Poultry Droppings Research Articles

Dominance and Frequency of Mite Species Associated with Poultry Droppings

The present study was carried out onAl-Saqlawiya poultry farm's soil (Anbar, Iraq) for the period of 8 months (November 2018- June 2019). A total of 75 samples of poultry droppings were collectedrandomly. 552 individuals of mite,belonging to 3 orders and 8 families representing 15 species, were found. These species were: Acarus gracilis, Acarus siro, Caloglyphus berlesi, Androlaelaps casalis, Sejus temperaticus, Parasitus paraconsanguineus, Eugamasus butleri, Macrocheles medarius, Macrocheles glaber, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Macrocheles matrius, Kleemannia plumosus, Cheyletus eruditus, Cheyletus malaccensis, and Pyemotes herfsi.
 The highest population density belonged to order Astigmata, followed by orders Mesostigmata and Prostigmata, respectively. The dominance and frequency of mite species were linked to the availability of appropriate conditions in terms of food source and temperatures registered in theIraqi Meteorological Directorate. Thehighest mite population densities were recorded during the winter months compared to the summer months.

Pembimbingan Usaha Beternak Unggas dan Pengolahan Limbah Peternakan Unggas Pada Masyarakat di Desa Wakan Kecamatan Jerowaru Lombok Timur

This dedication activity was based on requests from the management of the Ar-Rusydiny Segaet Islamic boarding school and the people of Wakan village, Jerowaru sub-district, East Lombok regency to get guidance on poultry raising and processing of poultry manure waste, which is one of the activities in the boarding school. The activity involved the community and students of Islamic boarding schools in the village of Wakan. Activities include counseling on poultry farming and poultry farm waste processing in the form of hongkong caterpillar cultivation using poultry droppings. The method used is a participatory method, counseling, and waste treatment practices with various alternative treatment processes. The target to be achieved from this activity is the community and boarding school students motivated to conduct poultry farming and poultry farm waste processing business, and make it one of the leading programs in boarding schools. Based on the results of the community service activities, various problems were found, namely the ignorance of the community in processing poultry, cow, and goat manure waste which is often complained of by the community. The Wakan village community and the management of the Ar-Rusydiny Segaet boarding school do not know how to handle livestock waste. Wakan villagers enthusiastically participated in counseling and practices of sewage treatment, as evidenced by the number of participants who took part, 37 people and during the active discussion session, as well as the emergence of community commitment to process waste into useful products.

Effect of feeding on fresh (wet) housefly maggots (Musca domestica) with or without artificial diet on water quality and growth rates of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) fry under laboratory conditions

No or little information on the use fresh (wet) housefly maggots (Musca domestica) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry feeding. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding on fresh (wet) housefly maggots with or without artificial diet on water quality, growth performance, survival percentage and feed utilization of African catfish fry under laboratory conditions. Housefly maggots produced from a mixture of poultry droppings and foods wastes, it was used to replace artificial feed at 0, 50 and 100% levels. Catfish were fed artificial diet alone (Feed 1), fresh (wet) housefly maggots alone (Feed 2), and 50% fresh housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet (Feed 3) were prepared and tested on triplicate groups of African catfish fry (initial weight of 0.25±0.02 g) for 60 days. Results showed that final weight (g/fish) was significantly highest (P£0.05) in fish fed feed 3 (6.03±0.08), followed by fish fed feed 2 (4.62±0.27), followed by fish fed feed 1 (3.15±0.68). Specific growth rate (%/day) was also significantly highest in fish fed feed 3 (5.31±0.10), followed by fish fed feed 2 (4.86±0.03), followed by fish fed feed 1 (4.18±0.24). The same trend was observed with total weight gain, percentage weight gain, daily growth rate and relative growth rate. Feed intake and protein intake were significantly highest (P£0.05) in fish fed feed 3 and fish fed feed 2, followed by fish fed feed 1. While, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly (P>0.05), but the improvement in FCR recorded in catfish fry fed feed 3 and feed 2 under the experimental conditions. Survival percentage was within the range 55–75%, with insignificant differences (P>0.05) among treatments. The water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were not significantly (P>0.05) among the treatments and were tolerable for fish culture. Accordingly, use of the 50% fresh (wet) housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet in African catfish fry feeding had positive effect on growth performance and reduce of the feed cost.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN Aspergillus niger GS1S6 PHYTASE CULTIVATED IN PHYTIC ACID-RICH AGRICULTURAL SUBSTRATES

In animal farming, improvement of growth performance through successful nutrient uptake and digestibility is critical. Phytases hydrolyze the anti-nutritive phytic acid present in grains to lesser derivatives and release the phosphorus trapped therein. Twenty-eight fungi obtained from poultry droppings, cereal-rich soils and garden soils were screened for phosphate solubilization and phytase production using Pikovskaya agar and phytase screening medium. Out of the fungi, 61% were positive for phytase producing abilities and the most proficient, isolate GS1S6 with a solubilization index of 121%, was identified as Aspergillus niger GS1S6. Optimum phytase production was achieved at a fermentation period of 120 h, pH 5.5, glucose, (NH4)2SO4 using 72 hour old fungal inoculum. Mineral supplementation of natural agricultural substrates enhanced phytase production (1000U/L) the most in milled sesame seed medium. The ~31-38 KDa partially purified and characterized enzyme demonstrated optimum activities at 55oC and pH 6.0, while cationic inclusions reduced phytase activities. The Km and Vmax were low (1.308 mM and 0.077 mM/mL/min) from Linear-weaver plot with increasing substrate concentration implying that A. niger GS1S6 phytase may efficiently mineralize phytic acid and therefore hold great prospect for its commercialization.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF BIOGAS YIELD FROM THE CODIGESTION OF POULTRY DROPPINGS WITH WATERLEAF AND POULTRY DROPPINGS WITH ELEPHANT GRASS

This study was carried out to produce biogas from two sets of feedstock poultry droppings with waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) and poultry droppings with elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum S.). Two 25 litre-plastic drums were modified and used as bio-digesters. One digester was used to digest poultry droppings with waterleaf while the other was used to digest poultry droppings with elephant grass. A fixed mass (8kg) of the feedstock and distilled water (4kg) were anaerobically digested in the ratio of 2:1 in each digester and their derivable energy were measured for biogas. The feed materials where sourced locally. It was observed that the pH for each set of feedstock was stable and within the optimal range of 6.5-7.5 indicating that the by-product obtained from the digester can be used as organic fertilizer after biogas recovery. Biogas production started on the 18th day for the poultry droppings with waterleaf, whereas, it started on the 26th day for poultry droppings with elephant grass. The cumulative mass of gas produced was 2600g for poultry droppings with waterleaf; and 1300g for poultry droppings with elephant grass. The average temperature range in the bio-digester during this study was between 37-40℃ for poultry droppings with waterleaf and 35-40℃ for poultry droppings with elephant grass. Hence, this study has shown that biogas can be produced from poultry droppings with lignocellulosic materials like elephant grass and waterleaf, but using waterleaf as co-digestate gives higher biogas energy potential than elephant grass, thus, waterleaf is a better seeding agent.

EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS SOIL AMMENDMENTS ON SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF CASTORBEAN PLANT (Ricinus communis) IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

The castor bean seed when cooked and fermented, is a staple food condiment in Nigeria, but itsproduction is low in the humid rainforest zone of Southern Nigeria. A field experiment was conducted inthe Rivers State University Teaching and Research Farm in Port Harcourt Nigeria, to evaluate the effectof various nitrogenous soil amendments on the growth and yield of castor bean plant (Ricinus communis).The treatments included 120kgNha-1equivalent of urea, NPK 20-10-10, poultry droppings, piggery dungand no amendment (control). These were replicated thrice and laid out in randomized complete blockdesign. A Chinese improved variety of castor bean plant (Zibocastor No 5) was planted at a spacing of 1mx 1m within and between row, at a population of 5,000 seeds per hectare. Results showed that the variousnitrogenous soil amendments significantly affected all growth and yield parameters measured, butgermination was negatively affected. Piggery dung gave the best values of 52.6cm, 24.0, 85.0cm2, 191.5,and 350gplant-1for plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of capsules and capsule weightrespectively, when compared to the control with 24.5, 8.0, 40.0cm2, 28.4, 153gplant-1. Results of thephysico-chemical properties of the soil showed significant increase in total nitrogen and availablephosphorus, and a decrease in exchangeable calcium and magnesium with no significant changes in pH;following soil amendment and cropping. Amending the soil with piggery dung increased yield by 397.0%over the control.

Optimum Organic Loading Rate in the Biomethanation of a Mixture of Cow Dungs and Poultry Droppings

The effect of varying the organic loading rate in the digester volume using a mixture of poultry droppings and cow dung as biomass was studied. The study was aimed at determining the optimum organic loading rates, which would produce the maximum volume of biogas from a mixture of poultry droppings and cow dung. The pH was maintained between 6.8 and 7.2. All other parameters affecting the production of gas were kept constant except the organic loading rate. The wastes, poultry droppings and cow dung was mixed in the ratio 60:40 and maintained at a sludge concentration of 700g/l. It was observed that biogas produced from the digester with the organic loading rate of 2.8 kg vs/m3/day gives the highest proportion of methane and the digester with organic loading rate of 3.2 kg vs/m3/day produced the highest proportion of carbon dioxide.

Studies on the Comparative Effects of Cow Dung, Goat Dung and Poultry Manure in the Restoration of Gully Eroded Soil Using Amaranthus hybridus as Test Plant

Gully erosion presents a serious challenge to the fertility of the agricultural soil. This experiment was conducted at the permanent site of Nnamdi Azikiwe University behind botany laboratory. The efficacy of cow dung, goat dung and poultry manure on the restoration of gully eroded soil was tested. The experiment was laid in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments replicated thrice. Five kilogram of eroded soil was mixed uniformly with 1.5 kg of the different manure treatments. This treatment or amendment include goat dung, poultry mature, cow dung mixed with goat dung and poultry manure weighing 0.5 kg respectively to make up the 1.5 kg required treatment. Also another one was set without treatment to serve as control. Each of these treatments was replicated thrice making a sum total of 15 perforated polythene bags. Stem height, leaf area, number of leaves and stem girth of the test plant (A. hybridus) were checked and measured weekly as the plant germinates and grows. Collection of soil analysis of the samples to determine the amounts of carbon and nitrogen was carried out at the end of the practical. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of treatment. It was observed that the highest carbon and nitrogen content were observed from gully eroded soil treated with Cow dung mixed with goat dung and poultry manure (0.205±0.001 and 1.397±0.006) while the least was observed from the control (0.065±0.000 and 0.673±0.001) respectively. There was a significant difference in the effect of the different treatments on all the parameters checked except on the stem girth and number of leaves. The inference of this study suggests that the mixture of cow dung, goat dung and poultry droppings can be used to restore the fertility of gully eroded soil.

Optimization of bioremediation-cocktail for application in the eco-recovery of crude oil polluted soil

Background: Environmental sustainability is the driver for finding the optimal bioremediation cocktail with the combination of highly potent hydrocarbonoclastic strains and the nutrient additives that significantly enhance mineralization of crude oil in polluted soil in order to mitigate its deleterious effects on the environment. In this study, four hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strains were pre-selected from mined rhizobacterial isolates in aged crude oil-contaminated soil. Method: Agrowaste residues of poultry-droppings, corn chaff, and plantain peel were selected among others for their ability to support high biomass of selected bacterial strains. Baseline proximate analysis was performed on the agrowaste residues. Simplified, one variable at a time (OVAT) was employed in the validation of the variables for optimization using the Multivariate analysis tool of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). To test the significant formulation variables, the Box-Behnken approach using 15 runs design was adopted. Results: The rate of contaminant removal was observed to fit into a quadratic function. For optimal rate or contaminant removal, the fitted model predicted the optimal formulation cocktail condition to be within 0.54 mg/kg (Corn steep liquor), phosphate 137.49 mg/kg (poultry droppings) and 6.4% inocula for initial TPH of 9744 mg kg -1 and THC of 9641 mg kg -1 contaminant level. The model for the application of the bioremediation product and the variables evaluated had a significant p-value < 0.005 for the attainment of 85 to 96 % of TPH and THC removal after 56 days of treatment. Conclusions: This study has shown the need to harness the abundant agrowaste nutrients in supporting high throughput rhizobacteria in the formulation of a bioremediation agent suitable for use in the reclamation of oil spill sites in the Niger Delta oil-producing region.

Influence of Algal Bio-fertilizers on Fruit Lignification Time Interval, DNA Concentration and Agro-Morphological Characters in Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus Moench)

Experiment was set up in May to September, 2019 to evaluate the impact of algal bio-fertilizers on fruit lignification time interval, total genomic DNA contents, growth attributes as well as the yield components of three okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) (NHAE-47-4, NHAe-54-4 and Agwu early) genotypes sourced from NIHORT, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The bio-fertilizers used for the study were a combination of cow dung + algae, poultry droppings + algae, Green Compost + algae and only soil as control. The test crops were sown into 50 x 30 x 25 cm3 perforated plastic buckets containing 5 kg of sterilized sandy loam soil and applied with the bio-fertilizers at 500 g each. The bio-fertilizers were prepared by using a combination of algae and organic manures. The experiment was a 3 x 4 experiment set up in completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Factor one was the Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes with three levels (NHAe-47-4; NHAe-54-4 and Agwu early) while factor two was the different bio-fertilizers used with four levels (Cow dung + Algae; Polutry droopings + Algae; Green compost manure + Algae and soil as control). This gave a total treatment combination of 12 which was replicated thrice to give a total of 36 experimental units. Data for yield components were collected at maturity for days to flower initiation, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plants and fresh fruit weight. Data generated from the study were collated and subjected to statistical analysis using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures and significant treatment means were further separated using the Fishers’ least significance difference test at 5 percent probability level. The results shows that genomic DNA contents varies from 134.100 ng/µl in Agwu early in control plot to 175.600 ng/µl in NHAe -54-4 treated with Poultry droppings +Algae. Fruit lignification time interval was significantly (p &lt;0.05) influenced by the bio-fertilizers and varied between 3 days 6 minutes in Agwu early in the control plots to 8 days and 23 hours in NHAe 47-4 treated with Poultry dropping + Alage. Plant height varied (p &lt;0.05) significantly and ranged from 14.13 cm in Agwu early in control plot to 44.34 cm in NHAe-47-4 treated with Poultry droppings + Algae while number of fruits per plant also varied (p &lt;0.05) significantly and ranged between 12.57 fruits per plant in Agwu early in control plots to 24.30 fruits per plant in NHAe-47-4 treated with Poultry droppings + Algae. Hence, the study advocated for the use of poultry droppings + Algal bio-fertilizer in prolonging the fruit lignification time in okra for planned harvesting, increased income and mechanization of okra harvesting.

Investigation of Biogas Potential of Plantain Peels Mixed with Poultry Droppings as an Alternative Energy Source and Its Statistical Analysis

Adepoju PO1, Adeniran KA1 and Adepoju TF2* Author Affiliations 1Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kwara State, Nigeria 2Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria Received: April 24, 2020 | Published: May 04, 2020 Corresponding author: Adepoju TF, Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Nigeria DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.27.004497

Preparation of wastelage using poultry droppings with maize stover and its nutrient content as ruminant feed

An experiment was undertaken with caged layer excreta (CLE) treated maize stover and ensiled to investigate its potentiality as ruminant feed. Chopped maize stovers were preserved in plastic containers under airtight condition at room temperature based on the treatments as T0 (0% CLE), T1 (20% CLE), T2 (40% CLE) and T3 (60% CLE) to investigate physical quality, chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. The CP and Ash were increased (P&lt;0.01) and DM, OM and CF were decreased (P&lt;0.01) in all the treatments (T1, T2 and T3) compared to controlled T0. The OM content was decreased numerically with the ensiling time. The EE content was not significant (P&gt;0.01) with the treatments and ensiling time. The OMD and ME content were increased (P&lt;0.01) with the ensiling time from 0 to 90 days. The physical quality (color, smell, and hardness) of maize stover were improved by CLE added treatments (T1, T2 and T3) after ensiling but 60% CLE treatment had some pungent smell in 90 days and less OMD and ME value was observed than that of T2. Considering all the physical and chemical properties, among all the treatments, 40% and 60% CLE are acceptable for preparing wastelage. By comparing physical quality, nutritive value and chemical composition between 40% and 60% CLE treatments, the 60% CLE was better. Thus wastelage prepared from 40% CLE, 55% maize stover along with 5% molasses will be a potential source of ruminant feed as well as reduce the environment pollution by utilizing CLE.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (2): 75-84

Optimization of bioremediation-cocktail for application in the eco-recovery of crude oil polluted soil.

Background: Environmental sustainability is the driver for finding the optimal bioremediation cocktail with the combination of highly potent hydrocarbonoclastic strains and the nutrient additives that significantly enhance mineralization of crude oil in polluted soil in order to mitigate its deleterious effects on the environment. In this study, four hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strains were pre-selected from mined rhizobacterial isolates in aged crude oil-contaminated soil. Method: Agrowaste residues of poultry-droppings, corn chaff, and plantain peel were selected among others for their ability to support high biomass of selected bacterial strains. Baseline proximate analysis was performed on the agrowaste residues. Simplified, one variable at a time (OVAT) was employed in the validation of the variables for optimization using the Multivariate analysis tool of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). To test the significant formulation variables, the Box-Behnken approach using 15 runs design was adopted. Results: The rate of contaminant removal was observed to fit into a quadratic function. For optimal rate or contaminant removal, the fitted model predicted the optimal formulation cocktail condition to be within 0.54 mg/kg (Corn steep liquor), phosphate 137.49 mg/kg (poultry droppings) and 6.4% inocula for initial TPH of 9744 mg kg -1 and THC of 9641 mg kg -1 contaminant level. The model for the application of the bioremediation product and the variables evaluated had a significant p-value < 0.005 for the attainment of 85 to 96 % of TPH and THC removal after 56 days of treatment. Conclusions: This study has shown the need to harness the abundant agrowaste nutrients in supporting high throughput rhizobacteria in the formulation of a bioremediation agent suitable for use in the reclamation of oil spill sites in the Niger Delta oil-producing region.

Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Plantain Peels Mixed with Poultry Droppings and Poultry Droppings Only

Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Plantain Peels Mixed with Poultry Droppings and Poultry Droppings Only

The Prevalence of Parasitic Infection in Domestic Chicken: A Review

The relative contribution of poultry to total animal protein production in the world is increasing, the major increase in developing countries. Many types and species of ectoparasites and Endoparasites are known to infect chickens; one of the actual problems that cause economic bias in animal farms and rural areas that raise chickens annually is parasitic diseases. The common parasitic infections that occur in poultry can divided to External parasites include arthropods Lice ,Mites, Fleas and Ticks which isolated from skin and feathers Internal parasites include protozoa ,cestodes, nematodes, trematodes which isolated from digestive tract, blood and Pooled poultry droppings. The external and internal parasites that infected hosts possess features such as small size, cylindrical body, hook and hard body, enhance their adaptation to the long life and effect on the poultry industry by affecting the growth rate of chickens, leading to little eggs production, and death in severe infections. Prevalence of helminthic infection (cestodes and nematodes infect by digestive tract) was highly in farms and rural areas chickens from the different studies in different sites in the world, followed by protozoa infection by blood, followed by arthropodic infection by skin and feathers and followed by prevalence by trematodes

Investigation of the effects of starting pH, mass and retention time on biogas production using poultry droppings as feedstock

The effect of starting pH, mass and retention time on biogas production was studied using poultry droppings as the feedstock. A full factorial experiment was designed and performed with starting pH set at 5, 6, 7, 8 &amp; 9 for feedstock mass of 100g and 200g at specific retention times. The results presented an optimal biogas yield at pH=7 with a volume of 722 and 1046cm3 while pH=5 had the least with 255 and 481 cm3 at 100g and 200g mass respectively. The starting pH, mass and retention time and the interaction of starting pH and mass had significant effect on biogas yield at 5% significance level. The R-Square value obtained from the analysis was 92.1%. Thereafter, a log-linear regression model for predicting biogas yield was generated and was found to provide adequate prediction given its MAPE value of 19.97.&#x0D; Keywords: Biogas Production, Mass, Poultry Droppings, Retention Time, Starting pH.

Impact of Poultry Farmers' Participation in Modern Food Retail Markets on Household Dietary Diversity: Lessons from Southeast Nigeria.

Simple SummaryDeveloping countries’ food systems are experiencing rapid transformations led by modern food retail market (MFRM) channels such as supermarkets, fast food firms, hotels, and convenience stores. This paper analyzes the impact of these channels on farm households’ dietary diversity with survey data from Southeast Nigeria. Estimates from the instrumental variable model show that participation in MFRM is associated with a significant increase in dietary diversity. Furthermore, the linkages through which MFRM participation impacts dietary diversity are analyzed using seemingly unrelated regression. Poultry farm income, consumption of poultry products produced by the farmer, and area of vegetable cultivated using poultry droppings have positive association with dietary diversity, while male controlled poultry farm revenue has negative association with dietary quality. Our study provides useful insights that poultry farm managers would find helpful. It also serves as a potential source of information for policymakers for planning as it links smallholder poultry farmers’ participation in modern food retail markets to improved nutrition.This study analyzed the interrelationships between participation in MFRMs and dietary diversity of poultry farming households in Southeast Nigeria. We used cross-sectional data from poultry farmers in Southeast Nigeria and employed instrumental variable and seemingly unrelated regression models to estimate the impact of MFRM participation and major linkages to poultry farm households’ dietary diversity. The results show that participating in MFRMs, relative to traditional markets, improved poultry farmers’ dietary diversity. Moreover, dietary diversity was positively related to higher poultry farm incomes, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable cultivated using poultry droppings as manure. Furthermore, increased poultry farm income, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable land cultivated using poultry droppings as manure increased the dietary diversity of the farm households. In contrast, a higher share of poultry production revenue controlled by men reduced household dietary diversity. These findings make clear the potential of improving farming households’ nutrition outcomes by promoting participation in MFRMs and the major impact pathways.

Development of A Policy Framework for the Growth of Biogas Technology using Poultry Droppings

Development of A Policy Framework for the Growth of Biogas Technology using Poultry Droppings

Heterogeneous Nutrient Sources Exhibit Varying Associations of Vegetative and Reproductive Parameters of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of vegetative and reproductive parameters of Irish potato from different organic and inorganic nutrient sources The study was done in the west region of Cameroon, specifically in Bougham, a village in the western highlands. The seeds were sown on the 4th of May 2016. Harvesting was done in August 2016. A total area of 250m2 was cleared and prepared in to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each block was divided into nine ridges. Eight fertilizer treatments: inorganic (NPK 15:1515, NPK 11:11:22), organic (Pig dropping, Poultry dropping), composite (four bi-combinations of the animal and NPK-based fertilizer) and a control treatment were randomly assigned to each ridge per block. General agronomic practices were adopted from local farmers. Data were collected on vegetative and reproductive parameters. Correlation analysis was also evaluated between parameters. This was followed by principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Principal components were selected based on eigen value criteria – a component was selected if its eigen value was greater than 1. All analyses were done using PAST (ver. 3.26b) Analysis revealed significant correlations between some vegetative and reproductive parameters notably between emergence and plant height (r = 0.45, P &lt; 0.05), emergence and plant harvested (r = 0.867, P &lt; 0.05), and between plant cover and plant height (r = 0.546, P &lt; 0.05). According to the eigen value criteria (eigen value &gt; 1.0), 4 principal components were retained from organic and inorganic nutrient sources each, and 3 principal components were retained from composite nutrient source. Reproductive parameters were more aggregated in the first principal component for organic nutrient source, accounting for 35.87% of all variations while they were more aggregated in the second principal component (25.61%) from inorganic nutrient sources. From the composite nutrient source, the reproductive and vegetative parameters were almost equally distributed between the first (31.80%) and second (27.82%) principal components. In this study, that varied nutrient sources (organic. Inorganic and composite) affects Irish potato differently. Consequently, both organic and inorganic nutrient sources should be seen as synergistic and not mutually exclusive for holistic production of Irish potato.

Utilization of poultry waste as a source of biogas production

The present study aims to explore the use of poultry and domestic waste to produce the biogas. The current rate of diesel consumption is quite high while taking into account the gas emissions and the fast depletion of non-renewable fuel sources. The study conducted is about adding a certain optimal amount of bio-gas from the poultry waste to the gas mixture from the carburettor to reduce the fuel consumption. The greatest biogas generation potential for the dairy animal’s excrement and poultry dropping blend is in the request of 25% CD + 75% PL, >50% CD + 50% PL, >00% CD + 100% PL. The two-composition mixture of 20% and 30% biogas with air shows that the amount of diesel consumption is reduced. The highest reduction at 20% biogas and at zero load stands at 29% less diesel consumption and 30% biogas mixture and at zero load, 37.5% fuel reduction.