Potential Therapeutic Applications Research Articles

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Chrysanthemum morifolium: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective

Aim: The current manuscript aims to discuss the ethnopharmacological relevance of the common plant Chrysanthemum morifolium, also known as pot mums and its potential therapeutic applications. Methods: A bibliography survey was carried out using various electronic databases like google scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, PubMed, Wiley, etc. Other offline, as well as, online academic libraries were also used for the bibliography survey and compilation of data. Result and Discussion: Traditional remedies have grown in both therapeutic and economic importance around the world and are used by various groups of people. While the use of these medications has grown, there are still concerns about their consistency, safety, and efficacy in many areas. Chrysanthemum is the peak three of the world’s mainly significant cut flowers with an important herb of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It contains abundant volatile oil and flavonoids. It has been used for a long time to treat allergies, cardiovascular disease, severe flu, hypertension, and sore throat. It also has characteristics such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, aromatic, demulcent, febrifuge, hepatic, hypotensive, refrigerant, etc. Conclusion: It can be established from the complete study that various active constituents can be isolated from the plant which has potential therapeutic value and justifies its use on modern scientific parameters.

Potential therapeutic applications of Cistus laurifolius extract: Anti-proliferative, anti-cancer activity on MCF-7, and anti-microbial effects

Cistus laurifolius L. is commonly used in Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of ulcers and various types of pain. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of C. laurifolius extract on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, as well as its antimicrobial activity against eight microorganisms (Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, S. typhimurium, and Pediococcus acidilactici) were investigated. Different concentrations (100 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL, and 1000 µg/mL) of the plant extract were applied for 24, 48, and 72 h, and its effects were determined using MTT, BrdU, and in situ apoptosis detection assays on human breast cancer cell MCF-7. Prolonged high-dose application of C. laurifolius extract led to decreased cell viability, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and induction of apoptosis. Its potential to induce cell death, which is the most desirable pathway for cancer treatment, is noteworthy alongside its cytotoxic activity. The antimicrobial effect of C. laurifolius extract varied depending on the Gram reaction of the microorganisms, with the extract being more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the C. laurifolius extract exhibits cytotoxic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties.

The potential therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of Cryptomphalus aspersa (snail) extracts in dermatology and wound healing

Cryptomphalus aspersa, commonly known as the garden snail, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in the fields of dermatology and wound healing. This review explores the diverse therapeutic applications and underlying mechanisms of action of Cryptomphalus aspersa extracts. With a rich history in traditional medicine and growing scientific evidence supporting their efficacy, snail extracts offer multifaceted benefits including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, collagen-stimulating, and immunomodulatory activities. In dermatology, snail extracts have shown promise in managing conditions such as acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, photoaging, and hyperpigmentation, while also demonstrating efficacy in promoting wound healing in various types of wounds, including full-thickness and chronic wounds. Mechanistically, snail extracts modulate inflammatory pathways, neutralize oxidative stress, stimulate collagen synthesis, and regulate immune responses, contributing to their therapeutic effects. While the potential of Cryptomphalus aspersa extracts is vast, further research and clinical trials are warranted to establish their efficacy and safety profiles for specific dermatological conditions and wound types. Overall, Cryptomphalus aspersa extracts represent a novel and promising approach in dermatology and wound healing, offering a natural and multifaceted solution for improving skin health and promoting tissue repair.

Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Medicinal Plants with Challenges and Opportunities in Formulation: A Review

The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria poses a significant threat to global public health. In response, there has been a resurgence of interest in exploring natural alternatives, particularly medicinal plants, for their antibacterial properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the medicinal plants with documented antibacterial activity, their bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Through a systematic analysis of current research literature, this review aims to highlight the diversity of plant-derived antibacterial agents and their potential as future therapeutic agents in combating bacterial infections.

Spirulina Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review on Biotechnological Innovations, Nutritional Proficiency, and Clinical Implications.

This comprehensive review of Spirulina encompasses biotechnology, phycocyanin production, and purification. Bioactive compounds and vital nutrients are investigated during the study. The literature examines the potential therapeutic advantages and clinical applications of Spirulina. This analysis assesses Spirulina consumption and its associated health risks. The current review offers a comprehensive synthesis of the therapeutic applications as well as technologies utilized for the extraction and purification of phycocyanin. Moreover, this discourse delves into the examination of various advantageous techniques for extracting and purifying phycocyanin, encompassing physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. The data derived from a multitude of studies strongly indicate the potential therapeutic applications of phycocyanin, encompassing its notable attributes as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, anticancer agent, antiviral agent, antimicrobial agent, antiallergic agent, anti-obesity agent, antihypertensive agent, and an immunological agent.

In-silico analysis of ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) of the Cucurbitaceae family.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are highly active N-glycosidases that depurinate both bacterial and eukaryotic rRNAs, halting protein synthesis during translation. Found in a diverse spectrum of plant species and tissues, RIPs possess antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal properties linked to plant defense. In this study, we investigated the physiochemical properties of RIP peptides from the Cucurbitaceae family through bioinformatics approaches. Molecular weight, isoelectric point, aliphatic index, extinction coefficient, and secondary structures were analyzed, revealing their hydrophobic nature. The novelty of this work lies in the comprehensive examination of RIPs from the Cucurbitaceae family and their potential therapeutic applications. The study also elucidated the binding interactions of Cucurbitaceae RIPs with key biological targets, including Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Strong hydrogen bond interactions between RIPs and these targets suggest potential for innovative insilico drug design and therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer treatment. Comprehensive analysis of bond lengths using Ligpolt + software provides insights for optimizing molecular interactions, offering a valuable tool for drug design and structural biology studies.

Investigating antioxidant activity in Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf: a comprehensive bibliographic study

The present study conducts an extensive bibliographical survey focusing on the antioxidant compounds found within Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf extracts. This particular species holds significant importance as it is widely utilized in traditional medicine across diverse cultures. To fulfill the study's objective, an in-depth exploration of specialized literature was conducted to identify compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties along with other relevant activities. Noteworthy among the compounds discovered are terpenes, including citral and geraniol, as well as flavonoids and various phenolic compounds. This comprehensive investigation aims not only to identify these compounds but also to shed light on their potential therapeutic applications. By contributing to the expansion of scientific knowledge regarding chemical compounds, this study seeks to pave the way for further research advancements and the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Calcium's Roles in the Development of Atherosclerosis.

In the last decade, there has been increasing evidence connecting mitochondrial dysfunction to the onset and advancement of atherosclerosis. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) regulation have garnered significant attention due to their involvement in various stages of atherosclerosis. This abstract discusses the potential therapeutic applications of targeting mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while also providing an overview of their respective roles in atherosclerosis. The abstract underscores the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in cellular physiology, including functions such as energy production, cell death signaling, and maintaining redox balance. Alterations in the mitochondria's Ca2+ handling disrupt all these procedures and speed up the development of atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during mitochondrial respiration, are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. Through modulating the function of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport proteins, ROS can impact the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. These oxidative modifications lead to vascular remodeling and plaque formation by impairing endothelial function, encouraging the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation. Preclinical investigations indicate that interventions aimed at regulating the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hold promise for mitigating atherosclerosis. Targeting mitochondrial processes represents a prospective therapeutic strategy for addressing this condition. Further research is necessary to elucidate the intricate molecular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis and develop effective therapeutic strategies to decelerate disease progression.

Inhibition of Adipocyte Necroptosis Alleviates Fat Necrosis and Fibrosis after Grafting: In a Mice Model.

Owing to the delicate structure of the adipose tissue, fat necrosis accounts for 43.7% of all complications after autologous fat grafting; however, its regulation remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of necroptosis in fat graft remodeling after grafting. Clinical fat graft necrosis samples were collected, and the expression levels of the necroptosis marker phosphorylated(p)-MLKL were analyzed. Transcriptome analysis was performed on fat grafts before and one week after transplantation in C57BL/6 mouse fat grafting models. Additionally, the in vivo effects of RIPK1 inhibitor Nec-1s or RIPK3 inhibitor GSK'872 on the fat grafting complications including fat necrosis and fibrosis were investigated. Necroptosis markers were observed and associated with higher occurrence of fibrosis in clinical fat graft necrosis samples compared to normal fat tissue. Amplification and RNA-Seq were conducted on RNA isolated from fat grafts before and after grafting. MLKL, RIPK1 and RIPK3 expression levels were significantly upregulated in comparison to controls. Higher expression levels of necroptotic RNAs were associated with higher levels of DAMPs, including Cxcl2, HMGB1, S100a8, S100a9, Nlrp3 and IL33, and activated pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the TNF, NF-kappa B and chemokine signaling pathways. Necroptotic inhibitor Nec-1s and GSK'872 robustly suppressed the p-MLKL expression level and significantly inhibited necroptotic cell death, especially in adipocytes. Moreover, administration of Nec-1s and GSK'872 significantly alleviated fat necrosis and subsequent fibrosis in fat grafts. Collectively, our study findings highlight the potential therapeutic applications of necroptosis inhibitors in preventing fat necrosis and fibrosis after grafting.

Functional Integration of Synthetic Cells into 3D Microfluidic Devices for Artificial Organ-on-Chip Technologies.

Microfluidics play a pivotal role in organ-on-chip technologies and in the study of synthetic cells, especially in the development and analysis of artificial cell models. However, approaches that use synthetic cells as integral functional components for microfluidic systems to shape the microenvironment of natural living cells cultured on-chip have not been explored. Here, we integrate colloidosome-based synthetic cells into 3D microfluidic devices, pioneering the concept of synthetic cell-based microenvironments for organs-on-chip. We devise methods to create dense and stable networks of silica colloidosomes, enveloped by supported lipid bilayers, within microfluidic channels. These networks promote receptor-ligand interactions with on-chip cultured cells. Furthermore, we introduce a technique for the controlled release of growth factors from the synthetic cells into the channels, using a calcium alginate-based hydrogel formation within the colloidosomes. To demonstrate the potential of the technology, we present a modular plug-and-play lymph-node-on-a-chip prototype that guides the expansion of primary human T cells by stimulating receptor ligands on the T cells and modulating their cytokine environment. This integration of synthetic cells into microfluidic systems offers a new direction for organ-on-chip technologies and suggests further avenues for exploration in potential therapeutic applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Targeting inflammation in glioblastoma: An updated review from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis despite current treatment strategies. Inflammation plays an essential role in GBM pathophysiology, contributing to tumor growth, invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. As a result, pharmacological intervention with anti-inflammatory drugs has been used as a potential approach for the management of GBM. To provide an overview of the current understanding of GBM pathophysiology, potential therapeutic applications of anti-inflammatory drugs in GBM, conventional treatments of glioblastoma and emerging therapeutic approaches currently under investigation. A narrative review was carried out, scanning publications from 2000 to 2023 on PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was not guided by a set research question or a specific search method but rather focused on the area of interest. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have shown some benefits, but their effectiveness is limited by various factors such as tumor heterogeneity and resistance.

The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review

The role of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression involves a range of complex cellular and molecular pathways. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to myocarditis pathogenesis, regardless of its infectious or non-infectious nature and across different histological and clinical subtypes. The heterogeneity of myocarditis etiologies and molecular effectors is one of the determinants of its clinical variability, manifesting as a spectrum of disease phenotype and progression. This spectrum ranges from a fulminant presentation with spontaneous recovery to a slowly progressing, refractory heart failure with ventricular dysfunction, to arrhythmic storm and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we first examine the updated definition and classification of myocarditis at clinical, biomolecular and histopathological levels. We then discuss recent insights on the role of specific immune cell populations in myocarditis pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on established or potential therapeutic applications. Besides the well-known immunosuppressive agents, whose efficacy has been already demonstrated in human clinical trials, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of other drugs commonly used in clinical practice for myocarditis management. The immunological complexity of myocarditis, while presenting a challenge to simplistic understanding, also represents an opportunity for the development of different therapeutic approaches with promising results.

Efficacy of Crude Extract from Streptomyces cellulosae Against Biofilm-Related Genes of Candida albicans

Background: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is notably pathogenic due to its ability to form biofilms that are resistant to conventional antifungal treatments. Objectives: This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Streptomyces cellulosae (S. cellulosae) extract in disrupting biofilm formation by targeting specific genes within C. albicans. Methods: The study began by isolating S. cellulosae from soil and C. albicans from clinical specimens. S. cellulosae was then cultured and fermented to produce bioactive compounds. The ability of these extracts to inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation was tested using a crystal violet assay. Additionally, the effects of the S. cellulosae extracts on the expression of biofilm-related genes in C. albicans were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The growth rates of C. albicans were also measured to determine the impact of the extracts. Results: The crude extract of S. cellulosae significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the formation of C. albicans biofilms at concentrations exceeding 0.5 µg/mL, with the inhibition becoming more pronounced at concentrations above 2.0 µg/mL. The qRT-PCR results showed significant changes in the expression of biofilm-related genes ALS1, ALS3, and EFG1 at different extract concentrations (P < 0.05). The extract also significantly affected the expression of the HWPa and BRG1 genes. Conclusions: The crude extract of Streptomyces cellulosae shows potential as a novel antibiofilm agent against C. albicans. This finding opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic applications in combating biofilm-associated infections.

Beyond blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis - Role of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in the interplay between metabolic diseases and breast cancer.

The classical renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), as well as the recently described counter-regulatory or non-canonical RAAS have been well characterized for their role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Moreover, extensive research has been conducted over the past decades on both paracrine and the endocrine roles of local RAAS in various metabolic regulations and in chronic diseases. Clinical evidence from patients on RAAS blockers as well as pre-clinical studies using rodent models of genetic manipulations of RAAS genes documented that this system may play important roles in the interplay between metabolic diseases and cancer, namely breast cancer. Some of these studies suggest potential therapeutic applications and repurposing of RAAS inhibitors for these diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which RAAS is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type-2 diabetes as well as the role of this system in the initiation, expansion and/or progression of breast cancer, especially in the context of metabolic diseases.

Faith in frames: unveiling therapeutic narratives in religion-related cinema through computational analysis

IntroductionThis study explores the emotional impact of religion-related films through a “cinematherapy” lens. It aims to analyze the emotional patterns in a curated selection of religion-related films compared to a broader sample of acclaimed movies using facial recognition with YOLOv5 object detection. The study aims to uncover the potential therapeutic application of religion-related films.MethodsFacial recognition with YOLOv5 object detection was utilized in this study to analyze the emotional patterns in religion-related films. A curated selection of these films was compared to a broader sample of acclaimed movies to identify any distinct emotional trajectories.ResultsThe analysis of the emotional patterns revealed that religion-related films exhibited a subtler range of emotions compared to the broader film spectrum. This finding suggests that these films potentially create a safe space for contemplation, aligning with the profound themes often explored in religion-related films. Interestingly, the emotional arc observed in the films mirrored the spiritual journeys depicted in them. The films started with a low point of separation, transitioned through challenges, and culminated in a peak representing spiritual transformation.DiscussionThese findings suggest promise for the therapeutic application of religion-related films. The muted emotional expression in these films creates a safe space for self-reflection, enabling viewers to connect with the struggles of the characters and explore their own values when faced with complex religious ideas. This emotional engagement may contribute to therapeutic goals such as introspection and personal growth. The study unveils the unique emotional power of religion-related films and paves the way for further research on their potential as therapeutic tools. It emphasizes the need for continued exploration of the emotional impact of these films and their capacity to aid in therapeutic goals.

Liquiritin Alleviates Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

Purpose This research was designed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory impacts of liquiritin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Methods The Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was adopted to assess cell viability. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the secretion levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to identify the genes that exhibited differential expression between different treatment. The model group included cells treated with LPS (10 µg/mL), the treatment group comprised cells treated with liquiritin (80 µM) and LPS (10 µg/mL), and the control group consisted of untreated cells. To further validate the expression levels of the selected genes, including CSF2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, IL24, IL6, and LTB, quantitative real-time PCR was performed. The expression of proteins related to the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway was assessed through western blot analysis. NF-κB nuclear translocation was evaluated through immunofluorescence staining. Results The secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in LPS-induced HCECs was significantly downregulated by liquiritin. Based on the transcriptome analysis, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-24, TNF-α, and IL-1α was overproduced by LPS stimulation, and suppressed after liquiritin treatment. Furthermore, the Western blot results revealed a remarkable reduction in the phosphorylation degrees of NF-κB p65, IκB, and Akt upon treatment with liquiritin. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis confirmed liquiritin’s inhibition of LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation. Conclusions Collectively, these findings imply that liquiritin suppresses the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the anti-inflammatory impacts of liquiritin may be caused by its repression of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-induced HCECs. These data indicate that liquiritin could provide a potential therapeutic application for inflammation-associated corneal diseases.

Insights into Nimbolide molecular crosstalk and its anticancer properties.

Nimbolide, one of the main ingredients constituent of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract, has garnered attention for its potential as an anticancer agent. Its efficacy against various cancers and chemopreventive action has been demonstrated through numerous in vivo and in vitro studies. This updated review aims to comprehensively explore the chemopreventive and anticancer properties of nimbolide, emphasizing its molecular mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications in oncology. The review synthesizes evidence from various studies that examine nimbolide's roles in apoptosis induction, anti-proliferation, cell death, metastasis inhibition, angiogenesis suppression, and modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. Nimbolide exhibits multifaceted anticancer activities, including the modulation of multiple cell signaling pathways related to inflammation, invasion, survival, growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, its pharmacological development is still in the early stages, mainly due to limited pharmacokinetic and comprehensive long-term toxicological studies. Nimbolide shows promising anticancer and chemopreventive properties, but there is need for systematic preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological research. Such studies are essential for establishing safe dosage ranges for first-in-human clinical trials and further advancing nimbolide's development as a therapeutic agent against various cancers. The review highlights the potential of nimbolide in cancer treatment and underscores the importance of rigorous preclinical evaluation to realize its full therapeutic potential.

Navigating the path of reproducibility in microRNA-based biomarker research with ring trials.

The development of microRNA (miRNA)-based biomarkers has gained significant attention due to their potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications. However, the reproducibility of miRNA biomarker research faces unique challenges, primarily due to the influence of pre-analytical and analytical factors. The absence of standardized procedures contributes to inconsistencies across studies, alongside challenges in reference gene selection, data analysis methods and miRNA profiling platforms. Inter-laboratory comparison trials, or ring trials, offer a strategic approach to address technical and biological variability in miRNA biomarker studies. These trials promote standardization, identify sources of variability and strengthen the correlation between miRNAs and clinical outcomes. Despite their underutilization in miRNA biomarker research, ring trials represent a valuable tool for enhancing reproducibility and expediting the translation of miRNA-based biomarkers into clinical applications.

Cannabidiol prevents LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and iNOS activity in BV2 microglia cells via CB2 receptors and PPARγ.

Neuroinflammation stands as a critical player in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological disorders, with microglial cells playing a central role in orchestrating the inflammatory landscape within the central nervous system. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained attention for its potential to elicit anti-inflammatory responses in microglia, offering promising perspectives for conditions associated with neuroinflammation. Here we investigated whether the NLRP3 inflammasome and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are involved in the protective effects of CBD, and if their modulation is dependent on cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and PPARγ signalling pathways. We found that treatment with CBD attenuated pro-inflammatory markers in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged BV2 microglia in a CB2- and PPARγ-dependent manner. At a molecular level, CBD inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by suppressing iNOS and NLRP3/Caspase-1-dependent signalling cascades, resulting in reduced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations. Notably, the protective effects of CBD on NLRP3 expression, Caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β concentration were partially hindered by the antagonism of both CB2 receptors and PPARγ, while iNOS expression and NO secretion were dependent exclusively on PPARγ activation, with no CB2 involvement. Interestingly, CBD exhibited a protective effect against TNF-α increase, regardless of CB2 or PPARγ activation. Altogether, these findings indicate that CB2 receptors and PPARγ mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD on the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, iNOS activity and, ultimately, on microglial phenotype. Our results highlight the specific components responsible for the potential therapeutic applications of CBD on neuroinflammatory conditions.

Recent advances in in vitro and in vivo studies on Kappaphycus alvarezii and its derivatives.

The marine red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA), commonly known as cottonii, is a valuable resource with diverse applications. Research has primarily focused on its primary metabolites such as amino acids, proteins, plant hormones etc. Additionally, KA also produces secondary metabolites under stress, some of which exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro and in vivo research on KA, delving into their therapeutic effects and potential pharmaceutical applications. The study followed a through literature survey in three databases. From the obtained literature, the studies fitting the criteria were reviewed. The study explores the underlying mechanisms behind the algae's diverse characteristics. The results show that KA is a valuable resource for potential therapeutic applications, but a deeper exploration of its various metabolites and rigorous research are necessary for a thorough understanding of its capabilities.