-chemical characteristics and As, Cu and Zn contents in sequential fraction of the soil sample. Sequential fractionation of soil samples were conducted utilizing reworked Tessier technique, utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Mean of total content (mg/kg) and percentage bioavailability were: As 470.48±48 (31.16%), Cu 62.95±10.61 (29.02%) and Zn 125.58±20.74 (26.67%), respectively. Analysis of variance and correlation analyzes indicated that soil pH, % clay, % organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and metal speciation in soil control metal mobility and bioavailability in the poultry farm soil. The mean contents of As, Cu and Zn in soil in the sampling area were usually more than those of the control site, indicating some degrees of contamination of the poultry farm soil by these metals. Also, the mean contents of As in some zones were considerably greater (p &lt; 0.05) than stipulated world guidelines like Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization maximum limit of 40 mg/kg in arable land. The elevated contents of As in the soil of the poultry farms in some zones and the elevated bioavailability calls attention to as this could cause a threat to the consumers of the food crops cultivated on these farms.

Structural characterization and active site prediction of keratinase from Bacillus flexus.

Sixteen keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm soil samples. The highest keratinlytic enzyme producers of Bacillus flexus was confirmed with 16S rRNA sequence analysis. It is of interest to understand the binding efficiency of the modelled keratinase from Bacillus flexus with different substrates using molecular docking studies. Data provides insights for the identification of substrate recognition patterns, and the development of suitable enzymes to improve their use in keratin degradation.

Characterization of a novel keratinase from Chrysosporium tropicum

A keratinophilic fungus Chrysosporium tropicum was isolated from poultry farm soil and screened for extracellular keratinase activity. The fungus was cultured in basal salts medium and keratinase production was assessed. The novel keratinase was purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 14.5 KDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH and temperature of the keratinase were found to be 7.5 and 40oC respectively. The Km for keratin powder from human hair was 6.67 mg and the Vmax of novel keratinase was determined to be 0.33 mg ml-1 by the Lineweaver-Burk plot. The enzyme activity was almost completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) suggesting that the keratinase belongs to the serine protease family.

A novel feather-degrading bacterial isolate Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 isolated from poultry farm soil.

The aim of this present work was to explore the potential feather-degrading bacterial isolates were isolated from poultry farm soil. Isolation and screening of keratinase-producing bacterial isolates were performed in keratin agar medium. The potential keratinase-producing bacterial isolates were identified using morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. Degradation of chicken feather was optimized using different nutrient or physical factors in feather meal broth medium. Soluble peptide, amino acid and free thiol group liberation during feather degradation were estimated too. The isolated bacterial isolates were found significantly degrading the chicken feathers with keratinase enzyme production. The present study revealed a significantly novel feather-degrading Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 bacterial isolate, isolated from poultry farm soil.

Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Soil within Rivers State University, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistance has become a subject of global concern to health systems all over the world and the shedding of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans and animals into the soil is a threat to public health. This research was carried out to molecularly characterize and assess antibiotic resistant bacteria from soil in Rivers State University. Bacteria from soil in four locations; waste dump site, fish farm, poultry farm and home soil were enumerated and identified using standard microbiological techniques such as serial dilution, plating and incubation, isolation, biochemical testing and molecular identification. Sensitivity testing on the bacterial isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion method. These resistant isolates were also subjected to molecular testing to ascertain the presence of resistant genes. The results revealed mean total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (THBC) for 32 samples ranged from 1.05±0.72 x 107 to 3.63±2.58x 107 CFU/g in fish farm and waste dump samples respectively. Total Coliform Counts (TCC) ranged from 3.65±2.91 x105 to 6.92±4.41 x105 CFU/g in Fish farm and Waste dump samples while Total Staphylococcal count ranged from 3.80±1.71 x104 to 11.46±9.21 x104 CFU/g in Fish farm and Waste dump samples respectively. Total Pseudomonad Count (TPC) ranged from 0.09±0.09 x 103 to 2.47±1.67x 103 CFU/g in Home soil and Fish farm samples. There was a difference (p≤0.05) in total heterotrophic bacterial, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonad counts, but no difference (p≥0.05) in total coliform. Seventy-nine (79) bacterial isolates were identified in this study belonging to the following genera; Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Serratia spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp and Escherichia spp with Staphylococcus (58.83%) having the highest occurrence and Pseudomonas (11.11%) had the least occurrence from the samples. Antibiotic sensitivity revealed that most isolates were resistant to many antibiotics tested with the highest resistance observed for Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Cefixime (100%) for the gram negative organisms and also Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Cloxacillin for gram positive bacteria. However, all bacteria showed sensitivity to gentamicin. Multiple Antibiotic resistance (MAR) index for all bacteria were above 0.2. Resistant bacterial isolates were identified molecularly as S. aureus, S. sciuri, M. luteus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. mercescens, P. vulgaris, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia mercescens, Proteus vulgaris and E. coli had CTX-M gene present in their genome while Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sciuri, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis had the mecA gene present in their genome. This study has highlighted the rise in antibiotic resistance in bacteria from soil, hence, there is need to checkmate indiscriminate use of antibiotics in agriculture.

An Ensemble Learning Approach to Identify Pastured Poultry Farm Practice Variables and Soil Constituents that Promote &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; Prevalence

An Ensemble Learning Approach to Identify Pastured Poultry Farm Practice Variables and Soil Constituents that Promote &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; Prevalence

Purification and Characterization of Phytase Produced by Aspergillus niger Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil Using Submerged Fermentation

Purification and Characterization of Phytase Produced by Aspergillus niger Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil Using Submerged Fermentation

Novel alkaline protease of &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus cohnii &lt;/em&gt;N3 isolated from poultry farm soil used for silver recovery from waste X-ray film

Alkaline proteases are one of the most widely used as industrial enzyme recently explored for its effective degrading ability in bioremediation. In the present study alkaline protease producing bacteria was isolated from soil samples collected from waste dumped area in poultry farm. The isolate was identified as Staphylococcus cohnii N3 strain by 16s rRNA sequencing analysis. The effect of pH and temperature on alkaline protease was found that showed maximum activity at pH 9 and at temperature 60 (162.U/ml). The isolated S. cohnii N3 was further experimented for silver recovery and gelatin hydrolysis. Gelatin hydrolysis was monitored by measuring increase in turbidity in the hydrolysate. Gelatin layer was stripped completely within 20 min at 40 ˚C, pH 9. Rate of gelatin hydrolysis increased with increased in time shows complete decolorization of X-ray film proves its suitability for silver recovery.

Isolation of Chrysosporium indicum from poultry soil for keratinase enzyme, its purification and partial characterization

Keratinases are produced by microorganisms as fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria and have the capacity to degrade tough insoluble keratin proteins, including feathers. Feathers are waste produced from the poultry industry worldwide and accumulated as solid waste. Therefore, keratinolytic fungal strains Chrysosporium indicum were isolated by hair baiting method from poultry farm soil of Punjab, India. Isolated C. indicum were screened for proteolytic activity on skimmed milk agar. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FeSEM) analysis confirmed morphological characters as C. indicum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was studied for the structural and mechanism analysis of feather degraded during keratinase production. Keratinase enzyme was purified 48.03% recovery by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis for desalting and chromatography. Diethylaminoethyl sepharose (DEAE sepharose) and Sephadex-G75 column were used to perform chromatography and partial characterization of the keratinase for temperature, pH, and substrate. The maximum keratinase activity was observed at 500C, at pH 10. The maximum enzyme activity of 289.1 U/ml was observed with keratin powder as substrate and minimum enzyme activity 67.1 U/ml with keratin azure. This is the first report on the purification and characterization of keratinase by C. indicum using DEAE sepharose as affinity chromatography for the purification of the keratinase enzyme.

Dominance and Frequency of Mite Species Associated with Poultry Droppings

The present study was carried out onAl-Saqlawiya poultry farm's soil (Anbar, Iraq) for the period of 8 months (November 2018- June 2019). A total of 75 samples of poultry droppings were collectedrandomly. 552 individuals of mite,belonging to 3 orders and 8 families representing 15 species, were found. These species were: Acarus gracilis, Acarus siro, Caloglyphus berlesi, Androlaelaps casalis, Sejus temperaticus, Parasitus paraconsanguineus, Eugamasus butleri, Macrocheles medarius, Macrocheles glaber, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Macrocheles matrius, Kleemannia plumosus, Cheyletus eruditus, Cheyletus malaccensis, and Pyemotes herfsi.&#x0D; The highest population density belonged to order Astigmata, followed by orders Mesostigmata and Prostigmata, respectively. The dominance and frequency of mite species were linked to the availability of appropriate conditions in terms of food source and temperatures registered in theIraqi Meteorological Directorate. Thehighest mite population densities were recorded during the winter months compared to the summer months.

Characterization of Alkaline Protease Producing Bacillus Halodurans RSCVS-PF21 Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil

Characterization of Alkaline Protease Producing Bacillus Halodurans RSCVS-PF21 Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil

CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF KERATINOLYTIC BACTERIA Pseudomonas stutzeri C3 ISOLATED FROM POULTRY WASTE SOIL SAMPLE

Microbial degradation of keratinous wastes is preferred over physicochemical methods, because it’s a cost effective and eco-friendly. Novel habitats are promising for discovery of new microbial strains. Towards isolate a keratinolytic bacteria, screening of bacterial strains from a poultry farm soil in Namakal district, Tamil Nadu, India was done and a promising the isolate C3 was found to degrade native chicken feather efficiently. It could grow over a pH range 7 at 40°C and in presence of potassium nitrate as a nitrogen source and citrate as a carbon source. Based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the keratinolytic isolate was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri C3. It produced 30.86±1.08 U/ml keratinase in raw feather medium and complete feather degradation at 5 days incubation periods.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Production of Alkaline Protease by OVAT Method Using Isolated Strain Alternaria alternata TUSGF1

Aim: The current study aimed at studying the optimum fermentation conditions and nutritional conditions for alkaline protease production by submerge fermentation using Alternaria alternata TUSGF1, isolated from poultry farm soil.&#x0D; Study Design: The results of environmental and nutritional parameters for protease production by OVAT method was analyzed by origin 6.1 software.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India between March 2017 and May 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: A protease producing microorganism was isolated from a poultry farm soil and identified as Alternaria alternata TUSGF1. Various environmental and nutritional process parameters such as volume of medium, fermentation time, temperature, age of inoculums, agitation and carbon sources and nitrogen sources were standardized for the maximum yield of alkaline protease.&#x0D; Results: The optimum conditions of protease activity was 30°C at volume of medium 60 ml with 7 days age of inoculum in the medium containing 168 h of incubation and 120 rpm agitation rate. Peptone, casien, skimmed milk, urea and yeast extract were good nitrogen sources whilst maltose, fructose, starch, and sucrose were appropriate for enzyme production by submerge fermentation.&#x0D; Conclusion: Alkaline protease production by a newly isolated Alternaria alternata TUSGF1 from poultry farm soil was studied in shake flask conditions by submerge fermentation. It was established that the optimum protease production was recorded at 30°C, 60 ml volume of medium leaves and incubation time of 168 h. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for protease production were fructose and casein, respectively.

Optimization of Keratinase Production by Bacillus olironius Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil

Optimization of Keratinase Production by Bacillus olironius Isolated from Poultry Farm Soil

PRODUCTION OF KERATINASES FROM NOCARDIOPSIS SP. 28ROR AS A NOVEL IRAQI STRAIN

Objectives: isolate a novel feather- degrading actinobacterial species had the ability to produce wide pH activity keratinases.Methods: Of 23 actinobacterial isolates were recovered from farm soil, poultry farm soil and feather wastes, these isolates were screened for protease and keratinase production on skim milk agar, feather media, and antimicrobial production. One potential isolate was identified depending on phenotypical, physiological and molecular according to partial sequences of 16S r RNA gene analysis and optimized keratinase production. Results: 11 isolates out of 22 protease producer had the ability to degrade raw chicken feather and some of these isolates produced antifungal and antibacterial metabolites.The potential isolate, Nocardiopsis sp. 28ROR (GenBank: KC702802.1), produced two types of extracellular keratinases in feather meal medium at pH6 (acid type), 30-35°C for 7d and the alkaline keratinase at pH10, 40°C for 7d.Conclusion: The Nocardiopsis sp. 28ROR was a novel strain produced keratinases using feather meal degradation as a cheap waste medium. The wide tolerance of temperature and pH by keratinase makes it an ideal contender to be investigated further for potential application as a detergent additive.Keywords: Nocardiopsis, Keratinase, Optimization, Feather medium, Antibiotic.

PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTICANCER FOM FEATHER-KERATINOLYTIC NOCARDIOPSIS SP. 28ROR AS A NOVEL STRAIN USING FEATHER MEAL MEDIUM

Objective: Production of bioactive secondary metabolites from a feather-degrading actinobacterial species using feather meal medium. Methods: Protease producer actinobacterial isolates (22) recovered from farm soil, poultry farm soil and feather wastes were used to test the antagonistic effect on pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophyte using Mueller-Hinton agar and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The best isolate was used to produce the active metabolites in feather meal medium composed from (g/l) 10 feather meal, 5 sucrose and 0.3 l cement extract were dissolved in tap water, in addition to the standard medium composting of (g/l) glucose (1%), tryptone (1%), KH2PO4 (0.07%) and K2HPO4 (0.14%) were dissolved in distilled water, both of them at initial pH 9. The secondary metabolites were partially purified by Sephadex LH20 column and the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity were assayed.Results: 31.82% of isolates inhibited the growth of both bacterial and fungal test organisms and the best one was Nocardiopsis sp. 28ROR (GenBank: KC702802.1) at a significant level P˂ 0.05. It produced bioactive metabolites in both feather meal broth and the standard media. The partially purified metabolites inhibit the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (51%) and normal hepatic cell line WRL-68 (9%), in addition to inhibiting S. aureus andTrichophyton menta agrophyte growth.Conclusion: The actinobacteria has vast abilities to degrade very complex wastes and converted to simple constituents to reprocess in other industries. So the Nocardiopsis sp. 28ROR was a novel strain produced anticancer, antimicrobial substances using feather meal medium as a cheap waste medium.

Characterization of Protease Production Efficiency of Bacteria Present in the Poultry Farm Soil

Characterization of Protease Production Efficiency of Bacteria Present in the Poultry Farm Soil