Poultry Droppings Research Articles

Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Neem Seed Oil Using Ferric Sulphate Doped With Poultry Droppings as a Bifunctional Catalyst

The use of organic waste materials conjugated with inorganic sources as a bifunctional catalyst for one-step biodiesel production is currently under-utilized. In this study, a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production was developed from poultry droppings doped with ferric sulphate (FSPD). Its catalytic activity was investigated in simultaneous esterification and transesterification of neem seed oil (NSO) using methanol. Response Surface Methodology was employed in modelling and optimizing the reaction conditions. The characterization of the catalyst was done using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometer. Fe (46.08 wt. %), S (22.31 wt. %), and Ca (11.82 wt. %) were the major elements present in the FSPD and the other results revealed that it is bifunctionally active. A biodiesel yield of 97.21% and acid value (AV) of 0.5 mg KOH/g were obtained at the optimum conditions of 21:1 methanol/oil ratio, 5 wt. %, catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 65°C after 180 min. The biodiesel produced using FSPD catalyst meets both the ASTM D6751 and the EN 14214 biodiesel standards. Reusability investigation of the FSPD showed remarkable stability up to the third reuse cycle with a slight decrease in biodiesel yield and a corresponding increase in acid value from 97.21% to 90.05% and 0.5–0.81 mg KOH/g respectively. The utilization of FSPD as a bifunctional catalyst is significant for improving the biodiesel output of high FFA oil and overall biodiesel production time.

Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from Smallholder Poultry Droppings in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria.

There is a growing risk of antibiotic resistance (AR) in smallholder poultry (SP). This study, therefore, aimed to investigate AR pattern of bacterial isolates from SP in the Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. A total of 120 fresh poultry droppings were aseptically collected, randomly, from two tropically adapted (FUNAAB Alpha and Noiler) and local chickens. The chickens were raised either using ethnoveterinary medicines (n = 60) or antibiotics (n = 60). Bacterial isolates were characterized and analyzed using standard protocols, and appropriate statistical tools. Compared to Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp. (5.8%), Salmonella spp. (57.5%) and Escherichia coli (34.2%) were the most prevalent (χ2 = 96.67; p < 0.001). Prevalence of bacterial species was significantly (p = 0.024; Odds Ratio = 2.552) influenced by antibiotics usage. All four species were multi-drug resistant. In total, 30% of the isolates had a multiple AR index ≥ 0.2. Bacterial isolates from FUNAAB Alpha (58.0%) and Noiler (44.0%) were highly resistant to quinolones, while isolates from the local chickens (22.6%) were most resistant to aminoglycosides. Bacterial species isolated from FUNAAB Alpha and local chickens exhibited the lowest and highest percentage of AR, respectively. Clustering of isolates with similar antibiogram revealed inter-species dependence with possibility for inter-species gene transfer. These findings provide a background to investigate the metagenomics of local and improved chickens for AR.

Survival and growth of mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar (Dautzenberg, 1891) reared at different depths in ponds in Benin (West Africa)

The objective of this work was to study the survival and growth of juveniles of the oyster Crassostrea gasar reared in ponds at different depths. Rearing trials were carried out for 42 days (6 weeks) in two ponds (12 m2 x 1.10 m deep), one of which was fertilized with poultry droppings and the other with no fertilization. For each pond, 03 depths (30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm) were tested in duplicate. At each depth, two iron mesh bags (40 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm) were used. Oysters with an average size of 40.50 mm and average weight of 15.36 g were cultivated at a density of 30 individuals per bag. Phytoplankton density, pH, temperature, transparency and salinity of the water were daily measured between 7:00 and 8:00 am. Oysters were counted weekly. Individual length and weight were measured to evaluate their survival and growth. The values of physico-chemical parameters measured during this study met the requirements of tropical water oysters. After 6 weeks of rearing, the best survival rates were observed at 60 cm in the ponds (86.67% and 81.67% in the fertilized and unfertilized ponds, respectively) while the lowest survival (46.67% and 41.67 in the fertilized and unfertilized ponds, respectively) was recorded at 90 cm depth. The highest mean final sizes (40.584 mm and 40.568 mm in the fertilized and unfertilized ponds respectively) were recorded at 60 cm depth while the lowest values (40.557 mm and 40.553 mm in the same order) were recorded at 90 cm depth. The average final weight ranged from1 5.32 g (at 90 cm depth) to 15.38 g (at 60 cm) while it overlapped between 15.3 g (90 cm depth) to 15.35 g (30 cm depth) in the unfertilized pond. The average daily gain was 0.0004 g/day and 0.0005 g/day respectively for the 30 cm and 60 cm depths of the fertilized pond. The best zootechnical performance was recorded between 30 cm and 60 cm depth in the fertilized pond. Fertilized pond culture highlight future prospects for the promotion of Crassostrea gasar oyster culture in controlled environment.

Utilization of poultry droppings in terms of non-waste technology

The processing of poultry droppings under anaerobic conditions, in special hermetic reactors – methane tanks is considered to be the most promising technology in terms of efficiency in agrochemical, environmental, and energy fields. Organic fertilizer in the methane tank is in the form of concentrated liquid, purified from disease causatives and weed seeds. It is easily absorbed by fermented plant mass and contains macro and micronutrients, amino acids and phytohormones that stimulate the development of the plant. The rare utilization of such facilities is explained by the lack of funds for their purchase. On the other hand, it is assumed that biogas is not a dominant factor in terms of economic efficiency, and organic fertilizer is also important. In this respect, the utilization of poultry droppings has also gained practical relevance. The paper covers the discussion of the feasibility of utilizing poultry droppings as a non-waste technology. The methodological approach is based on the evaluation of more rational technological projects. In logical modeling, the rules drawn up by highly qualified specialists are used. The rules determine how to act in a certain situation. Such rules are considered favorable for non-skilled performers. The results of the studies have allowed analyzing the dynamics of nitrogen preservation depending on the utilization technology of poultry droppings and impact factors. Based on a mathematical model, a computer methodology for research on improving the energy efficiency of a poultry farm has been developed. The number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 kd) for a 66×12 m poultry house using a computer program N=273 pcs., the number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 kd) for a building with dimensions of 78×18 m N=259 pcs. The design parameters of the lamps are substantiated

Evaluation of Different Fertilizer Types in the Suppression of Root Knot Nematode Infection on Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Makurdi, Benue State

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi in the 2020/2021 planting season. To evaluate the effects of different fertilizer types in the control of root knot nematode of sweet potato. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The treatments were Liquid fertilizer (Super gro) and poultry dropping and control which were replicated three times. Before the treatments were applied, soil samples were collected for nematode extraction and the nematodes were extracted in the laboratory using the modified Bearmann tray technique. Super gro and geese droppings were applied at 2 weeks interval and 4 weeks interval. The results show a significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction of root gall index, significant increase in root length, weight of roots and number of roots on the plots treated with fertilizer. This research work recommends the application of poultry droppings for the management of root knot nematode in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).

Effect of Biochar on Biogas Yield of Poultry Wastes

This study investigates the effect of biochar as an additive on the anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings from layers and broilers. Six digesters (A, B, C, D, E, and F) with dry weight content of 100% layer wastes (control), 100% broiler wastes (control), 95% layer wastes + 5% biochar, 90% layer wastes + 10% biochar, 95% broiler wastes + 5% biochar, and 90% broiler wastes + 10% biochar were used for 31 days. The respective cumulative biogas yields of layer and broiler waste digestion were 17.9 L, 17.7 L, 21.8 L, 22.6 L, 21.3 L, and 22.0 L. This study revealed that biochar addition of 10% increased the biogas yield of both wastes by 26% and 24%, respectively. The methane content was highest in the biogas from digester F (68.12%), producing the least amount of hydrogen sulphide (0.84%). Consequently, broiler waste is found to be the most suited for biogas generation, especially when spiked with 10% biochar.

Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–production in Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry birds in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Salmonella Typhimurium is an important zoonotic food borne pathogen and the second most widely studied pathogen in relation to antimicrobial resistance studies in Nigeria. Its resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is on the rise globally due to persistent exposure and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) which is barely reported to occur among food producing animals in Nigeria. This poses a threat to the successful therapy of salmonellosis infections and raises concern on food safety. Further complicating these challenges is the lack of strict laws mitigating antibiotic usage in Nigeria. The study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. A total of 300 samples each of poultry droppings, flesh, feeds, human hand swabs and stool were randomly collected following ethical approval and screened for ESBL- producing S. Typhimurium using standard Microbiological methods of isolation and identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, phenotypic ESBL detection and interpretation were carried out as described by the Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline. The bla genes were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 106 S.Typhimurium were isolated with the following resistance profile; Ampicillin 99(93.4%), Augmentin 104(98.1%), Ceftriaxone 74(69.8%), Ceftazidime 50(47.2%), Imipenem 1(1.0%). The antibiotic resistance of S. Typhimurium in the study is significant (P = 0.01). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index was > 0.2. Out of 106 isolates, 32 distinct antimicrobial resistant phenotypes were observed and 62 (81.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers having 19 distinct phenotypes. The bla genes were identified among 38.7% (24/62) isolates; 100% blaSHV (24/24), 87.5 %(21/24)blaTEM with 54.2% (13/24) co-carriage of blaTEM-SHV. The blaCTX-M was not detected. Poultry is therefore an important reservoir and source of transmission of ESBL- producing S.Typhimurium, which is a major public health concern. The high MAR index suggests frequent antibiotic usage within our study area, thus calls for antibiotic stewardship in animal production in Nigeria.

Reactions of cashew grafted seedlings to different formulas of mineral and organic fertilizers as bottom dressing in plantation

The yield of raw cashew nuts in Benin remains relatively low, mainly because of the planting material used by farmers. Indeed, cashew tree producers use the nuts all-from previous years for the installation of plantations. The use of grafted seedlings is today an alternative, to improve the yield of new plantations. However, grafted plants are fragile and don’t survive easily the dry season of the year in which they are planted, with a high mortality rate due to their fragility. This research conducted on tropical ferruginous soils in Central Benin aims to evaluate the reaction of grafted cashew seedlings to different formulas of mineral and organic fertilizers applied as bottom fertilization. For the study, a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions was installed. Each repetition consists of 11 treatments. The generalized linear model (glm) was used to perform the analysis of variance with SPSS v21 software which to compare the effects of the treatments. The organo-mineral formulas N40P80K72 + 2 kg of poultry droppings and N40P80 + 2 kg of poultry droppings applied as bottom manure allowed for better results in terms of recovery and growth parameters of grafted plants installed in the field. These fertilizer formulas allowed the grafted cashew plants to survive 85% and 80% respectively after installation. They also improved height growth, vigor and the ability to emit many leaves. To reduce the mortality rate of cashew transplants, these fertilizer formulas can be suggested to growers for the establishment of new plantations.

New biofertilizer based on sapropel as a growth regulator in the germination of winter vetch seeds

In order to increase the biologization of agriculture and minimize the negative impact of synthetic fertilizers on the environment, a new biofertilizer was developed and tested based on the extract of poultry droppings and sapropel on the seeds of a common fodder crop - winter downy vetch (Vicia vilossa op Roth), Glinkovskaya and Lugovskaya 2 varieties. The paper analyzes laboratory studies to determine the energy of seed germination. The following results have been obtained: in comparison with the control variant, the germination energy of Lugovskaya 2 vetch was 27.3% higher, germination capacity of this variety increased by 11.6%, significance (p<0.001). In Glinkovskaya vetch, germination energy is 28.0% higher in the experiment in relation to the control, and the germination capacity is higher by 9.9% (significance p<0.01). The new complex biofertilizer improves the supply of cultivated plants with the whole complex of mineral substances, ensures the accumulation of humus in the soil and improves its structure.

Comparison the Effect of Bromelain and Papain Enzymes on Fish Food which Prepared from Poultry Waste Powder on Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Growth Performance

The study was conducted in the Fish Laboratory / College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit to study the effect of poultry waste powder supplemented with the Bromelain and Papain enzymes at rates of 2% and 3% on growth rates, 60 fish were randomly distributed with two replicates for each treatment, 6 fish for each replicate into 10 aquaria. The fish feed containing poultry droppings powder were prepared and chemical analyzes were conducted and they were used to feed common carp fish Cyprinus Carpio L. Treatment T3 recorded the highest weight gain of 91.49 g, while it decreased in treatment T2 to 69.85 g. The relative growth rate of treatment T3: 54.62% increased, and the specific growth of 0.30 g / day, and the efficiency of food conversion decreased in treatment T4: 28.30% compared with the other treatments. Significant differences were recorded at the level (P≤0.05) between the different experimental treatments, and most of the treatments covered the common carp requirements of essential amino acids.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION BOTH FROM PLANTAIN PEELS AND ROTTEN ONION BLENDED WITH POULTRY DROPPINGS

A comparative study was carried out on biogas production potential of plantain peels and rotten onion blended with poultry droppings. Three digesters labeled A, B and C were fabricated with Digester A fed with a mixture of rotten onion and poultry droppings (OP) in a ratio 1:1, Digester B fed with a mixture of plantain peels and poultry droppings (PP) also in the same ratio but Digester C fed in a ratio 1:2:1 of rotten onion, plantain peels and poultry droppings (OPP). The rate of production over a retention period of 40 days was measured using a digital weighing balance to measure the weight of gas retained in each of the circular rubber tube connected to each digester. The effect of the variation in average daily temperature on biogas yield of each feedstock was also analyzed. The co-digestion of rotten onion, plantain peels and poultry droppings yielded most with value of 705.5 g compared to either of plantain peels and rotten onion blended with poultry droppings which has cumulative gas yield of 348.1 g and 199.9 g respectively. It can be concluded that the blending of poultry droppings with agricultural wastes will greatly improve biogas yield.

Improved Biogas Production from Human Excreta Using Chicken Feather Powder: A Sustainable Option to Eradicating Poverty.

It has been proposed that providing energy for cooking and lighting would solve over 65% of energy needs in rural communities. The use of biomass resources has been found not sustainable as other bioproducts such as biodiesel and bioethanol depend on it. More so that there is a depletion of bioresources in some parts of the world. The shift into animal waste such as poultry droppings and cattle dung has huge prospects, but it is not sustainable in the long term as rural farmers depend on it. The use of human excreta is the most available and sustainable due to the human population. This research aims to provide a workable blueprint of biogas production to meet energy needs. The research considers a laboratory‐scale experiment whose result is used to project the medium‐scale biodigester. Microbial culturing from human waste is used to initiate the codigestion of human excreta and powdered chicken feathers. It is observed that this procedure drastically reduces the high nitrogen content in the biogas and improves its methane and carbon dioxide content. It is observed that the scaled‐up biodigester in a worst case scenario can function at 67%. Design parameters are documented for the onward adoption of the technique.

PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM CO-DIGESTION OF COW DUNG, CHICKEN DROPPING AND COW RUMEN WASTES

The increased use of fossil fuels for energy consumption has caused environmental problems both locally and globally. This study investigates the anaerobic digestion in the production of biogas, a renewable energy from the digestion and co-digestion of three different types of biodegradable wastes available in Katsina (cow dung, chicken droppings and cow rumen waste) as an alternative for fossil fuels for energy consumption. This was carried out using a 25 Litres capacity plastic keg, constructed to investigate the anaerobic digestion in generating biogas. The experiment was batch operated and the digester was charged with 10 kg of each waste was mixed with 10 kg (10L) of water and loaded into six different batch type biogas plants. Biogas production was measured for a period of 15 days and at an average temperature of 370C. The average biogas production from poultry droppings, cow dung, cow rumen wastes, mixture of cow dung/cow rumen wastes, cow dung/chicken droppings and cow rumen wastes/chicken droppings was found to be 210 cm3/kg, 160 cm3/kg, and 520 cm3/kg, 375cm3/kg, 470 cm3/kg, 390cm3/kg, respectively. During the digestion period, the volume of biogas production and the changes in pH indicate that the pH decreases as the retention period increases. The study recommends that biogas is not just a renewable energy source but also an appropriate way of managing waste, having potential to replace fossil fuel.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Modelling of Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil Using Chicken Droppings as Biostimulant

The suitability of poultry droppings as a biostimulant for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil has been investigated. Four equal-sized containers, each containing 400g of soil were each contaminated 20 ml of crude oil after which they were thoroughly mixed. To first three containers, A,B and C were respectively added 20 g, 60 and 100 g of poultry droppings which were previously dried and pulverised. To the fourth container which served as control, was added no poultry droppings. The degradation of oil in the samples were monitored for 7 weeks by observing the residual hydrocarbon content (RHC) and pH of samples. The RHC of the samples over the seven-week period were then modelled using artificial neural network (ANN) in the MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox. The RHC values decreased for all samples, with the highest reduction of 100 mg/kg obtained in sample C and the least reduction of 1000 mg/kg in sample D. The PH values were observed to increase slightly from the acidic region of 5.5 to a range of 7.8 to 8.3. The best and most suitable training algorithm of RHC of the samples was TRAINSCG since it had the least mean square error (MSE) value of 0.00183 as well as the highest R-squared value of 0.99808.

Antimicrobial effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from poultry droppings

The widespread use of antibiotics as prophylactics and therapeutic agents has increased the risk of emergence and spread of resistant bacteria leading to prolonged and expensive treatment and greater risk of death in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from poultry droppings. Multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from poultry dropping already identified from previous research were used. The plant extract was obtained by soxhlet extraction process, susceptibility test was caried out using well in agar diffusion method. The percentage yield of the plant extract using soxhlet extraction process with methanol was 22.84%. The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, cardenolide, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinone, alkaloids, fixed oil and carbohydrate. The extract showed competitive zones of inhibition on Escherichia fergusonii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter clocae, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Salmonella typhimerium. Enterobacter clocae had the highest zone of inhibition of 17mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml, 10mm at 80mg/ml and 8mm at 50 mg/ml. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia had the lowest zone of inhibition of 10mm at 100mg/ml, 8mm at 80mg/l and 7mm at 50mg/ml. These zones of inhibitions show the antimicrobial potency of Jatropha tajorensis on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, this plant-derived extract is natural, less toxic, typically residue free with high rate of metabolism. The result of this study gives credence to claims of the medicinal and nutritional properties of Jatropha tanjorensis.

Antimicrobial effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from poultry droppings

Antimicrobial effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from poultry droppings

Microbial effects of manure from poultry droppings and pig dung in diesel-contaminated soil.

In recent years, an increase in environmental pollution has been observed due to rapid industrialization, unsafe agricultural practices, and increased human activities on energy reservoirs. The wide use of petroleum hydrocarbon products as energy sources has contaminated the soil and the environment, thereby posing serious threats to all life forms, including humans. This study aimed to investigate the role of poultry droppings and pig dung in enhancing the bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. Soil samples were collected, processed by air drying and sieving, weighed in experimental bowls (5000 g), and contaminated with 250 ml of diesel. Then, poultry droppings and pig dung were added to the soil samples in different ratios, namely 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 2 : 1. The diesel-contaminated soil sample without treatment served as the control. Thirty days after exposure to the experimental treatment regimes, the total bacterial count and the hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial count of the diesel-contaminated soil ranged from 0.4 × 104 to 2.7×104 CFU/g and from 0.1×104 to 2.1×104 CFU/g, respectively. The total fungal count and the hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi count ranged from 0.6 × 103 to 2.1×103 SFU/g and from 0.2×103 to 1.7×103 SFU/g, respectively. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., and Mucor sp were found to be active degraders. A significant reduction in the total aliphatic hydrocarbon (TAH) content of the diesel-contaminated soil was reported, with remediation approaching 95% in 30 days when the poultry droppings - pig dung mixture was added to the soil. The remediation of diesel-contaminated soils is important for the enhancement of the ecosystem. This study has shown that the use of farm waste such as the poultry droppings - pig dung mixture can enhance the remediation of diesel-contaminated soils.

Effect of Forest-Incubated Composts on Crude-oil Soils for Zea mays, L. Cultivation in Delta State, Nigeria

This study examined the potential of forests to provide essential composting edaphic conditions that enhance the microbial density and public health for degradation of crude-oil contaminated soil. Legume (L), woodshaving/poultry dropping (WD), cow dung (CD), legume + woodshaving/ poultry dropping (LWD), legume + cow dung (LCD), woodshaving poultry dropping + cow dung (WCD), and legume + gut of ruminant animals (LGA) were incubated at 3, 6 and 8weeks periods in Forest Reserve to produce compost t

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Species in Litter of Selected Poultry Farms in Idi-Ayunre Community, Oyo State, Nigeria

Abstract The misuse and overuse of antibiotics within poultry sector of the animal agriculture threatens public health due to its aftermath effect arising from the release of resistant pathogens to the environment. This study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility status of bacterial species isolated from litter of selected poultry farms within Idi Ayunre, a poultry-dense community in Oyo State. Poultry droppings (5 g) was collected each from six (6) randomly selected farms and bacteria isolated using Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHI), MacConkey agar (MCA), Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and Salmonella Shigella agar (SSA) media respectively via pour plate technique. Bacterial isolates were identified via morphological and biochemical tests and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern determined via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using multi-disc antibiotics. Farm A had highest Total Heterotrophic Count (THC, 8.43 Log10CFU/mL) and Total Enterobacteriaceae Count (TEC, 6.32 Log10CFU/mL). However, Farm C had lowest THC and TEC (7.18 Log10CFU/mL and 4.48 Log10CFU/mL respectively), while Farm B had lowest Total Coliform Count (TCC, 4.70 Log10CFU/mL) with the highest being Farm D (6.08 Log10CFU/mL). Also Farm D had the highest (8.15 Log10CFU/mL) Salmonella-Shigella Count (SSC) with Farm E having the lowest (4.85 Log10CFU/mL). Isolates obtained were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp., Salmonella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Shigella sp. Across the farms, S. aureus, Bacillus sp. and E. coli were isolated, while Shigella sp. was isolated only from Farm D. The bacteria isolates were found to be multidrug resistant towards the tested antibiotics, showing susceptibility only to gentamicin and ofloxacin. This study therefore showed that birds’ droppings from poultry farms in Idi Ayunre community serve as carrier of multidrug resistant pathogens. Hence, the need for a cautious use of antibiotics among Idi Ayunre poultry farmers.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Birds Droppings in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria in bird droppings are an emerging problem of public health concern. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern of some bacteria isolated from different poultry droppings. Twenty grams (20g) of each sample of bird droppings were obtained from chickens, guinea fowls and turkeys. Bacteria were isolated using cultural techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disk diffusion methods against the bacterial isolates. The following Gram positive and negative bacteria were isolated; Escherichia coli (26.7%), followed by Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) respectively, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis accounted for 6.7% respectively. The Gram negative bacteria showed 100% susceptibility to Streptomycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin, followed by Chloramphenicol (83.3%), Cotrimoxazole and Perfloxacin (66.7%), Ofloxacin (50%) and the least was Amoxicillin (33.3%). Moreover, the Gram negative bacteria showed highest resistance against Augmentin (66.7%), followed by Ofloxacin (50%), Cotrimoxazole, and Perfloxacin (33.3%), and then least resistance to Chloramphenicol (16.7%).Similarly, the Gram positive bacteria showed 100% susceptibility to Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefuroxime and Perfloxacin. However, the highest percentage resistance was observed against Cotrimoxazole (50%). In conclusion, this study isolated some potentially resistant bacteria from the various samples of bird droppings. Contamination by these bird droppings may endanger the health of animals, humans and the environment as a whole. This study suggests that poultry farmers be educated about the dangers of giving medications to their birds and the significance of safe bird droppings disposal.